French ARCHITECTURE of special buildings,
Composed by Me Louis SAVOT,
Doctor of the King and the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris.
It deals not only with the measures and proportions that a building must have, both in its whole and in its parts, but also with several other things concerning this subject, useful and advantageous, not only for the bourgeois and lords who make building, but also for many other kinds of people,
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as he will see himself at the chapter table.
In Paris,
At Sébastien Cramoisy, rue Saint Jacques aux Cigognes.
1624
WITH KING'S PRIVILEGE.
TO MONSEIGNEUR,
Monseigneur Le marquis de la Vieuville, chevalier des Ordres du Roi, conseiller en son conseil
State and private, superintendent of finance, lieutenant-general of his Majesty in its country of Champagne and Rethelois, maître de camp of the armies endits countries, lord and baron of Arzilières, Paving, Vérigny, Chaluet, the large and small Cabinets, etc
Bishop,
Three things in no way make man reborn and survive-
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me to oneself: children, books and buildings. But the first to be procreated from the part that is mortal in man, can only bring him a very small and at all poorly assured duration. The other two, on the contrary, as births of the conceptions of the spirit of Man and of a power over which death can have none, can produce lasting effects only from a condition similar to that of their cause. That if men cherish their children as their living images, which can remain after them only in much more uncertain events, and sometimes rather to the disadvantage than to the advantage of their memory, in
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how much higher degree of esteem and affection should they put books and buildings ? For they come from the best and truest part of them, or who is, to put it better, formally themselves, and who always bears and leaves after them a strong and vivid imprint of themselves in a long succession of centuries, and their name with glory to posterity. But between these two illustrious effects of human understanding, it seems, my Lord, that books must yield in many things to the glory of buildings. For it is possible by the means of one knowledge to leave a book to the seed, which it shall make a state of, instead of a building-
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time cannot pass in the esteem of the future, nor be understood of course by the opinion of all masters, without the knowledge of all sciences. The honor of books can be common to all kinds of men, even more often to those whom the misfortune of the things of this world holds lowered with contempt in poverty. But the honor that the buildings give is in this similar to that which one receives by the titles of the highest nobility and the most glorious dignities. Because the sovereign advances only those who are already advanced by fortune, so one can not acquire the great honors of buildings without the previous acquisition of a great forum-
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tune, so that posterity always recognizes the marks of an illustrious family, and of both a powerful wealth and a powerful spirit, and again the vestiges of a generous courage, which instead of carrying the superfluous of its means to the brutal pleasures of sensuality, employed it to the virtuous contentments of understanding. Although man was born to society, the books nevertheless making him as if to forget his nature, ban him from any company to make him as reclusive and withdrawn entirely in himself, instead of the buildings continually holding their masters in the interview and conversation of all kinds of people.-
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sonnes, making by the gain of employment flourish all the arts and crafts that serve the pleasures of the spirit, and giving by a brave humanity the livelihood and life to the poor able-bodied and men of arms, who would otherwise become either beggars or thieves. The prudent fairness of the laws also, judging how useful those who build are to the public, both by the decoration and by the profit that comes from it, and recognizing by the same means the Honor, which for this subject is due to their memory, gives them this advantage only if by the time that ruins an entire beautiful building comes to ruin, the owner having-
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to build, the public is obliged to undertake the restoration and advance the expense of it, and although by the revolution of the years it comes under the possession of a foreign family, it is not allowed, however, by the provision of the right to erase the name or weapons of the one who first built it. Having with all these considerations recognized and learned, my Lord, that the subject of buildings is among all pleasures the one that touches you most, and one of your most pleasant Entertainments, I felt that this knowledge obliged me to dedicate to you, rather than to any other, the following treatise on this subject and that of all the more that none
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known, among the greatest minds, who has such a perfect knowledge that you, not only of the science of buildings, but of all architecture in general, and between all its parts, of that above all, which is most worthy of Kings, know the military, because of which you were once chosen from among the most capable and preferred to all to give the first knowledge of it to His Majesty. Two things above all make princes recommendable to the centuries after them : the power and value of their weapons during war, and the greatness and beauty of their buildings in times of peace. It is noticed that all the great guer-
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riers were almost all great builders. Among all the princes who also ruled this state, there are only three, who by the greatness of their virtues have acquired to posterity the nicknames of the great, namely Charles The Great, The Great King Francis, and Henry the great of the most glorious and auguste memory, all of whom were admired both by the greatness of their buildings and by that of their weapons. But as you can, my Lord, give this glory of having formed His Majesty's first ideas about the war, you can also take that of having made him find the means in the administration
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from his finances, on which he gave you the superintendence, to begin to taste and experience the honorable and profitable pleasure of the princes to build. For almost all those who make the waist to His Majesty earn their living, either in terms of the structure of the buildings, or in terms of their ornaments, which means that by enriching themselves by this means they pay later more easily and widely the

a tribute which is due to their king, so that it is to do as those who scatter seed on the earth, to receive it afterwards at the time of harvest more abundantly, it is by prudent conduct, in imitation of the wise creditors, to make ga-
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gner its money to its debtors to be better paid. Since therefore your virtue bears your affection, My Lord, to both architecture, please, I beseech you, the honor I give myself to offer you this work, not by the recommendation of its merit, but by that of my affection to render you some service, and of yours to the subject alone of my work, to the example of God and of the greatest lords, like you, who value the things given to them, not by the greatness of their price but by that of their affection towards the present which is given to them offered, and that of the one in their place who offers it to them. Which condition does not
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may be greater on my part than to consecrate to you my watches, my labors and all that little grace of spirit that it pleased God to part with me, with this public witness that I aspire nothing so much as to make myself recognized, Monseigneur,
for
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Your most humble, most obedient and most faithful servant, SAVOT.
EXTRACT FROM THE KING'S PRIVILEGE.
By the grace and privilege of the King, it is permissible for our dear and well-loved physician of the Faculty of Paris, Mr. Louis Savot, to have a book entitled L'architecture française des bâtages particuliers, with inhibitions and defences, printed as it may seem to him, to all other printers and booksellers to sell or debit it to the kingdom of France without the permission of said sieur Savot, for the term of six years from the day and date of printing on the sentences given to said letters. Given to Compiegne on the 26th. day of April 1624, signed,
Collot.

Said sieur Savot has consented and consents that Sébastien Cramoisy may print said book. Done at Paris this 20 May 1624.
The book was completed to print on May 25, 1624.
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TABLE OF CHAPTERS CONTAINED IN THIS BOOK.
That there is no profession that makes us more capable of architecture than that of Medicine, division of all architecture in general. Chap. 1.
What part of Architecture should be dealt with only in this present discourse. Chap. 2, fol. 6. Troissujetsauxquelsconsistetoutletraitédesbâtimentsparticuliers,etpremièrementdulieu. Chap.3,fol.7. Two other parts of the particular edification. Why it will be treated only slightly mate-
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and into what other parts can be divided the one that contains the shape of the building. Chap. 4, fol. 16.
You see the first part of him. Chap.5,fol.19.
The position of the building, second part of the estimate. Chap. 6, fol. 25.
The position of the members of the building. Chap. 7, fol. 31.
The shape or figure of the building. Chap. 8, fol. 42.
Measurements of the building in general, both in single and double housings. Chap. 9, fol. 42. Measurements of the building parts, and first of all the entrance and the chapel. Chap.10, fol.60. Descaves. Chap.11, fol.63.
Kitchen, pantry, common room and foyer. Chap. 12, fol. 66.
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Climbs and passages. Chap. 13, fol. 69.
Desantisallesetsalles. Chap.14, fol.75.
Rooms and wardrobes, bedrooms, wardrobes and rear wardrobes.Chap. 15, fol. 84. Cabinets and back cabinets. Chap. 16, fol. 91.
Galleries, armouries and bookstores. Chap. 17, fol. 92

Ovens and baths. Chap. 18.
Stable.Chap. 19, fol. 102.
Parts of which the members of the building are composed, and first of all the walls and walls. Chap. 20, fol. 105. Door. Chap. 21, fol. 118.
Windows and days.Chap. 22, fol. 122.
Chimneys and ways to prevent them from smoking.Chap. 23, fol. 131.
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Ways to easily and promptly extinguish the fire that has set in a chimney. Chap. 24, fol. 144.
Ways to heat a room with less wood than usual. Chap. 25, fol. 147.
Vault. Chap. 26, fol. 152.
Desplanchers. Chap.27, fol.154.
Discoveries. Chap.28, fol.159.
Outside the building and ways to make an artificial Echo. Chap. <2>9, fol. 163.
Natural sources and fountains, ways to find them, conduct water, measure and flow it. Chap. 30, fol. 170. Artificial fountains and various and easy ways to raise and raise water. Chap. 31, fol. 178.
How to store ice and snow. Chap. 32, fol. 169.
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The symmetry of the whole building and the considerations that the building Master must take before
than to start it. Chap. 33, fol. 203.
That it is necessary to know beforehand that to start a building easements, to avoid trial and damage,
and where we can learn it from. Chap. 34, fol. 209.
Extract necessary to be known by all those who mingle with the buildings of the title of the custom of Paris,
servitudes, with the conference of the other customs of the kingdom that are either in accordance with it, or contrary to it, and some other annotations on the same subject. Chap. 35, fol. 217.
That it is necessary to know how much about a building can return to before embarking on it, and by what means it can be known-
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re. Chap. 36, fol. 249.
The ordinary price in Paris is taken as an example of the emptying of the massive lands of the trenches and gullies made for the foundations, as well as of the stone of boulders and cut, and the nature of the main stones used in Paris. Chap. 37, fol. 252.
The ordinary price of plaster, lime, sand, and what to observe.Chap. 28, fol. 264.
The ordinary price of the pavement, tiles and bricks, and what to observe. Chap. 39, fol. 267.
The ordinary price of tile, slate, Lath, counter-lath and nail, both for tile and Slate, and what it takes
observe. Chap. 40, fol. 272.
The ordinary price of glass, lead and iron, and what to observe. Chap. 41, fol. 278.
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The ordinary price of carpentry, and what to observe. Chap. 42, fol. 288.
The ordinary price of carpentry, paint in wood color, spans, crosses and doors,
and matting. Chap. 43, fol. 298.
Of masonry and carpentry, and in what way it is practiced. Chap. 44, fol. 300.
Other ways easier than the previous, but not so exact, to find out about how much can
return a building.Chap. 45, fol. 311.
From the heaviness of various materials necessary to be sweat. Chap. 46, fol. 314.
Statement of the leading authors who wrote Not only of all parts of Architecture, but also of some of icelles
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to most of which the reader has been referred in many places of the present work. Chap. 47, fol. 318.
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French ARCHITECTURE of particular buildings.
That there is no profession that makes us more capable of architecture than that of Medicine, division of all architecture in general.
CHAPTER ONE.
There is no profession in which more parts are necessary for the dignified exercise, than in architecture. Because if we have to
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believing the authority of which all the best Masters even defy, we will find that architecture should not only have a slight tinge of the notion of all sciences, but be imbued fully with that of philosophy and mathematics. This we must admit, if we come to consider that all crafts or mechanical arts can be divided into two genres: the first, which consists in preparing materials and fabrics, and the second to shape, cut and arrange them. That most of them are used for architecture, either for the structure or for the ornament of a building, and that the former requires a record of the quality, nature, and difference of materials, which belongs to

Physiology, or science of natural causes, and
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the other, knowledge of measures, forms and proportions, which depends entirely on mathematics. That is why these two sciences are more necessary to medicine than to any other, there is no other profession that can be more capable of the intelligence of architecture than the doctor well educated in these two basic sciences of his art. He also who brought her to the highest point where she could have been until now, and who for his eminent knowledge was honored by the very antiquity of the title of the very divine, did not ignore this art, having been instructed there by his father, who was professing this noble science, which our Vitruvius divides into three main parts, knowledge in edification, gnomonics, and mechanics, or the art of the engineer.
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Edification is a part that deals with buildings, which are either sacred or profane, and both public or private.
Sacred audiences are churches, chapels, religious houses and hospitals. Private individuals are hermitages and burials.

Public laymen are intended either for defense or for convenience. Those of Defense are cities, citadels and forts.
The places of convenience are streets and paths, bridges, ports, docks, locks, aqueducts, Wells, fountains, halles, city hotels, pleadings, chambers of companies and colleges, arsenals, shops, conciergeries and prisons.
Particular buildings consist of what it takes to house P. 5
a sovereign, a Lord, a bourgeois and a man of the fields.
Gnomonics is the second part of architecture, which can represent by various instruments
such as are the AstroLabs and clocks, the movements of the celestial spheres, set their positions and mutual aspects.
Mechanics is the third and final part, which deals with machinery and devices of movement, force and dexterity, such as levers, scales, pulleys, single and composite screws, or endless, pumps, wheels and cranes, and The Shape of tools and works of almost all arts and crafts.
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Which part of architecture should only be dealt with in this present discourse.
CHAPTER II.
I would not deal with the last two parts or the first, as far as the sacred and profane buildings which are public are concerned, because many authors have dealt extensively with the greater part of such subjects, and there is so little and rarely employed in the structure of all, that the discourse which should be made of the size of a just volume for the multitude of so many different parts would be of great Labor and of little use.
It remains therefore only that which concerns the particular buildings-P. 7
of which they are more in use at all times, and they have been more barrenly expressed by architects than any other, I have taken, for these two main considerations, the subject of making the following speech, but in such a way that I will touch only in passing what I will see having been said by others, and then still only when necessity and the continuation of the speech compel me to do so.
Three subjects consisting of the whole treaty of particular buildings, and first of all of the place.
CHAPTER III.
All this treaty will be understood in consideration of the place, materials and shape, or figure of the work and building.
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It is necessary to consider instead whether it is in the countryside or in the cities, and in both of these the safety, solidity, convenience and beauty. And again in the countryside if it was never inhabited or if it had

a few locals. It is always better to build in a inhabited place than in one where no one has yet made any dwelling, especially since among other reasons one is assured of the qualities and conditions of the healthiness or unsanitary of the inhabited place by experience, which is always certain, but one recognizes those of the other, where no one has yet resided, only by ratios and conjunctural signs which most often deceive.
However, if by some special conditions or considerations one wants to build in a place not P. 9
still cultivated, the safety of the region will be recognized by the air and the waters, but mainly by the waters, because the air is continually carried away and changed by the winds, and by itself, from one country to another, which change cannot happen to the waters. The goodness or vice of both will be ascertained by the doctor's report or the reading of the authors who wrote on this subject.
But to say something of the goodness of the waters summarily, it is necessary to be good and healthy that they depart from a source that never dries up, that they are without any color, smell or flavor, without any residence at the bottom being rested or evaporated, and without leaving and imprinting any stain or mark in the vaults.-
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buckets in which they will be rested or evaporated, and that they cook the vegetables easily and promptly, without stopping to weigh them, especially since all waters fit to drink do not differ or so little in weight that the difference is almost imperceptible, in which many are deceived, thinking to recognize their diversity in goodness by that of their weights.
I reserve to deal with solidity in the chapter where it will be discussed the structure of the walls and walls of the building.
It will be built conveniently especially in the fields, if the place is fertile, abundant with the main conveniences of life and suitable materials to build, if it has good neighborhood, if it is close to a good River and firewood, not too far, nor too close to the
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cities and great roads to avoid the importunity of too frequent visits that usually bring to the master only expense and inconvenience.
For the same purpose, both the building and its pourprise should be located in a plain, firm and not hunched, not flat, and whose foundations are not difficult to dig, nor too deep to avoid the superfluous expenditure. For the same reason it is necessary to avoid placing the building in a place of great price, because after the task done, the expense that has been made for all these subjects does not appear.
It will also be appropriate to choose the most arid place of the terroir, if it is out of the above-mentioned inconveniences, so as not to use the proper part in relation to places which do not
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can be cultivated, seal sterile terroir can be easily and without much inconvenience to amend by art and culture, being in the vicinity of the building.
The plate will be pleasant if it is in a dry place for the convenience of walks and avenues, if it is a little elevated, bordered by mountains on one side, a few three leagues in the distance, and others as far as the eye can see, having its diverse landscape of Plains and hills, forests, rivers, Meadows, farmland, vineyards, cities, villages and hamlets.
For the choice of inhabited places, consideration shall be given, in addition to the previous observations, to the spirit, naturalness and health of the inhabitants, if they are heavy or subtle, dizzy or considered and restrained, cowardly or courageous, healthy or valetudi-
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diseases they are prone to, and whether they live little or a lot. For heaven and land are of great weight to all these affections and dispositions: some superstitious still believe that there are certain mansions that bring happiness or unhappiness to their inhabitants by attributing the cause with the Platonists to the genius of the place, or with the judiciary to the horoscope under which the place was first inhabited or built. But the Christian man and good judgment will always reject such impiety and hollow-minded fantasies.
As for the buildings of the cities in particular, one cannot have the healthy place if one chooses the

it remains close to the sewers and filthy squares, and in a narrow street or inhabited by people of sordid trades.
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The plate will be convenient if it is far from the home of craftsmen who make a lot of noise in their trades, such as armourers, Boilermakers, carpenters, marshals and the like, if one is not too close to churches, for fear of the sound of bells, nor too far for the inconvenience of the way, if one is close to his relatives and Best Friends, water, the market and places of business, and if the lodge is located on a wide and spacious street, both for the convenience of the people view of the building than for that of the passage, Avenue and entrance of the carriages.
It will be beautiful and pleasant if it is on the front of a large square or at the end of a large straight and wide street, as much as the entire front of the house looking directly and in front all along
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this great street, and if besides this it can have its views on the other side of the countryside.
The noble buildings, in addition to what is above, should still be isolated, that is to say detached and separated from the others on all sides, and have exits on streets on all their sides, as they had formerly and still have today in Italy, both for the inconvenience of fire and bad neighborhood and for the convenience of their days, entrances and exits.
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Two other parts of the particular edification. Why it will be processed only slightly materials, and into what other parts can be divided the one that contains the shape of the building.
CHAPTER IV.
Because my purpose is not to repeat what has already been said by others, the subject of building materials having been touched by many, I will pass this speech to come to what is the shape and figure of the building, what to declare with more ease I will divide into three parts, namely the line, the quote and the ornament.

I hear in this place by the quote a description and speech of all memberships and members P. 17
of a building, the position and form of both icelui and its parts and belongings, and in addition, the measures and proportions of both these parts and belongings and of all parts of icelas.
The feature is the art of tracing the stones to be cut and cut out of their square corners, in order to make up biased doors and vaults, doors and vaults on the corner and on a Round Tower, trumpets, three entrances in one, the Saint Gilles screw, the Tuileries, and other biased pieces.
The ornament consists in the embellishment of the parts of the building by means mainly of the five orders of columns and sculptural works.
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Why there will be nothing said about the trait or ornament.
Especially since what is of the trait and of the ornament has been taught by the architects and the knowledge of these two parts belongs more to the Masons or stonemasons and sculptors than to the master of the building, the one who will have a particular curiosity to know what is of these two subjects will be able to satisfy him by reading the authors who have used them, having almost all written of the five orders of columns, on which depends everything concerning the ornaments. But I found only Philibert of the Elm among all of them who taught the stonemasons the precepts of the trait. So there is no need to my
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notice that I annoy the reader by a speech that he may have seen very amply touched elsewhere, attached that my purpose in this treaty tends mainly to the contentment and service of the Masters and lords who make building, who do not care most of the science of these two parts, the master masons being sufficiently heard there.
The quote and the first part of icelui.

Chapter V.
To come to what is of the quote, since it remains only this subject to be dealt with, I want it, to declare it with more method and ease, divide first into four parts con-
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held in its definition, namely to the department, in position, shape and measures or symmetries, and then to these parts treat distinctly and in order.
The department is nothing more than the order and description of the members, parts and parts of which a building is composed, which are in larger or smaller numbers depending on the difference in the persons for which it is built.
It is not possible to describe all that it takes to house a great prince, a great city would sometimes not be enough. And since the extent of sovereignty can be limited only by his death, so can the greatness of his court, and by the same means of his palace and the dwelling place of his officers, receive no description. Such-
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however, the lodgings of the great kings are never such as the architect would order them, but only as it pleased them to prescribe them, it being almost as unreasonable to subject them to certain measures as to give them laws and limit their powers.
The rooms, parts and belongings that may be included in the composition of the particular buildings are vestibules, chapels, anti-rooms, rooms, anteroom, wardrobes, rear-wardrobes, soupentes or entresols, anticabinets, cabinets, rear-cabinets, galleries, bookstores, armouries, cellars, cellars, common rooms, kitchens, storerooms, sommelleries, furnaces, bakeries, laundry rooms, attics, fenils, stables,
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places to remove carriages, litter boxes and carts, kennels, aviaries, terraces, Wells, fountains, caves, flowerbeds, gardens, orchards, low yards with their parts such as barns, presses, cellars, cellars, dovecotes, aviaries, stables, stables, dairies, woodcuts and sheds, Palm games, straw-mesh games, quarries, roads, parks, garlands, canals, fishponds, tortuaries and ponds.
The greatest princes and Lords will have their house mainly in the fields, not only made up of each of these rooms, but even of several of them, until they have particular and distinct for each season of the year, according to the opinion of the splendid and delicious Roman, who wanted the condition of the house to be
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man was not inferior in this part to that of the rest of the animals, which seek and form according to the diversity of the seasons various dwellings.
The other inferior in quality, up to the bourgeois, will choose from all this enumeration the pieces that they will see need and that they can conveniently have built, to erect or have erected by an ingenious and skillful architect a body of building according to the rules and symmetries that will be declared below. For to determine to each one what belongs to him, besides what the enterprise would go to infinity, it could not be executed possible with respect to a few without offending them.
Merchants and artisans, in addition to some of the above pieces-P. 24
dentes, need shops, back shops, shops and other members, to withdraw their goods. But especially since each of them knows the forms, measures and proportions that must have each of these parts, according to their need, qualities and faculties, it would be to waste time and paper to use the speech.
What is necessary for the housing of the farmer and peasant is quite individualized, and exactly described in the discourse of the low-classes, of which I must do only can or no speech, to have been this subject sufficiently explained by many who have written of the house and rustic thing, and especially by the sieur de Serres in his theater of agriculture.
The main parts of a building are walls and fences, p. 25
entrances and doors, days and windows, fireplaces, vaults floors and covers, of all of which I

will deal not only with the members they make up, but also by particular speech to each of them.
The position of the building, second part of the estimate.
CHAPTER VI.
The position is a plan of the house in general, and in particular of each of its rooms, according to the appearance of certain regions of the sky, and an arrangement of each room with that which is convenient to it. Vitruve wants the building to be planted and oriented in such a way that its four corners are
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directly opposed to the four cardinal winds so that these four winds, which are the most impetuous of all, can strike only obliquely and with bias the fronts and faces of the buildings, and that their effort bearing against the angles alone is by this means broken, divided and dissipated.
If the house is pierced on both sides, the architect should not care, as regards the convenience of the aspect of the sky, to which parts of the world he will turn his building, but should only accommodate himself to the plate of the place, because if one aspect is bad, the other opposite it will be good and healthy. That if there happens some extraordinary weathering of the air from one side, or some other inconvenience, one can easily guarantee, closing the fe-
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grandchildren on this side, and taking the day on the other for this time.
When the building can only be seen from one place, which always happens to the body of lodgings and double pavilions, and often in all forms of building to the cities when they are isolated, if one has various dwellings, according to the diversity of the seasons, those for the summer will look to the East or the north, but mainly the north to the regions weathered in heat, the winter ones will be arranged on the contrary.
The rooms that are turned to the West make them in the summer too hot at night, so that one can sleep there only awkwardly and with a lot of anxiety and discomfort for health. Those on the contrary that have the appearance of the East have this convenience
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the summer that they have heat only in the morning, which is not great or inconvenient at this time, and cool all the rest of the day and all the night, which can only be pleasant and healthy at these times.
If one has only one apartment, or if having several they all have the same appearance, one will choose it to the warm regions, when one can, on the east side in summer or in the North, because the coldness not being great in such climates in winter, their weathering can easily be corrected by art, being easier to warm than to cool.

At cold countries the appearance of the midi is healthy, convenient and pleasant, especially since its lukewarm freshness in such countries makes bodies more powerful, people more alive-
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goureuses, the outside of the house more laughing and the inside more lit.
It should also be noted that the master of the lodge being of age is better in a house located at noon, and if he is young, in the one that is pierced on the north side, because the old people are always better in hot air than cold, and the young in a contrary constitution. If he is of mediocre age, his lodge will look to the winter East because this part has little sun in summer and much in winter.
The main body of the House must always be directly opposite the main entrance, having it in front and its view from the front on a beautiful courtyard, and from the back on some flowerbeds, gardens, orchards and Groves. What will the other housekeepers also do, when
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it is possible to leave in the fields the one who is destined for the housing of officers or servants, for he must have his view of the lower court, both to become aware of the conduct of it and to be able to defend it in times of necessity.
It has been customary in France to leave the front of the entrance to the terrace to give a more pleasant and more uncovered appearance, and make the courtyard more airy and brightened from the sun. Such a terrace situation is

good in the fields only, when the building is lined with ditches. But it should not be practiced in cities, for fear of making access to the lodge too easy for night thieves and the main lodge too subject to street noises and the sight of a bad neighbor.
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The position of the members of the building.
CHAPTER VII.
The ancient Romans, from whom we hold everything we have from Augustus to the buildings, had at the entrance of their lodgings squares that they called vestibules to remove under cover those who were forced to wait at their gates. The Italians still have something similar today that they call lodges, which they place not only on the front of the lodge but also on the rear part, even on the other two sides, which gives a lot of grace to a lodge and serves as a passage and convenience, either to get there
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stroll, or eat there in the summer, in those mainly who have their views on the gardens. This arrangement of accommodation can be conveniently practiced to single housings to be well clean only to those who are double. This is why the Italians, who build only double dwellings, have a lot of use of these lodges or small galleries.
The chapel will be turned to the East, if it is easy to do so, as there is no need to stress this kind of position. It will be quite conveniently located if it is close to the first door of the lodge or some other main entrance, provided that the master can go there undercover, without going through other apartments than his own.
It will be used in particular on P. 33
this place to remember to pray both at the entrance and at the exit of the House. Whatever it is, no matter where it is housed, whether on the lower or upper floor, women should not be housed either above or below. The other side of the door may be used to house the doorman or to make a guard there if needed. If there is no chapel, door or guard, an aviary can be located there because it will be placed directly in the view of the main housing unit.
The rooms should be close to the main entrances and ascents, the bedroom and the main cabinet. It takes at least two in the House of a great Lord, one to receive the people there
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and the other to take away their servants there, and the third to the greatest, which is great and ample to make feasts, and balls, and ballets, and great assemblies there. As for the members who must accompany the room, I have given enough indication of where the main cabinet should be located, without the need to talk more about it. I would only say in passing that it must have its appearance on the gardens, in the north or in the east, when one can easily, because this piece belongs only to a large one, it will be easy for him to correct by art the discomfort that he might feel there during the rigors of the cold.
Any room must be accompanied by a wardrobe at least, and have its views at P. 35
the East if possible, for the reasons that have been inferred above.
The anti-rooms, anticabinets, back cabinets, anteroom and back wardrobes are not
suitable only to the greatest Lords. Their plate is understood enough by the meaning of their names, without making any more speeches. The mezzanines and suspentes are practiced only on the highly exhausted floors and in small places.
Now it should be noted that the cabinet and master bedroom of a Lord must always have some secret escape, either by an ascent or entrance into other rooms, from which he can sometimes go out without being seen by those who wait, as well as the wardrobe, for the discharge of the-
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ge and transport of what is necessary for it.

It seems that the French were the first authors of the galleries, because there is an appearance to believe that this piece was thus called by their name, nevertheless other nations use it today. It will look, if it is possible, to the east of winter, and will have at the entrance a mount or passage so as not to make it prone, and at the other end a cabinet.
Bookstores and armouries, and generally all places intended for the preservation of some furniture, must take their days and openings on the northern side, especially since the air temperature of this region can not corrupt or alter anything. On the contrary, the aspect of the noon, to be sometimes with sun, tan-
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early without sun, sometimes hot, sometimes cold, sometimes with rain and other times without rain, rotten and corrupts everything.
Also cellars, storerooms and wood shops, attics, fenils, storerooms, bakeries and places to remove carriages, litter boxes and carts, must, for the same reasons, have the same appearance. However, Galien, who understood architecture, makes a distinction as to the situation of the cellars, because he wants those where the small wines are removed to be warm, and for this purpose, located near a few warm places and pierced directly at noon, and not at all in the North. Constantinus orders almost the same when he says that in cold countries the cellars must be warm, and cold in regions of contrary constitution, because the
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cold countries never produce great wines. These precepts, in my opinion, for the way of today's wines (because it is much different from that of the ancients) can only be used to help and advance the maturity of green wines, to which state when they have reached they must be kept in cool places. This is why the situation of the cellars in underground places is very peculiar, mainly to wines that do not last long, especially since being warm in winter, they are rather ripe, and during the summer they are preserved more easily by the means of the freshness that the cellars have in this season. It is also necessary to take care of the convenient situation of the cellar that they are away from the vaults and driven from the sewers and private, because the stench
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corrupts the wine. This also happens when the bottom of icelles is at the level of water from ditches and other reservoirs, and when wine is often poured into said cellars without washing and cleaning them.
The kitchen should be in the western part, if to do it is possible conveniently, or from the midday, accompanied by a pantry, a sommelier, a Hall, the common, a well or a fountain pipe or both. It is built with the pieces that accompany it in the ground, when one does not have the convenience of placing it with its parts and belongings off the ground. But it should never be housed in the ground, if it is possible, when its sewers cannot be discharged into an open ditch, but only into a lost well or covered pit, especially
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let such pits always exhale in the offices an unpleasant and unbearable stench. It should NEVER also be housed under the main housing, mainly under the place in which we usually eat, both because of the noise and the bad smell that rises up to the upper floors, there being nothing so unpleasant as the smell of the kitchen and meat at the end of the meal.
The laundry room will look the same as the kitchen.