We have a lot of faith in architecture;�The number of deals that have been made with them is almost infinite;�but there is little interest in caplicating the principles, so that they were obvious, solid and incontestable.
We have reported in our first division, what the great authors have said on this subject;�Which would suffice to clarify this great art, if the Cleves of proportions were educated;�but as no one gives any notion of it, they cannot reach the point of conceiving these authors, and of feeling the necessity of the Rules.
Fran�ois Blondel is of all our writers, the one who has expanded the most on this subject;�but Claude Perrault having written against his
System in a way that imposed on it: - part of the architects, in its time, the Librarian
"informed of the progress of the Critique of Perraules, learned to delete from the architecture court of Blondel, the fifth Book, which dealt with the need for proportions, and those who have since written, neglected to speak of it, s�maginanu which were useless 'to this art.
The Cleric provides us with a prewe, when he says in the eocplication of his Doric Order.��By proportion we do not mean here a� report of reason in the manner of Geometricians, but an agreement of parts, based on the �good taste of architecture., In order to give some light to an obscure idea, it should we have brought back the principle of good taste, it would still have to have shown us that the parts of a well-formed human body, and the sounds which being united together produce harmony in music, are not regulated by ratios of right in the way of the Geometricians, and that they are based only on good taste, ..
In our first Division, we destroyed the fauoc reasonemens de Lerrault, by the authority of the famous Writers, by
Consequently, we have established the need for proportions.�To support this need more and more, we show in our abstract of the history of architecture, that whenever we abandoned the proportions, this art has degenerated, and that it was only noted as much as we yaau recouri ....
We also demonstrate that the best authors have regulated their architecture orders on this principle;�which is another proof of eocp�s -rience, which cannot be disputed;�these Orders.�having always had general approval.
These Authors wrote the Orders according to their taste and their genius;�however, although the same Order may have different proportions and beauties, it is common ground that between these diverse beauties there are those who enjoy more;�what comes from the different democracies that we have followed;�the pleasant effect in architecture, as well as in ~ Music, depending on the choice and the judicious application of the reports�.
4 This important truth gave rise to the idea of ??composing several essays on each of the five orders.�I combined them differently, and following the method of the ancients, which I brought back to the end of my first Division.�having thought it necessary to count the measurements by numerical numbers, jay used the rule of three, and when there were fractions, which the smallness of the spaces would not have allowed to engrave, I used aproximationi , as well as Palladio practiced it in his Orders.
The elegance of the profiles contributing essential - only to the beauty of the buildings, one would not be able to make the choice with too much attention;�This is why when we have determined on the order that we will have to use, and on the proportion of its entablature, relatively to what will be said later on this subject, we will draw this entablature of greatness natural, according to the different ways of the authors, and according to all the tests that I give, with regard to the order that we will have adopted: We will then use the one that will appear the most elegant�and the rain�.�But the authors having given�their�Entablemens�different proportions, which I have followed in my essays, it will be�observed, that in order�to�carry out�the operation which I recommend, it will be necessary to make�particular�scales. For�example, if�the Entablature is Corinthian , as we will hole =�vera�in this draft, one of which will have�five�Modules the other four and a half, or only four, it will be necessary to make three scales,�dividing the�height that we will have�fixed�in 5., in 4 *, and 4, and�subdivi�= -�sant�these parts by�Twelve; the�means�Quoy
we�can trace on the same height, |�Different�combinations�combine, to�be able�to make a fair�choice�.�We will�ausry�sure to set the distances of mutules and�Modrillons�so that crates�soienb�fquare, and it�will operate�the same with regard to other parts of the Orders.
I�knew�that pride and laziness inspire the Enemies of�Rules, an�opinion contrary to what we offer, and that they�imagine to�be of a fairly eminent class, for
that they�can give more perfect Models, than�those�that are�written�according to principles.�The Profiles of Fran�ois�Mansard�, they say they are admirable, it is nevertheless by his taste alone that he�traces them. What they�advance the�meparo�t�Dautant�more�doubtful�, that this skilful man has�regulated the�main parts of his works on proportions;�but assumed that there is in any respect when�ila�trac�'ses�profiles, one can believe that�harmony�is naturally�ourselves�, superior engineering can trace these details�was�using only the taste,�provided�however that he writes them absolutely of the greatness from which�he�must be�executed
Sieur Pineau,�famous�sculptor for the decoration of�buildings�, provides proof.�He has a perfect understanding of the detailed�profiles etjay�remark that his Moldings, it traces its�gre�, are almost always�raport�harmonic, or if they are inʎloig�: -�NEET�is so little, that�look�the�mieuoc�organized�NE can�get�perceive�;�Coqui�serves to prove that the beauty of�architecture�always emanates
lide�in us.�But a common genius�r�ubiroit�Passil�dared�use�June�such freedom.�to�LEGARD�major masses�Particular�.�a�Coifice�, architect�Dore�Duplus�great taste�pouroit�never achieve settle�Perfect for a romantic-ment�, without the aid of proportions,�ainoy�that�the�d�montr�'au�Chapter 3?�Jela�4.�part�ofour�treaty essential Beau.
J '�ay�grew�it�was�necessary�dejoindre�this draft, a dissertation on�lar�gle�optical, Serlio and others have proposed to adjust the upper parts of�t�ifices�:�Inscriptio�am�acquainted�falsehood, and I show that�Lavoye�proportions�estlaplus�seure�..
Our�Writers�ancient and modern who have said little about the assembly of orders, and this part is still�very�important;
I�treat�it�with more care than�euoc�, in a particular Chapter ...
As it is not possible that an architect is skilful,�he has�not made a deep study of the authors, who wrote of his�art and�that�the
�
most�of the�pupils are�not always able to make the expensive acquisition of their�treaties, they�are limited to that of Pignole, which for all principles.�na�as the measures of his orders I was�ciency�by this consideration, to make extracts
faithful�to what has been taught best and�s�awants�architects and�jy�aijoint�the�acquaintance�that theory and�pratiquemont�fact acquire.�By�cemoyen�my�DUVRI�must contain absolutely everything about�linstruction�of�students�,�coccept�'cependant�parts of�math�-�matic�,�whichare�ownʈlarchitecture�but were treated thoroughly by drivers�auteuri�.�Finally, the two�premieri�Polumes�that�jay�uncovered and whose�discouri�is�accompagn�'de�Centvingt�four Distributions, fifty�anda�Clevations�,�and their blends, of�eighty�one boards�of�ornaments�, and several figures, to serve�a�lintelligence�of my contract construction,�ayant�t��favorablementre�us�throughout�leurope�jose�me�flater�that�LAST�.�production�, which closes the subject that�j�y�em�| -brasse could�not�displease the�public and�impartial�.�a�griculture�being�absolutely�necessary�:
1-sary, to meet�auoc�pressing�ch�ongoing needs of life, was probably the first object of our work�Peres�.�The care of�segarantir�the inclemency of�the air�, of�limp�tuosit��winds,�beyond�rigor different seasons, the wickedness of the�pl�part�men and�beyond�rage savage beasts, do not fail to succeed in this art, that of forming 'Safe pensions for�every�family.
Our�first�ancestors�first�raised�only simple�Cabannes�, composed of Earth and "A fabric of�intertwined�tree�branches�, but later having�become�more industrious, they built frame houses on�solid�foundations�, and they�found�the�way�to make the brick, and to use the�stone; but�then having for object only to�procure�what�was�useful for the conservation of their days, they�looked�in their�buildings�, only salubrity,�convenience, and�solidity�.
In the�centuries�following, we�vouluty�join the�decoration, so�the architecture�Appella�other arts�has�its assistance, and a suite�der�fl�ccions�that experience�faisoit�born and�justifioit�, architects came to the�knowledge�of proportions, which naturally appeal man�becaufe�, the author of his�being�the form and�qu��its�autreru�ourages�on this invariable principle, it has thus managed � join the useful, the beauty and magnificence that�ona�always�admired�in .�the�Coifices�where this judicious method was observed�"are�ceuoc�City that built�Cain�, after the murder of his�brother: This is�the epoch�?u�time and place�Naqui�the�architecture, and�as the�Scripture�holy�attribu��aus�descen�-�dent�of�caun�the invention of almost all arts, one can surmise that they�bore�the building has some perfection ..:
CeQui�is certain is that after the Flood, men about�dese�disperse�Divery�townships Earth�voul?rentine�report by the superb Tower of�Babel;�who again�drew�the�Lord's�wrath�upon�euoc�.�It was therefore in Asia, where this audacious�Coifice�was built, that architecture began to�emerge�;�this is�the�she�?est�much improved, and where it is�prevalent�in all parts of the Earth.
Babylon and Nineveh, Cities which�em�= =�carry it�by their magnificence on 3
all�those whose�history�has led: -�tion�, and which were built by Nemrod,�rear�: grandson of�No��, are still a�testimony�of this truth '.�"The large number of�temples, built up�in The�Egypt�, and�some�wonderful�obelisks, which�were raise therein, and�lea�Romans were anxious to carry to Rome to decorate the Mistress of the World, are still how many�Egyptians�s '�were�appliquen�has architecture;�However, it is�not�this African kingdom, nor�Asia�, that this great�arta�risaperfection�,�and�there is reason to believe that the�so famous�buildings�of these�counties�,�owe�their principal merit to their enormous grandeur.�Indeed the designs that we have of the ruins of�Persepolis�, show that the Kings.�of�Persia, whose ancient history boasts so�much�opulence�, had only�mediocre�, architects.
It�therefore�seems�much more likely, by the names of the three main orders of architecture alone, that�Greece�should be assigned to it, if not the invention, or less the perfection, and that it is she who in�aprescrit�the�rules�, and provided the first models for achieving this elegant and noble�way�to build, that we admire in�las�stunning�buildings�Ancient and modern, they�cherch�rentun�quide�in not finding safer,�the Nature�itself�,;�they�imitated�the productions.�Vitruvius, who�lived�in august, we demonstrates this truth, and added, that�Greece�has�deplus�Etele�field, where the other arts�andplural�science began to flourish.�Of the three orders of architecture�..
Of the Greeks, The�first�regular�idea�that we�conceived�in architecture, was the Doric order: The Greeks with the intention of giving it a male character�composed�the Column on the�model�of a�homerobust�:�Its origin passes all memory.�Pitruve�attributes�aun�Prince of�Achaia�||�named�Dorus�, who built the city�of Argos�a beautiful temple in honor of the goddess Hera, who was the first building in which this order was�em�1 =�ploye�;�However the Triglyphs which decorate the
it�borders, with some�raport�to Lure�fonw�conjecture that�fu�invented for some Temple of Apollo.�The�joniens�were the authors of the�Jonique�order�.�To give it more�lightness�than at the Borique, they chose as a�model�for the�colonist:�do the Corpo of a young girl�dressed�in�hair�, and they�gave�the Entablature a�delicacy�proportioned�to that of this column,
The glory�del'invention�the order Corinthian, capital�cuvre�architecture, is given by�Sitruve�the sculptor�Callimachus�of�Corinth;�that passing a�cemetery, yremarqua'un�cart with which s'�was�high a level acanthe, whose leaves�courboient�under
the�idea�of a marquee.�This architect�floriboit�little�time�after 6o�olimpiade�,
Pillapende�claims, that this capital has its origin from the Temple of�Solomon:�Indeed, we find in the history of Joseph, that�caiac�decepompeux�Edifice�built by�hiram�, year or world 2972.�and�before�Jesus�Christ 1028.
�
sent to�Solomon by Roy�dedyr�.
Whatever the case, the Greco were�satisfied at�first�by placing it on the�Colorine�Jonique�, of which they�kept�the Entablature.�C '�estainsi�that�Vitruwe�;�who followed their�authors�,�explains�the Corinthian order;�but in the following we invented an�Intablement�, which was peculiar to this last Order, and which we�arenori�so perfect, that�until now�we�could�not imagine anything better.�The infinite number of superb�Coifices�, which the Greeks made,�doubtless�furnished�.�architecture�means to reach the highest perfection;�but such is the destiny of human things, only the times in which they happen.�have�reached it, are�ceuoc�whose�duration�is the shortest�,.
.�:: It is�pourtantvrar�that�beauoc�arts�reigned�over a long time in�Greece, as�in all�else.�Lour�to�assert oneself of it�, one can count from the�reign�of�P�ricles�to the�death�of the�first�successors of�aleocandre�One will find an interval of approximately 200 years,��during�which�it appeared in�Greece�a crowd |�I�know�famous and famous artists.
A�v�rit�'tres�constant is that�recom�= -penses�andthe�honneuri�whose favored Greeks -�rent�those�distinguoient�by merit,�contributed�much to form these large�homimes�.�Ancient�history�is filled only with tributes, which the�Greek�receives�talents, and marks of distinction which it�confers�on the people who�possessed them�.�� There is no point in further�excciter�the genius of a nation that rewards and honors, by�the what�it�elevates�above�the rest of men,�caucc�which�possess�of�granda�talents.�Once these powerful motives�ceased�, the�Greece�saw�many early�arts�s'�weaken�;�falling into annihilation ..��There is still�I�know�what a�fatality, which�seems to prescribe and sciences a certain Duration, and which absolutely wants that when�they are�mounted to the highest degree of |�perfection of decline gradually and overshadow all�of a sudden�,
But of all the causes that oppose�ly�more�has�increased and the triumph of good�acquaintances�, or�rather�that rushing ruin with greater speed is that�ceuse�who did everything to�wit,�that the despicable address the intrigue, seize the confidence of individuals, and subsequently gain�unjustly�!�the esteem of the Public, while the man of genius, jealous of his glory and that of his profession, after having�long�applied himself to the search for the real good and the real beautiful, and having cultivated in retirement all that that science can provide�deplus�wise, is when he wants to�appear�in the open, and gather the fruit of his�travauce�all spirits�preocuper�by illusion,�eh�all seats filled with bold) ignorance.�The blind protection�Grandsest�already�entered,�the favor�of Fortune are�already�abducted by�voyes�shameful, and then the�hom�: clever myself, usually full of�Oroiture�and.�unable�to take such paths,�aban�: -�Danne�his talents by a�petty�indignation, and prefer to live in obscure inaction,
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that�of employing the art of�secreting�minds, and that of indulging in�an�interest�that cannot do.�act�as�vulgar and low�souls�.�Origin�of architecture�(
in�Italy�.�Art�Unbuilding�was known in�Italy�almost as soon as in�Greece, etlon�claims that the ancient Lydians, who�after�being�sortis'de�asia�,�inhabited�Tuscany,�decorated it�Leury�.�Temples of a particular Order, which still keeps the�name�of this region of Italy.�The tomb�that Porsenna Roy of the�Etrurians�had brought up near�Clusium�, marks the great�knowledge�that�deslori�ony�had�of this�art�.�According to a�passage from�Parron�reported by�Pliny, this monument�was�of stone, and constructed in much the�same�way as the�Labirinth�built by D�dale in the Isle of�Crete�.
The first�Tarquini�shortly before,�had�surrounded Rome with a�stone�wall�:��he�still�threw�the�foundations�of the�Capitoline�Pupit�Temple�, that his�grandson�Tarquin the superb finished it with great expense,�ayan��for that reason brought the most skillful workers From�Etruria�.�It was this same Tarquin, who built the�first�underground�Concretes�, through which�the filth of Rome�flowed�, and whose remains still cause admiration
Until then�nothing�had�been�seen�to�recommend�that the�solidity and�greatness in the buildings of the Romans, who had known no other Order than the Tuscan, and this Order�was�undoubtedly even more material, that which�litruve�brings back�in his�book;�but when they had |
hunted�the�Tarquins�;�resumed the sovereign self =�rity�and�li�'un�greater trade with the Greeks, they learned�deuoc�excellence in architecture,�etc'est�there a time when the people�began�to�elevate�the�buildings�more beautiful and more regular,
It was only in the latter times of the republic, and under�Empereuro�that the arch =�tecture�appeared in Rome with�brilliance:�In less than 40�years�she became so commendable that the King�pantiochusne�made�acheverle�Temple of Jupiter in the
City of�athens�, on the designs, el led by�Cossutius�Roman citizen, so it is�very�likely that the Romans had so much trumped the beauty of the Greek orders, or you do�trouvoit�more in�Greece�to distinguished and skillful architects.
Though�ensoit�, architecture n '�was�not yet in Rome in its perfection, the four orders that we Vitruvius has�given�, being much lower�in�those we use�depius�to�monumeny�, which�some�persist�in:�-�Core�in this big city,
Pitruve�to�lived�under Julius Caesar and Augustus smiled,�was�that he dedicated his book;�this author, as he says,�was�already�very�valiant�, and�there�is reason to believe that the Orders which he�transmitted to�us�, were�those which�were�employed�in Rome of his time;�also the historians do you note, that the architecture did not�begin�to be carried there to its perfection, that under the�reign�of Vespasien,�Auguste reached the Empire, changed Rome�face, and�carried it with such splendor, that 'he
said�himself�, that he�had�found it of�brick and that he would�leave it�of marble.�He made more�Buildings�in Italy than any of those who had�governed�the Republic before him.�The empress, the Princesses,�sisters�and daughters of this Emperor, had various�buildings�erected�, the remains of�which�still�bear�their names.�All the Kings�tributaries�of his Empire, to imitate his magnificence, and acquire his good�graces�, had superb�monuments�built in his honor�.
Tiberius�n '�eutpoint�taste for the�arts;�he only started the temple of Augustus: IT�appeared�under his�reign�an architect, who�had�the industry�erect�a triumphal arch, which�leaned�to one side, and to�restore it to�its�first�Plate.�Caligula consumed badly about the�extraordinary�sums�to be�built;�he began to build a bridge�of about�one�a league�ewl�half length, which�traversou�a kind of�Golohe�between�Pouzole�and Bayes.�This Bridge�was�almost of no use, so Caligula did not�ambition�, that of being able by its means
Paller�astride the sea, to triumph�over�this element with more glory than Darius and�Xerocer�,
The expenses which the Emperor Claude made were on the contrary�very�useful to the�Roman�people�,�He pierced a Canal through the mountains, to dry up the Lake�named�'�Fuscinus�, which�Augustus�had not�dared to�undertake, and he built the Port�of ostie�, which�Fules�C�sar�had�unnecessarily�formulated�,
Neron�was lavish for the expense of his�buildings�;�but what he built was�more�.�to�load than advantageous to the Republic.�in�the former Palace he joined a new, or the luxury and dissolution took over from a true magnificence and who�might�that�excite�the indignation of the Romans as to give it the�scope�,�nero�had�a falling�with extraordinary violence and injustice, the most beautiful part of Rome so that he almost completed the ruin of the little that�was�reste'de�this city after the fire�doni�little time�aupara�:�aced�it�had�been the author .�All the works of
this�odious Prince, perished almost as soon as reads, and were overthrown during the war which followed his death.
The�reigns�of Galba,�Dothon�, and Vitellius, were so short and so filled with troubles, that no�Edifice�rose under them�:�This was�under the Vespasian�era that�they�began�to�appear�in this great City with�splendor.�magnificent Temple of Peace was built by its�or?res, and�burns under�the Empire of Commode, it continued the Temple of the Emperor�Claude, that agripinne�had�started, but that�neron�had�almost.�D�truit.il was�still raise an�amphitheater�on the�model�Augustus was in�was�propos�et�is called the�Colosseum�.
When Titus was�ruin�'J�rusalem�the Senate�andthe�people Romain�erected�in his honor�un'arc�of�triumph�C '�esten�this occasion,
was�invented a�new�Capital, which participates�in that of the�Tonic�by the scrolls, and of the Corin:�thien�, by the�leaves: We also�kept the proportions and the other�parts�of this last Order.�In the following our Modern�composerenw���pun�Entablement�particular;�that's�why�we call this Composite Order, or Roman,
Titus, after the death of�Despasien�, continued the�Buildings�and the projects of his�Father�;�but it came under his�reign�a fire, which consumed almost all the beautiful�buildings�of Rome.�We attributed the cause to�feuoc�out from under the ground, especially�real-similarly�in this same time Mont�Veruwe�caught fire with |�extraordinary violence but this loss
was�soon�repaired�by the care and�liberalization�of Titus.
Domitieni�although�corrupted by�all kinds of�devices�, conceived very beautiful�pictures�.�Besides his Palace, he had triumphal arches, Temples, other�Buildings�erected�, and undertook several.�useful�work�;�but immediately�after�his death, the people, in revenge for their�cruelties�, overthrew all the�monuments�they�had�built, and kept only�those�which�could�be useful to the Republic: Trajan had an extreme love for the�fine arts�.�He chooses for Architect��been regarded by posterity as perfect.�Among the buildings and�monumeno�which were erected by the orders of this Emperor, both�in�Rome and in various�lieuoc�of Italy, and�dana�.�all�the provinces of the Empire, we mainly notice the great circus,
Emperor Adrien�restored�the�Pantheon�, the Basilica of�Neptune�, the place�called�Forum�Augusti�, the Baths of�Agripine�,�eb�).�quantity�of other�buildings�, which had been�burned�.�He built the Temple of Trajan, the bridge.�Qlius�, and the tomb which bears his name.�He made the columns and transfer�autrea�pieces of architecture Temple�dela�bonneD�esse�, to build one he dedicated to the sun.�Finally there was not a city�CONSI�= -�maple�in�Empire�Romain, where he might give marks of the love he�had�for the Arts.�It was he who�built�the arenas of�Nimes�, and the other�monuments�, of which we can still see vestiges in the area,
One can not doubt, that under the�reigns�of the��antonines po and Marc-�Aurele, the Architecture�was not still�very�flourishing�in Italy, ..�several�remains of the superb�buildings which�they made build, as well as the Temple dan: -�tonin�and Faustina, and the Antonine column, which Marc�Aurele�had erected, and which still remains in its entirety, are proof of this.�It is�true�that the work of this column is less valued than that of the�Trajanne�Column�.�.
Emperor�Commodus did�nothing, we�pivisse�compare to what we�araport��of his�predecessors�, he ordered no�Building�again, and did not finish�pau�even those his�P�re�had�been started,
Septimius�Severus�having reached the Empire, and finding Architecture�neglected�, took a�very�careful to make bloom again.�He built the�Septizone�, the Arc de Triomphe, which bears his name, and other�buildings�, which are no less significant.�Caracalla�not only�had�neither love nor taste for the Arts, but he
thus�was it badly served in its companies.�1 The�Argentino�Arch�, which we see in Rome, that of the bridge in the town of Saintes, are great�monuments�, which�still�exist�, and�which will perpetuate the bad taste of�Ceno�Emperor and that of the Architects who built them;�so we can judge that in this�reign�, Architecture�was beginning�to lose its former luster.�The disturbances that occurred�in�the death of the Prince, not�contributed�not a little to increase the�enfeeblement�of this�Arw�.
In the�harshest�way, he�spared nothing to restore vigor to the�Arts, and to�provide�Auoc�Ouvriery with�the means to improve himself. He attracted many skillful Architects);�He employed part of it,�to�form the designs and to follow the execution of the works. He instructed the others to give�lessons.
Public-young people who�Desa�=�tincient�to this profession, and it was very early�V��reborn in�buildings�all�"�plapuret��and perfection, we�obferved�in those who had been built under the�reigns�of�Despasien�, Titus, Trajan,�dadrien�, the�Antoninis�and Septimius�Severus�, if the life of this great Prince would have been more�long, but�has�barely�Futil�reached the flower of his age,�qu��his Soldiers�ended�his days after his death the wise and elegant proportions of Architecture, were well: - soon forgotten, the triumphal arch dedicated�to�the Galen Emperor, is a proof.�obvious�, this building being remarkable) only by its�solidity�'.
Finally the Barbarians having�spread�in the Roman Empire, to�annihilate�until the memory of its size and its power, they�returned�the superb�monumen�which had been�raised there, and�there would�be�no trace of it left. Rome, if Alaric, who�commanded�the Visigoths, n '�Euni�emp�ch��ruining what�hadʎchap�a�their fury, and if I�heodoric�Prince�Jea�Ostrogotho�, who was king of Italy, would 2, the few that�remained,�..�Finally the Barbarians having�spread�in the Roman Empire, to�annihilate�until the memory of its size and its power, they�returned�the superb�monumen�which had been�raised there, and�there would�be�no trace of it left. Rome, if Alaric, who�commanded�the Visigoths, n '�Euni�emp�ch��ruining what�hadʎchap�a�their fury, and if I�heodoric�Prince�Jea�Ostrogotho�, who was king of Italy, would 2, the few that�remained,�..
"This Prince had the buildings which�were only�damaged�restored�, and gathered all over Italy the remains of those who could�not�be restored, to employ them to build new ones. He used them�among others�to build the Basilica of Hercules in�Ravennes�;�But by a metamorphosis�as�annoying as�sinEguliere�, the love that this Prince first showed for the arts, did not last�until�his�death, his�mood changed, he fell back into the�barbarism�, and the architecture was precipitated in�darkness�.�Clley�remained�about thirteen�centuries�, leaving to reign in its place the way of building, which one calls Gothic,
There are two Gothic architectures, the old and the modern.�The�Gothos�).�bring�the old one from the North, in the 5.�Century�.�It is�coarse�, massive and�tasteless;�on the contrary the works of modern Gothic, are light, and a�surprising�boldness of work, which�united�in some�general�proportions�, which they�observe�in their buildings, makes them still admire.�This new Gothic originated in the 13th�century�, and it lasted until the renewal of ancient architecture,�Restoration of architecture
antique�in Rome.�TAPAK�Lalladio�reports�, that it was only under the Pontificate of Julius II., That we saw good�architecture�reborn in Rome (�Bramante�), active and vigilant man,�after�much pain and study discovered the real principles : He learned by the reading of�Pitruve�, that) the Greeks had regulated their buildings by the proportions, and having taken with exactitude the measurements of the�ancient�monuments�, he recognized that the ancient Romans had followed the same�path�, from where he judged that the
the�fall of Ancient architecture,�was�a false�quide�.�He adopted the method�deci�elders and the buildings he built, are still admire the�connoisseuri�, ..�.�Tules�He resolved to rebuild the old Basilica of S "Peter's,�because he�there�trouvoit�no place that suited � his�burial�, and he ordered Bramante to make the design. The Pontiff laid the�Premi�re�.�stone�the year 1508.�After�Bramante, Sangallo Antoine continued�dy�work ....�"the death of this second Architect having arrived, Paul�ill�, the house�Farnese�), who�had�succ�de'��Julius�II in�appointed a�third�: It was Michelangelo, who made a model very�different�from that of Bramante, and who besides that, was responsible for building the�modern�Capitote�, and for completing the Palace of his holiness, begins with Julien�Sangallo.�Michelangelo did the three Orders�Sarchitecture�, which decorate the Court, and then the Vestibule of the�principal�entrance and the�large Entablature,��to which finishes so well the Body of the Palace.
Under this same pontificate,�an Academy of Architecture�was�established�in�Rome: It was composed of several people from.�quality�, the principal�were�Marcel�Servin�, who was afterwards Pope, under the name of Marcellus II.�the�Seigneuri�Maffei�, and�Mazzuoli�.�Vignole, who�entered the service of this academy, was responsible for measuring and drawing�lero�Anciens�edifices;�which made him�know�, as he�himself�said�, that all those which had been built according to the�system�.�the�proportions�flatoient�generally�yeuoc�, and other�faisoient�opposite effect, it is on this principle, it regulated the�cing�orders he has uncovered.
Vignole having made several buildings in various places "S'Italie, and having returned to Rome, he was chosen in 1550.�by�Jules m., To be his architect. He built�alory�the Jules Vine, outside the Porte�del�Popolo�, and he�lorna�fountains also�utileo�that�in: -�g�nieuses�. We see him as in�Rome as�greatest of all, the castle�Caprarole�he�Batita�CCID�leagues�of the capital, where he�acquainted�the greatness of his genius, and how much experience�had�perfected him.�Michelangelo having�fallen into�childhood at the age of 81 Ano, Pius IV.�entrusted�Vignole with the care of the�execution�of the�model�, that this�great�man�had�done for the�Church�of S.
Pierre.�The plan�was�a�Greek�croic�;�but Paul v., to give more�extension�and majesty to this Temple, and so that when entering, one did not find�passi�any concern the�D�mezvoulut�that it�was�formed in�Latin�Croica�.�Charles�Maderne�was the Architect of this increase, and had the honor of completing�the�body�in 1612�.�of�this superb�Church�, The Cavalier Bernin was the Author of this magnificent colonnades, which superbly accompanies the facade of this B�asylum�.
Architecture, reigned�in�Rome with�Peclat, from�the Pontificate of Julius II.�until
that�of Innocent x.�In this latter Pontiff, Trooper�Boromini�, to distinguish�deru�other architects, and jealous of the success or Cavalier Bernini, thought that by abandoning the�rules�, he�would find�in his only engineering resource to outweigh its�concurs�-�rent , and�ruin his�reputation: not�only did he�imagine�the most irregular profiles, he also confused them with a displaced sculpture.�and�finally he had no�regard�for the�principle�, which the Ancients had established on nature and on�Reason. This�is the time of the last Decadence of Architecture in Italy, where we followed blindly the bad taste and whims of this innovator.
However it has�risen in�Rome since that.�Architect few�monuments�excellens�and�Oun�very�good�tasty little dis�,�input�-'autres Fountain�Tr�ves�built by�Salvy�;�But this�Cdifice�admirable has�been able�to be a bulwark against the features of the plot and the blind protection that prevailed and prevented this skilful�architect to be employed in for�autrece�Arts Origin in France,�Svant�the�reigns�Te Fran�ois�first, the�..�fine�arts�were�unknown in France;�but this prince, who�wished�lesy�to flourish, having come to him pluri,�eaccellents�men in all professions, soon warmed the spirits emulation and engineering, sciences�s�lev�rent�has a high�degree�in their�states�.�S�bastien Serlio was the first to bring the idea of ??beautiful Architecture to it.�This skilful man was�charged with�the management of the�buildings�of Fontainebleau,�he�composed there the Book which we have of�him;�and our Architects Fran�ois took�advantage�of his instructions from�Siberia�, that Roy having ordered that�work be done�on the construction of the Louvre, the design which�Labb��of�Clagni�Parisien�made�of it�, was preferred to that of Serlio.�This Abbot had executed under the
�
Peregrine�of Henry 11, part of his project, and this essay is still such a�perfect�model�in this genre, that one can say that Rome offers nothing that�can�legalize�.�"
Our�Animex�Architects�at the�sight�of such a work,�applied themselves�with so much ardor 'in search of the principles of their Art, which they were even admired in this famous.�Capital of Italy,�Philippell�.�King of Spain,�s��served Louis de Foix Parisien for its magnificent El Escorial building�.�.�Catherine de M�dicis employed Philibert�de:�Lorme and�Jean�Bullan�, for the�planning�and execution of the superb Palais des�Thuilleries�;�and Marie de M�dicis chooses Jacques de Brosses, for that of Luxembourg, who passes for the most accomplished of Europe.�It is this same Architect, who built the Portal
Saint Gervais, whose�elegance�we admire�.�and�the�regularity�.�When Queen Marie was no longer in condition.�to�protect the Arts, we stopped estimating them, we soon confused the architect�S�avant�with
confidence�duPublic�, and unjust contempt end pass the�famous�architects in abroad Of which they were received with marks If honor and distinction, So Architecture was still buried in France in darkness.�Place Royale and the other�buildings�, which were built under the�reign�of Louis XIII., Are a tangible proof of this:
as�soon as Louis the Great had reached the age of estimating the�Arts, he�felt the loss that France�had�made of his�Eoccellean�Artists, he used all means to�give�architecture its first sparkle.�In this�life�, it not only establishes an academy�has�Paris,�Maio�yet another�in�Rome, where�Pupils�that stand�sontenvoyez�, to make new, more studies�beauoc�monuments�of antiquity.�By the advice of the great Colbert, this�incomparable�minister�, he sent all over Italy, in�Egipte�, in�Greece�, in Syria, in Persia, finally in all�lieuoc�where there�still�remain�vestiges of the noble Architecture, several people�Escapantes�and able to discover the sources of the�beauty�of this�Art.�.
did�make a translation�litruve�by Claude Perrault, who unveiled the�darkness; ety�added�notes�aussi's�avantes�useful.�He ordered to.�more�was�Fran�ois Blonde dialing a short�?Architecture�able to be�enseigne'��the�Academy�, in Course contains the most solid principles.�: Finally this Grand Monarch raised the Arts and sciences to such a high point of perfection, that he had the satisfaction of seeing his�reign�honored by a crowd of�famous�men�in all talents and all states, and whose names,�lec�actions and joints works with magnificent�monuments�he has erected,�ontrenori�his immortal memory,
With regard�to what has happened since the latter, restoration of Architecture, we refer.�the�Reader to what is said in the Preface.�Trailer�of the�Beautiful�essential in Arta, Applies�particularly�to architecture,
� First chapter�
Architecture orders.�
�The watchword means in this great�art, a�13 assembly of different Bodies, which�being�proportional to each other and to the whole,�flatter�the view as well as the union of several�harmonic sounds�.
"gives the�ear�a pleasant sensation.
We distinguish�five�Orders of columns, or Pilasters,�namely�the Tuscan, the�Doric, the Ionic�, the Corinthian, and the Composite or Roman.�Each of these Orders is composed of three main parts,�OuLi�destal�,�dela�Colonne and Entablement, which must be proportional to each other and�at�the height of the whole order.�These same parts are also subdivided each into three�others;�The�Piedestal�has�sabase�, its�die�, and�its cornice.�The Column has�sabase�, its�fistet�its marquee, el Entablement a son Architrave, la Friise, et sa Corniche, The three Masses of these various objects, must have between them a pleasant and�regular�proportion�, and they also contain in particular different parts .�For example,�Cornicher�have�Deuce�main, which are still�drivis�es�in other more�small, andthe�all�MUST be�proportional; |�Their moldings being�settled�by�nombrero�, which express the�raports�of�consonance�they can not offer together�a worthy object�displeasing�to all persons of taste, "if�ony�followed proper modulation,
their�Orders, as will be demonstrated�in�the following Chapter, ...
To determine which parts of the Orders, both general and�Particular, it�uses a measure that�apelle�module, which is making a rational part of the order that we want to build, few architects chose the diameter.�lower�of the�Column, and we�called it large�Module: Others�took half the same diameter, and this is called Average module.�Lalladio�and�Scammozzi�divided the big one into�60 parts�,�even more�than their average in a3o.�Vignola�sest�served it, and it's divided into 12, to settle Orders�Coocan�and Doric, and 18�for�the other three orders ..
The medium module being the most in use, we adopted it and�divided it into�twelve parts, to Draw the Orders of the authors that we give�here�, as well as our�tests�.
Shall we see in�2?�Chapter, as the�rule�.�which�Vignole used to determine the three main parts of his Orders and�leura�....
- -
* modules, is very�easy�.
that�following his maxim�general, leuri�Entable: -mens having a quarter�beyond�column height,�ceuoc�the three higher are too�hautj�, given the delicacy of those who the�so�tien�= -�NEET�, and�Lalladio�and Scamozzi were more .�judicieuoc�, setting three�entablatures�the Fifth height of their Columns:�It is surprising that it be observed that the difference between these two amounts being�outraged, we�must not admit to any case: Indeed the reason is that the�Entablemens�have�a relative proportion: to the length of the�Building�, to its height,�to�ra.�position�, and other circumstances;�because�.�the more�an�objecta�in length, the less its height is apparent, and that it is the same when it is very high or placed in a large place, it
We should�therefore not only use these�two�proportions, but also a�third�, which�would be an�arithmetic�mean�between the fifth and a quarter of the height of the�column, and�employ these�different�proportions.
suitable�, we�appuyerons�our feeling on this subject, severalʎ�cemples�considerable, when at the end of this treaty, we will speak or changing proportions.
To return to the�Vignole�rule�, we can follow its same�path�, to determine the entablature at the quarter, at the fifth, or between the quarter and the�fifth�of the Column, and to fix the Module, as we will�see�the�first�board�.�Can be found in this way, a�very�large�facilit�'��draw�Ordreru�.�on�height�data�, and we can follow the same�rule�in the case where one�suprimera�the�pedestal�, to substitute a�Sode�,�porirv��that the�ficce�a number of divisions marked on the�figure, Ct�supposed .�that one�or more of these divisions does.�convinssent�not up we�would wish�to give this base, we�might�double or triple the division or, for�deplus�smaller parts.
"Chapter�Second�, Where one�raporte�the�proportionat�, the most�famous�architects were�employed�,
to�settle their Architecture Orders.
The Vitruvian orders, not having so much�beauty�that�ceuoc�superb�monuments�ancient, which still exist in�Rome, we�do not talk�pointicy.On�give only those of the three most universally Architects�approuvex�,
Architecture Vignola,�Cel�Author being instructed by exact measurements he�had�taken of�monuments�anti-ques�most applauded, the parties that�were�related to all, according�as he says in his Preface, he divided up of all his Orders in 19.�equal�portions�.�He gave 3.�at�Entablature12.�in�Column 4 and the�pedestal�so that the three main items of its�harmonics 3. 4. 12�;. and�in all�seru�Orders, the�Entablementestle�quarter of the column, and the�pedestal�is the third, the reserve or Corinthian and Composite,�ausc�pied'estauoc�of what he�donn�'un�little more than�tiera�the column,�CeQui�is not followed.
Vignola wanting to decorate a facade with orders without�pied'estaux�, he divided up into�five: Iladonn�'une�these divisions�alEntablement�, and four�ala�column having�ainoy�set the principal masses In its orders, he divided the�Tuscan�column�in 7.�equal�parts�, the Doric in 8., the Ionic in 9., the Corinthian�burst�.�Comporile�in 10., and it gave the diameter |�lower of each of these Columns, one of these�parts,�half of�which�is�its module, which it has�subdivided�into 12., to adjust the�decorative�moldings�Orders Tuscan�and�Doric, and�en18.�to�adjust those of the other three.�By this maxim, Vignole increased the height of the Columns with the same�eocces�, and their gradation is�suwantcette�progression Arithm�tique 7.8.�9. 10.
Lour�determine the main masses of.�Entignemens�Vignole has�divided this one�or Tuscan.�in�21 parts.�He gave 6, to the architrave,�zala�Frize, and 8 to the�Corniche;�so these three
iets�are in arithmetic proportion: The Entente Dorique being divided into 12.�parts�, the architrave has 3, La Frize, understood.�the�capital of the Triglyphs, 5., and the Corniche 4,�Ainoy�these three bodies are still in Arithmetic proportion, just like those of (Entablement sonique, because the�height�of this one being�divided�into 18.,�CArchitrave�will have 5., the Frieze 6., and the Cornice 7.
with�regard to the�Corinthian and Compose�Entablemens�, Vignole has to regulate them by the numbers,�harmonic; because�the height of each of these�two�Entablemens�, being divided into 10., The Architrave and the Friesland each have 3.eh.�the�Corniche has 4. '�.�.�"The gradation�despairing�Piedestaucc�is, up�Arithmetic;�but�their�Corniches and their bases are too�weak�, and
�
in�false relation with their�Dez�us the steps: - will be silent, and we will end by observing, that�not�only�Vignole has linked the�main�partiers�of his ordinances by the�laws�.�the�proportions, but he still�eccactement�determined the size of their moldings.�by�the harmonic numbers.
Architecture de Palladio, This Author did not take a maxim as�general as�that used by�Vignole�to Determine the three main parts of his ordinances.�The gradation he has�first�.�observed�in the heights of its columns, is.�that of the�Tuscan�was�of 14.modules, that�Dela�Doric baseless of15., and�sabase�of 16, that of the�sulfonic�of 18, that of.�Corinthian of�19, and�the composite had 20., From this it follows that with respect to the difference of the heights of�chapiteauoc�, the rod�beyond�sonic Column�estplus�higher than that�beyond�Corinthi�: -�enne�, and that it has less�lightness�than�disorder�compound;�What does not agree