Pag.285 R0ME OLD, TOME SECOND..: LIBRARY, S.J CHAPTER XX. 60 - WHIPPED CREAM Eighth Region named Forum Romanum, the Roman Square In addition to the Piazza Romana What & the Capitol, which are the two most important places in Rome, this Region also contains, to the east of the Capitol, the Piazza or Fora de Cefare d' Augufte. There were twelve ru‘s: the new ru‘, the genoese ru‘, the tofcane ru‘, de fugarius, du petit velabre, de mamertin, du petit sceau, des Parfumeurs, grande & petit. 86 OLD RoME. CHAP.XX the others are unknown: 48. Masters of the Streets, 2. Curators, z. Denunciators, forum It has already been said that the "Plaza Rociupt" is not the space between the Palatine, the Capitol, & h. Via Sacra, with the restriction that it never reached the Velabra on one side, nor even St. Mary Liberator, nor St. Lawrence in Miranda on the other. 1 This Square was surrounded by Porticos by the Ancient Tarquin, according to Dion; but it should not be taken so much at face value, that it cannot be believed that they are missing in some places and mainly where the Streets lead to the Square. It was longer than it was wide, according to the testimony of Vitrwoey, who says that the Places of the Fat People were 3uarrŽes in all directions, but that these Romans are like a long quarter. The length of the Roman Square was from St. Theodore to St. Adrian6 and its width was the space between the two Palatine & Capitoline Mountains. This ctok square was first surrounded by Boutiques Artisans & Sellers of all kinds of goods} but the number of cn decreased a lot since so many Temples, Basilicas, & Curies were built there. There were also Schools for the stupid. Vinstruction of the Youth } & it was in the Square that the tragic Story of Virgtnius^C came from his daughter, who came to school there, reported by Titus Live, book III, of which we see a beautiful Statue in the LvJovisia Vineyard. It also represented all kinds of Games, before the Theatres, Amphitheatres, Circuses, & Naumachies were built. As for the number of statues erected in this square, it was so large that it is impossible to count them. One distinguished among others the golden Sta- status tu‘s of the twelve great Gods, \^ea' according to Varron, namely six males ¤c six consen-females. Not only the Roman Placetlun' was full of Statues, but also the Capitol, the Field of Mars, the Temples, Porticoes, Theatres, Circuses, Streets, & the other most apparent places of the i City } so that one says that RoTom. II. O me I was content with an inanimate people even more numerous than the living one, although the number of its inhabitants was then prodigious. Digref- Statues were erected, not only to honour the Gods, but also to kill men of a virtue of singular merit, in order to preserve their memory, to excite the People to imitate their beautiful deeds. In addition to those of the first Kings & Consuls, we see those at 'Horatius Codes, of Mutius Scevola } of CW bound on horseback, ’iir the Via Sacra, 6c generally of all those who .j have well deserved of the Republic. The Foreigners, 6c the Enemies themselves, whom their beautiful qualities elevate above the common man, have as much right in it _as the Citizens} which shows that virtue is estimated indifferently in all those where it is found. The Statues of P’tagore 6c SAlctbiade near the Cm ia were therefore close by. Hostilia, 6c those of Porfenita, of Pyrrhus, 6th of Ham•bal^ in other places. It's not that he but there was abuse in the end, & that those to whom the goods and the punishment take the place of merit would not want to have them too: but they put order to it } because the Emperor Claudius ordered that all those which had been erected without the decree of the Senate & the Roman People should be removed. Their origin, as well as that of Leu’, almost all other fine arts came from Greece. The Tuscans introduced the Statues into Italy. Before that, Spears, & then Columns were dedicated to the memory of great men. The material of the Statues was usually marble, bronze, & ivory } the Emperors added gold & silver. Domitian defended that they were not made of these precious metals, which he regulated up to the weight that they should weigh, namely, one hundred pounds of gold, according to Stace. Dion assures us that the Emperor Commodus had a Statue of a thousand pounds of gold, with a Bull 6c a Cow, as if he had been the founder of Rome) in what way his pride was far removed from the moh O 2 of destie of Augustus, who melted down the silver ones that were erected for him, & gave the price of them to the SApolI*nd *on Pa^atin Temple. The same number of people may have several statues in the The names of the Statues of Sejan Favourite of Tiberius. The Greeks are excessive in this; for it was believed that the Athenians were supposed to have moved to their City zDemetrius the Phalerian Librarian of Ptolomte Pbiladaeus King of Egypt, as many statues as there are days in the year, but one fine morning, as I had no excuse, they abased them all. And because these Statues, most of which are in great detail, are of a very great price, there were soldiers who guarded them day and night, to prevent them from being taken away or mutilated, they were not taken away. The Statues of the Greeks are dariously naked, and those of the Ro&det .hands dressed. If they are smaller hands than natural they are called tonsided-Signs or Images. The Romans il”o "iežt lustres preserve the Images of wax of their Ancestors in the Vesti- tions of the Vesti- tions of the Romans. Mm-hmm, [graphic] can count the [ocr errors] When someone of the same family dies, and his body is taken to the grave, he is preceded by Images of his predecessors, which are carried before him to honour him. Statues as large as natural are standing or on horseback. Those who have triumphed or extended the limits of the Roman Empire, can have Statues sitting in chariots pulled by two or four horses at the front and these kinds of Statues are known as Curious Statues. As for those which are larger than natural, they were called Colojes, & they were made only for the Gods; "Nero was the first who dared to have one carved for himself, by Zenodorus, as it was said in 4. Region}, but fancy them. I have borrowed almost everything I have just said about the Statues, from Mr. Rainsant's earlier Dissertation, which deserves to be read in its entirety. We'll find it in the i ft. Journal des Savans de Monsieur T AbbŽ de la Roque de TannŽe 1686. du Lundi zo. May. Those who want to know more can also read the Book of Figrelius of Statutes Romanarum. To begin the description of the Roman Square, here is the enumeration of the main Buildings on its southern side, from St. Adrian to St. Theodore. Koftra The first thing worthy of note is what was called Roftra, or the Tribune of Harangues, which was a kind of Tribunal, Lectern, or Chair, where one went up to harass the People swarming in the Square. It was called the Temple, because it was a Sacred place, & the person of the speaker was inviolable as if he had been in an Asylum. It is from where we also do the Illustrious People's Funeral Oration when they die. There were two Rostres, the Old and the New. The Old one was located between Piazza 6c le Comice near the great basin of the Fountain of Campa Vaccino: there, according to Cajus, an ancient Jurisconsult, theoix des Douze Tables, engraved with ivory tablets, were attached so that everyone could always have them before their eyes: from there viat that, when the Praetor makes an Edict, he has it tied against the pulpit or the lectern where he renders justice, so that everyone may read it, & it was called A“hum PrÏtoris. The New Rostre was at the bottom of the Palatine, near the Temple of Jupiter Stator. They were called Roftra, because the pillars that supported them were filled with Roftra, that is to say, with beaks or spurs of bronze, from the Vessels of the Antiochians, won by the Romans in the first naval battle that they gave. There is a sundial, engraved on a stone brought from Sieile by Mr. Valerius Me (sala, the year of Rome 477. And although it was not O 4 jujust because of the difference in height of the Pole, which was not taken care of then, it was not only used for a whole Century, until 6). Martins Philippus gave a more correct one. However, as one always had the discomfort of not knowing the hours, when it was dark or when the weather was overcast, (an inconvenience that lasted quite a long time) Scipio Nafica wisely advised, in the year fpf. of Rome, to regale the People with a Clepsydra or Water Clock, an invention from Greece, which shows the hours as our sand clocks* do, because as far as Watches, Wheel clocks, counterweights, oh clocks, are concerned, they are modern inventions. Behind the old Rostres, pulling . towards the Palatine & Sainte Marie LibŽratrice, there was a building that was curiously called Curia Hoftilia Fetus, according to Afconis 6c Varron, the old Curia, of King Tullus Hoflilius, the same one who . had a new one built on Mount . CÏtius for the Albanians. It was climbed up by several degrees. Served ^tullius blew those degrees in the year- cien Tarquin, according to Ttte Live, in an argument they had together in this Curia. Sylla repaired it- rer, and she was reduced to ashes, according to AsconiuS) when they burned the Dead body of Publius Clodius Tri- bun du Peuple, that wonderful En- nemi of Cicero, who was killed by Mi- Ion; for the People having gathered the Notaries' offices or benches 6c Written- public vainglory, & the Courts of the Subordinate judges, & even up to the books from the Booksellers, they turned it into a so great a fire, that it burned not only- the Dead Body, but still the Curia Hostilia, 8c melted several Bronze statues lying there in the- close. Fauftus Son of Sylla dt rebuild it: but he liked it better. build a little Temple of Felicity. Jule Ce- Tem- I began to have it rebuilt, 8c Fe”icit*- the factory was completed by Augstt,**. but it was named Curia Julia. We curiated but in the aftermath we find that we ^uha* gave him the name Curia again Host“lia. The Square, which used to be between the Rq- O 6 sires, sires, & the Curia Hostilia, \tVulcanale, & l'Arc de Fabien, i.e. the space of the Campo Vaccino, between Sainte Marie LibŽratrice 8c Saint Comi- Laurent in Miranda, was called the tiuo>- Comice. It is used for the assemblies of the People called Curiaces, where it was customary to establish the Noix & elect the Priests} like the Champ de Mars, inter Sept a, between the bars, is used for the Central assemblies in the Election of the Magistrates. It was discovered, like the Square, up to the temple of Hannibal, that it was covered with a roof supported by high and beautiful Columns, of which there are still three Corinthian canelees with their Architrave, next to St. Mary Liberator, whose capital is worked and finished on the side facing the Square, but rough on the side that was inside. Some have believed that these three Columns are remains of the Caligula Bridge, which runs from the Palatine to the Capitol; others that they are remains of the Temple of Jupiter Sta [merged small] [merged small] [ocr errors] [graphic] [graphic] [merged small] tor*, but the whole thing is unfounded, & contrary to the situation of the place. The Quaestors 6c those who have handled the money of the Republic give an account of it in the Comice; that is why k Ba- Basilic" sil•ca Opimia was built there. Pliny says that the Criminals were whipped in the Comice} they were even made to die there, according to Seneca; they even played with their palms. The Fastes, Capitolins, were attached to the wall of the Curia, which overlooked the Comice: they found a good piece of it engraved on a marble, of Panvin's temple, which they keep in the If‡pitole. ““\ Between the ComceSc leVu“canale^ i”‚gj*"..; . there were several Buildings, such as the Grtcoftasis, which housed a Sale, House, or Portico, where the foreign Amba’sadeurs were led... . especially the Greeks, whose names he retained, before introducing them into the Senate, ... where they withdrew while awaiting the answer. Having been burned, Antoninas Pious had it rebuilt. Next to the GrecoftaftS) there was a palace where the Senate was assembled. when the People was in the Comice} it was between the Gracostafis 6c la Bafilica Opimia.y which was in the Chamber of Accounts, as mentioned above. Between this Basilica & the Palatine, there was a small, isolated, round, bronze Chapel dedicated to the Con“oidST rope by C‰jus Flavius Edile Cu ule 8c by his son. T“cus Close to this Chapel, there was born.1" k Fig tree called Ruminat, the cradle, where Romu“us & Remus were born, stopped when they were exposed on the Tiber. There was still another Fig tree in the N*via Comice, called Ficus Navia, planted by Tarquin Y Ancient, according to Festus. Joining the Curia Hostilia, there is Bafilica next to the Bafilica Port'ta. These two E”wtia. difices were burnt together, so says Asconius, at the death of Claut’ius. It was built in the year f64. of the foundation of Rome, Lucius Portiut 8c Publicius Clodius' being Consul. It was the first Basilica built in Rome, just as the Curia Hostilia was the first Mere Curia built there. At At the bottom of the Palatine, under the Luper-1cmcal, there was the Temple of Romu*, where a She-wolf was suckling the two children Romulus 6c Remus, all in bronze; it is believed that this is the one seen in the Hall of the Curators in the Capitol. All against was the Temple of the Two Penates, so called Cs (JUia Deorunv pnes nos nati sunt:. this is the same as the Lares or the Souls of the Ancestors, Domestic Gods or Folly Spirits, also called Manes, to manendof. 6c Immanes & Lemmes, when they do evil. Close to the Bafilica Portia, there is Taberavoit of the Shops that they called ?frese" Taberna veteres, otherwise, sub veteribus, implying the word of bu". Tabernis. A little further down, going towards the V'labre, there were two Temples close to each other} one dedicated to Julius Caesar, & the other to Castor Casto. &D 17 ^ lily 8C Hairy. Pollw The side of the square that was covered with glass, the Velabra was next to the following buildings: ,The small Temple of the^So/V* ,round in shape, was next to the Temple atxy from [ocr errors] de Castor, in front of the MontŽe de h.V.Viftoire, by which one allok to the Mont Palatin } it was built on the ruins of ... It was built on the ruins of the House of Publicola; 8c there was victoriz with another small emple I of the virgin V“tloire Vierge, founded by Cato, L•cus The source of the Fountain of J*Jjf1*" was in front of the Temple of Castor, in the form of a small very deep lake; it now appears to come out further out Vcts Sainte Anastaste, & it mixes with the Water of the Great Cloaca near Saint George. Tem- . The Temple of Vesta with A" Ycfts trium spell, 6c its Wood, stands near the Fountain of Juturne. The Temple &’!£ was at the corner of the Rue Neuve, round in shape, with Columns, 8c the bronze roof. The Virgin Pestatas took care to keep a perpetual fire on the altar. The innermost b*œ of this Temple is called Penus where the Palladium is kept, otherwise the Statue or Image of Pallas brought from Troyes in Italy to Paris**'*, but it is never raised. This Temple having been burned' under Commodus, the Vestals took away the Palladium from it, to what says Herodian. The walled Vesta Woods stood behind it. As for the "Atrium of Vesta" (Atrium of Vesta), which is called "Regia de Numa", it was opposite to Numa on the other corner of the same street. The Vesta Festival takes place on the 9th of June with great magnificence. The Vestals offer new ears of wheat. The Temple up to the Sanctuary was open to everyone. The Ladies came here naked and pious, in memory of the fact that in the past the Water of the 'Tiber came here, so that one could not approach without getting the pious wet, so that one had to take off one's shoes. A little further down, at the corner of the Basilica, on the Via f iscana, was the Basilica of Ju- J "1**. the Caesar, & nearby a Fountain, decorated by Agrippa, named Lacus Servilius. It was in this Lacn* Basilica that the Centumvira•es causes were acted upon: there were four Tribunals, according to Vitrm'e , who describes it, and who was its Architect. Father Donat rightly believes that the Caiigula Bridge, which runs from the Palatine to the Capitol, passed over this Basilica. The ^cu, The Street that begins at the BaJ.ag*- silic of Julius Caesar, & that allocates A" ju- turning along the Capitol ju£ names that at the Cemetery, was called Atio- Ficus Jugarius, of an Altar of Juc'eKtis. There was also an altar dedicated to Opis Sc in Ceres j Sra^ & a Temple to Opis & Saturn, "'- which a few years ago was a small church in front of St. Mary in Porticu, called San Salvatore in Mrario &f in Statera; which made it confused with the Temple of Saturn in the Square, where there was a small church in front of St. Mary in Porticu, called San Salvatore in Mrario &f in Statera; which made it confused with the Temple of Saturn in the Square, where there was a small church in front of St. Mary in Porticu, called San Salvatore in Mrario &f in Statera; which made it confused with the Temple of Saturn in the Square, called San Salvatore in Mrario &f in Statera. VMrarium, i.e. the Public Treasury } because it was a particular Treasury, or a place where private individuals put their money on deposit, as is still done in Rome, at the Mount of Piety '8c at the Bench of the Holy Spirit. This is what is collected from Cicero's Philippines. itqm- The Square named Mquimelium meitum. Žtojtcjans cette j^Ug . it was once the House of Spurius Melius, who was condemned to death, 6c to have his house razed to the ground, according to the report debited Eive, for having affected Tirannia. The Second Street by which one allocates from the Square to the Etoit the Street Ifqscane, so called of the Tuscans vic "*\ who came to the rescue of Romulus under "** Ccelius F“benna their chief, 8c to whom, after peace was made with the Sabines, this Street was given for - * habitation, instead of the Mount CÏlius which had been granted to them before, & from where they were transported here, because they became su’pects. This street starts at the other corner of the Baj“lica Julia. The Woollen Workers have their homes here, according to Martial & Juvenal. It was the home of the Perfumers, according to Horace. There was also a Statue of Vertumne Dieu des Toscans, near the Baj“lica Sempronia Basil’ea, which stood at the corner of the little Velabre, niTMpt0? which was built in this place in order to end the disputes of the merchants who were at work there, because it was in this Quarter that the Markets of wool, oxen, fish, & other goods were extinguished. Between the Temple of Vesta & laviTMs Regla de Nuway there was about three 0YUS' * . located the proud Ru‘ who allocates to the FŽiabre, & to the 'Tibre. He had there a Temple or ueftins Altar of Ajus Locutitius, & the Ma•T*ISTMi; sound of Tarquin the Elder. Ç. There was a fourth street, a continuation of the previous ones, which led to the Via Sacra near the Temple of Faustina; it separated the Comice from the Vulcanale, running behind the Curia Hofiilia, and ran along the Palatine to the Temple of Jupiter Stator. Veia- The Velabre^ as it has been said, *nBn, was a swamp before the Ancient Tarquin had made the Cloacae which dried it up. Houses were built there, but the name of Velabrej was always retained, either in Vehendo, or in Velando“, or in Velando“, veiling, covering; which was done with canvases that were spread from one roof to the other, to guarantee the ardour of the Sun in this Quarter that was a strong Merchant's quarter. From a large square, only two streets remained that cross the four preceding ones, going from the Carmentale Gate to the Great Circus. The one closest to the Place Romaine was called the Petit FŽlabre, &l'auTom. IL P Julie, & her two sons Antonin Caracalla & Geta, although the name & image of the latter has been erased by the envy of his elder brother. This Arch in its smallness is very embellished with all sorts of figures: we see those of the Emperor, the Empress, & Caracalla, under which are various instruments for the Sacrifices of Paganism, such as i. the Vase in which Water is poured lustra? the, z. the one in which Wine is poured, 3. the Club with which the Victim is struck down, 4. the Dish in which his entrails are poured, f. the one in which the Victim is put to death, g. the one in which he is put to death, and h. the one in which he is put to death, i. the one in which he is put to death, j. the one in which he is put to death, k. the one in which he is put to death, l. the one in which he is put to death. the Axe with which one buys the Killing, 6. the Bo‘te where one keeps the incense: above the Emperor one sees 7. the Curved Staff of the Augurs called Lituus, 8. the Thiar re of the High Priest, p. the Sprinkler for spreading the Lustrous Water, 1 o. the Case of the Sacred Knives, u. the Dish in which one puts the Sacred Flour, & some military Signs Sc Crowns. As for this great Marble Factory, which is all against & which appears a four-sided Arch, it is a dice those Janus jghtadrifrons, who Janus "kill almost all the Quarre- ¤5J*f" ovens of Rame. The Merchants of this Quarter have erected it) the four faces signify the four seasons, each having twelve Niches, where there is a bronze effigy of the twelve months. Under this Portico were assembled the Usuriers & other business people, according to Cicero de Officiis .l“b. II. In these last times this Arcade was called the Tower of the Frangipares. There was still in this "Re Fom“" gion the Fornix Stertini“s that was perhaps one of those two vaults that S”ertinius had made from the remains of the enemies, one at the Great Circus, & the other at the Velabra, where there were gilded bronze Trophies, according to TkeLive Dec. IF. liv. III. Opposite St. Anafiafie, in the lower forum of the Palatine, there was a Market of Oxen: There was a bronze ox or bull, brought from the Yew of Aegina to Rome, according to Pliny Liv. XXXIV. c. t. Titus Live Dec. III. Liv. I. reports that an ox, apparently on market day, went up to the market of the city of Rome. He was attached to the third floor of the building, and then he let himself fall from it, so that the inhabitants of the Quarter were astonished, which I have no doubt, if the lift is real: But I am as tempted as Titus Live to look upon it as a fable, though one may say it is not altogether unbelievable, for it was believed that the Devils, before the birth of Our Lord, did things even more furious, to maintain all the more the people in the false worship of the Idols, under the image of which they are worshippedjust the H had in this Market a small d”H^”- round temple dedicated to Hercules Ficteg^yi-r‡a*, near Yj’ra. Maxima } he built it himself at Jupiter, after having found his oxen that Caens had stolen from him. From the time of Sixtus IV., there was found there in the earth a Statue of Brortze ˜? Hercules, which is now kept in the Capitol in the Sala a dice those Janus jghtadrifrons, who Janus "kill almost all the Quarre- ¤5J*f" ovens of Rame. The Merchants of this Quarter have erected it) the four faces signify the four seasons, each having twelve Niches, where there is a bronze effigy of the twelve months. Under this Portico were assembled the Usuriers & other business people, according to Cicero de Officiis .l“b. II. In these last times this Arcade was called the Tower of the Frangipares. There was still in this "Re Fom“" gion the Fornix Stertini“s that was perhaps one of those two vaults that S”ertinius had made from the remains of the enemies, one at the Great Circus, & the other at the Velabra, where there were gilded bronze Trophies, according to TkeLive Dec. IF. liv. III. Opposite St. Anafiafie, in the lower forum of the Palatine, there was a Market of Oxen: There was a bronze ox or bull, brought from the Yew of Aegina to Rome, according to Pliny Liv. XXXIV. c. t. Titus Live Dec. III. Liv. I. reports that an ox, apparently on market day, went up to the market of the city of Rome. He was attached to the third floor of the building, and then he let himself fall from it, so that the inhabitants of the Quarter were astonished, which I have no doubt, if the lift is real: But I am as tempted as Titus Live to look upon it as a fable, though one may say it is not altogether unbelievable, for it was believed that the Devils, before the birth of Our Lord, did things even more furious, to maintain all the more the people in the false worship of the Idols, under the image of which they are worshippedjust the H had in this Market a small d”H^”- round temple dedicated to Hercules Ficteg^yi-r‡a*, near Yj’ra. Maxima } he built it himself at Jupiter, after having found his oxen that Caens had stolen from him. From the time of Sixtus IV., there was found there in the earth a Statue of Brortze ˜? Hercules, which is now kept in the Capitol in the Sala dei Conservatori. &ˆes Le Temple de Matuta, ou de Maras". the Au the Dawn, built by Servius Tullius, according to Ovid, was in the same square} it was rebuilt by Camille, & then rebuilt by the Triumvirs, created for this purpose during the second Punic War. The counterpart was the For-f*^ tune, also made by Servius Tullius , a*. according to Ovid, & rebuilt by the same Triumvirs. In this last Temple there was a wooden Statue of Servius Tullius, which was said to have remained intact after a fire which burned the Temple. Close to the round Temple of Hercules, SaeeTil had a chapel dedicated to the Patriarchal J^“*"" fPudicity and it is believed that it is now St. Mary in Cojmedm. To return to the Roman Piazza, where there are still two sides to be examined: on the one under the Capitol, the first thing worthy of note was the Arch of Tiberius, at ArcDS one of the descents of the Capitol, having tiberii opposite the Ru‘ Sandalaria, as it was the Arch of Severus, which was on the other side of the Capitol, was in front of the Via Sacra. ^ This Arch was erected to him according to Tacitus Annal. Uv. II. near P 6 Tem Temple of Saturn, in honor of what Germanicus had regained from the Germans the military Ensigns that Quintilius Varus had lost. Tem- The Temple of Saturn was located at the top of this Arch, & not at the Church of St. Adrian, like almost all the other temples of the . Antique dealers believed it to be so. In order to prove that it was in this place, one must only pay a little attention to the text of all the Ancient Authors, who assure that it was at the bottom of the Capitol in the Square, as Servius fur k first of r Aeneid, Denis of Halicarnassus Uv. VI. Varron lin. IV. Tite Live Dec. V. liv., I. don" I do not report the authorities, which can be found in Nardini. *ia- In the Temple of Saturn, iL.y œum. avoit lc Treasury, established by Publicola. The books of the public accounts, theoix du Peuple or Plebiscites, the books or roles of the Tribes, thirty-five in number, engraved on ivory > & for this called Libri Elephan- ... finished. Opposite the same Temple, There is a Column in the Square surmounted by a golden ball, and it is there that the Golden Thousand is munmortalized, & it was at this Column that most of the Streets that enterKWSU in the Square end. Next to it was the Temple of the.^*0•f Cmcwde^ built by Camille after having said". gathered the Senate with the Roman People. Its Portal looked at the Square, &, according to ServiusVirgil, it was next to the Temple of Saturn } that makes Nard“ni believe that the Temple of the Cmctrdt Žtok in this place & not on the hilltop of the Mount, where there are still eight Columns of the Portico of a Temple, situated obliquely, & that do not look at the Square. On which I will say that there are three things among others which NÏrdini has established against the feeling of the other Antique Dealers, but of which he brings back raubns which seem to me f’ convincing, that I thought I was obliged to go there. I do not pretend to report his reasons here, nor to refute the objections that may be made, because this work requires something *decisive, & that is not to controversy. Those who want to know more about it can see his book of Ancient Rome. These three choies make up the Temple of Saturn, which is believed to be where the Church of St. Adrian is, which he places next to the Arch of Tiberius, at the bottom of the Capitol: the Temple of Concord, which he shows to have been next to the Temple of Saturn, 6c was the same line, although it was thought to have been a little higher up, where there are still eight large granite columns, which he says are from the Temple of Fortune; one reads there this Inscription, S. P. Q^R. incendio consumptum refi“tuit: & the third is the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus v, which he says is the rump of the Capitol, on the side of the EgUse of Ara Coeli, although the au-" tres have placed it on the opposite side, where the Caffarelli's Palace is. Senatu - The Temple of Concord, according to Ade" Feftus, was one of the three Fomtnx Senatulas of Rome, that is to say, where the Senate £¡"COI~ met with the Magistrates in charge, to deliberate on matters of State. T,eTM- Next to the Temple of Concordia. from, there was another one dedicated to Vis" Emperor Vespafien. fiani. After this building, there was another very close one called Xantha, also called Schoia Xanta, but which was not a School of Letters, since at the time of the Luctus Faunus Antiquarium of the last century, a building was found in the ground floor, divided into three salesrooms or shops, and some inscriptions, which show that it was there where they were kept. the Writers of the Public Acts, or Notaries} z. the Copyists * of the books, which are in great number while there is no Printing} J. the Trumpets of the Curttles Editions. Finally we can still see the entire ”c der-Atcu*, denying the building that was at the bottom of the pitale Ca-SevvU, near the Prison, 5c where the Via Sacra begins. It is a magnificent Arc de Triomphe ters, which is half earthen) it is three doors away, & all the bas-reliefs are half erased. A large Inscription shows that the Senate of the Roman People, in honour of Septimius Severus Victory incs Parthians, had it erected. If one wants to see the De scription of this Arch, & all its ornamentation engraved in soft sizes, one can read the book made of it by Mister Suares, Bishop of Vaison. Before describing the "fourth side of the square," which remains to be examined, it will not be out of place to stop and consider what was in the square itself, in addition to what has already been said about the Rostre s, & the Golden Sea. Near the Bafihca Julia, there were degrees made to sit the Little {)the one who came there to plead, as one collects from Asconius & Cicero I eiadu’ they were called Gradus Aurelti, from, AmeUL name to 'Jure“•us Costa Praetor, who had them made. In the middle of the square was the facuaii. meux Lacus Curtii, whose history is variously reported, according to DŽnis d'Halicarnasse Liv. II. & TiteLive Liv. I. of the First Decade* It was formerly a pond of Water which was rotting in the middle of the square, in the most hollow place. In the war of Tatius against Rovtulus, Metius Curtius Sabin, wanting to cross it, thought of staying there, though he was on horseback} & since then, though it had been fettered by the earth & the rubble brought there, it was always called the Lake of Curtius. According to Varron, it was a Roman Consul who enclosed this place as a Sacred Lodge, because lightning had fallen there: he still reports the following story, which has everything 'Pair of a fable, although it is also found in Tite Live liv. WIRE They say that an abyss was opened in that place, so deep that it could never be filled, though all imaginable things were thrown into it, whereupon the Oracle, having at last been consulted, replied that the abyss would close again when the most precious thing in the world was thrown into it. But as it was in vain that so much gold, silver, and gems were thrown into it, Curtius the Roman Knight at last ventured to say that there was nothing so precious as the life of man, and that he had enough courage to sacrifice his own for the benefit of your countrymen, and to rush into this abyss armed and on horseback, in the presence of the People. In this place, there was, ’v^tis&^lon Ovid, an Altar, as well as lacum, an Olive Tree, a Vine, & a Ficumi. mistletoe mistletoe used to be in front of the Temple of Saturn, from where it was ar* rache & replanted here, because it spoiled the Statue of Sylvain, according to Pliny. The great Equestrian Statue of the Emperor Domitian was like that! In this place as in the middle of the square, according to Stace. It was also here that the Emperor was killed, according to Tacitus. The use of the Cloacas having been inciosca troduced to Rome, the great Cloaca Wagua. crosses the square, & all the streams of the Streets around go to a sewer near the Lake of Curtius. Close to the great Boliola there are two barrels of stone buried underground, in the square of which it was not permitted to spit: they contain something which was considered sacred and which was kept there. ’’n a very careful way without daring to touch it. Some think it was near the bones of Numa, but we shall see below that he was buried beyond the Tiber.' There was also a Pillar there, where Horace put as a trophy "Mtiana" the remains of the three Curiaces he had defeated. In addition to the 'Statues, there were also several Columns erected, or for -something memorable} likeCoium: the two of Cajus Metiius, to the ^fl-Mcnu’' J“res, for having defeated the ancient Latins & the Antiochians, near which the Thieves were punished, & the wicked Slaves } & that of Cajus c "j” . Duillias, who triumphed over the first DuUIu* -from a naval battle which he won over the Cartagin—is- she was charged with the copper spurs of the enemy Vai”aux: she is now kept in the Capitol. Columns are also erected in memory of great men, even since the invention of statues, such as those of JuleJ.c*soCŽ/ar, & the Emperor Claudius. c!c”au. - Le Tribunal du PrŽteur Žtoit dU" near the Arc de Fabien, in the Via f m. II. Sa Rattan Sacra: it was called Puteal LiboLiboais. of the one who built it: it was the first to be erected in Rome, according to Acron Commentator of Horace on the 6th. Satire of Book II. It was built on the well where the razor was thrown with which the Ancient Tarquin cut the whetstone, according to the answer of the Augurust/Cius Navius. Mate- The Statue of Marj“as was next to: 3 **' it was like the appointment of the Usurers. Near St. Martina & S. At the time of Romulus there was a door called Januale. The City having been since enlarged, this Gate remained useless & a Temple was made of T "n- in Janus Bifrons, with ^ Bronze Statue with two faces, one looking at the East, & the other at the West. The Temple itself was made of bronze in the continuation: it was open in times of war, & closed in times of peace. It is not to be confused with the Temple of Janus £>uadrifronsa.uForum Iransitorium^m with the one built by A7"?* in the place named Argiletum, near the Theatre of Marcellus-, because this one was made by Romulus & Tatius, having two faces & one head, Symbols of the two Peoples (Roman & Sabine) which should be made only one People. In the same Square there were two other Chapels of Bac-^^cO* chus, where the Bankers & U’uriers gave themselves their appointment. It was perhaps one of those that was also called the Three Parks. In the first tems, there was tuteoiae a small Water Spring near ^m-1 Temple of Janus; it was called Luteola Aqua, either muddy or yellowish, or, according to Varron , Lautula, in lavando: they provided the Poets with material to embellish their fables. It only remains now to examine the fourth side of the Square, towards the East of Summer, along the Sacred Road ^ where Saint Adrien & Saint Martine is now. Near the Arc d. Fabien ) there was apparently a Ru‘ by which one allots to the Carines, at a corner of theQ^if there was the Regia, which belonged to the fourth Region. In the other corner, on the square, there was the StaTem- *ue or Temple of Venus Cloacwe, because, called Laitance, a Stac”o•c“- killed a woman having been found in the great Cloaca, without knowing who she was from, she was worshipped in this place under the name of Goddess or Venus Cloacwe. The five and seven Boutiques, which served as Butcheries of the time that the Decemvirs ruled, & which have since been occupied by Bankers, are located near the Venus Cloacina. When talking about this place we subNo-l'appelloit sub novis, supple.^ Taber Well. On the other side there was a static building called the Municipal StationsTMi*? "pales9 that Nardini reads). V. 18. bullshit, a reading which is considered to have been the place where the Deputies of the Municipal Cities go, that is to say, aggregated to the right of the Roman Bourgeoisie, having deliberative voice in the Comice ^ like the other Citizens. If we want to see the proofs comBasiiiea me U Basilica of Lucius Paulus Pauli JFmi yBmilii. S&mi JEmilius was next door, you can read Nardini in the same place. It was very beautiful with Phrygian Columns, so they say. Pliny “iv. XXXVL v. yew. Appian Alexandrine zfiar, that Paul Emile had spent there the fifteen hundred talens which Caesar had sent him from the Gauls to draw him into his party; which is a prodigious expenditure, amounting to nine hundred thousand Žcus at the rate of 600. Žcus the TalentHaving seen above that the 'TemTemple of Saturn & the Treasury does not e-Ad’“ani, kill where the Church of St. Adrian is at present, it remains to be seen what it once was. It is constant that the Forum or the Square & Augustus was behind this Church there & that it was restored by Adrian, according to Spartian. Capitoline Jude says that Ionin the Pious built a Temple of Honour for Adrian, his adopted father. He could not have done so in a more suitable place than near the building he had repaired there and then. Place Romaine. This conjecture is supported by the custom that Popes often have in consecrating the Temples of Q-j, Payen’ Pay them in churches, from their old Titles, but offering the faithful a true subject of veneration instead. Thus, in the place where the Emperor Adrian was worshipped here as a God, the Pope who consecrated it there made it a Church in honour of Martyr S. Adrian, as the Temple of Mars, which was next to it, was dedicated to Saint Martina Virgin 8t Martyrdom, 6c that of the two brothers Remus & Romulus, a little further on, was consecrated in honour of the two holy brothers Cofine c Damien. This Church of Saint Martina, which some say was a Temple of Mars, was, according to others, the Secretarium Senatus, the Senate Archives. Father Donat oc Nardini believe that since the Senate Ramain had been filled with Christian Senators, since the Emperors had embraced the true Religion, they did not want their decrees, called Senatus Consulta, to be kept in the public treasury that was in the Temple of Saturn, but they had this place built especially to preserve them. The great multitude of people who had been there in Rome since she commanded at V Europe, 6th to Y Africa, made the Roman Square too small to hold so many people. It was difficult to enlarge it, because several beautiful buildings had to be thrown down, which could not be done without great damage, besides the fact that most of them were inaugurated & sacred, & so it would have been a sacrilege to demolish them. This forced Julius Caesar to make a new square behind which is now the Church of Santa Martina, near which he built a beautiful Curia or Basilica and this square with this building was called Forum Casa- Forum Ris. Next to this Basilica, even Caesar had a Temple built at Venus Mere, of which he was proud to be descended by Julus son of Aeneas, sold sons of Anchise and Venus, according to the poets. One & the other was of a prodigious magnificence. Pliny l’v. XXXV. c. 4. observes that there is, among others, a rare painting of Medea & Ajax, on the wall of the Basilica in front of the Temple of VeQ_J" naked. nus. Between the Statues, there is one of Julius Caesar, army of Cotte de Maille} & Pliny Uv. XXXIV. c. s. says that he dedicated a corselet strewn with British pearls to it. In the middle of the same square there was the Equestrian Statue of Caesar, of gilded bronze. It is mentioned in the same place a building, which we find Atrium to have been called Atrium Minerva, "'"eu' seu Atrium libertatis > but perhaps “iberta- was thrown down, when Caesar had "' built there. Forum Close to the Forum or the Square of AugtuuU yule Caesar, Augustus had another one made, behind the Church of S.Adrian, ër having a Ru‘ in between where the Forum Tranfitorium, which was not built until long afterwards, was allocated. Although the Place of Augustus was very small, being bounded sure that he was one of the most beautiful B‰timens this Emperor ever made. II Opposite him he built a round temple of the form of iMars the avenger, which he [graphic] neighbouring buildings, Suetone af The star is surrounded by porticoes on both sides, filled with statues: on the third side is the Basilica. had devoted himself in the war which he made to Brutus & Cassius, less to ensure the death of Julius Caesar his adopted father, than to maintain in the sovereign power which he had begun to usurp. Suetonius says that the same Augustus ordered that the Senate should sit in this Temple, when he was dealing with war or triumph. Behind Caesar's Forum, i.e. towards the Church of St. Lorenzolo, another Forum orPla-*¡TMTM was built, not for public convenience, but for the use of the Orphevers or Players only, with a Basilica, where their differences were concluded. Cela fait croire ˆ.Nardiniy que la Rue des J˜uailliers Yicus Sigillariusviciu Major, au’fi bien que leur Porti-^Mlque j Porticus Margar“taria, sous jor. auquel ils expose en vente leurs Marchandises prŽcieuses, Žtoit lˆiaifa. auprs. Finally the most beautiful of all ls*TM"". Places of Rome was that of Ira- ia)óIU< jan, situated in the Valley which is between the Cap’ole & the guirinal, of which there remains this marvellous Slug Column, where his victories are expressed in relief on the marble which is its material. It has 2.2,8 high palms or 114 King's spades without the Base. This work still survives today. The ashes of the Emperor Trajan rest in an Urn at the top of this Column, 8c it was the {>first, said Eutrope, who would have the privilege of having his burial in the City. The Corniches, Architraves, & Friezes of the Porticoes are made of bronze, as well as the Statues of the Porticoes. According to Pausamas, they are on it. *The Forum contained, as well as the others, a Temple and a Basilica, where the Consuls were gathered, in the Vestibule of which there was the Equestrian Statue of Trajan, in bronze, and as this Basilica was built for the convenience of the People, the People by recognition made an Arch of Triumph for this Prince, as we can see in the Biblio- ¡ans ^es MŽdailles, in the same place. H y avoit aufl> theca une BibliothŽque comp’ette, ornate £?ia- de Statues d'Hommes savans, & transportŽ depuis au* Thermes de Diocletian. When the EmperorCo "fiance, son of the great Constantine, came to Rome he was charmed by the magnificence of this great City, according to Ammian Marcellin; but of all things, when he arrived in this Piazza of Trajan, he could not help saying that he was astonished that the Fame which always amplifies things could not have expressed the greatness of Rome. Then, considering your Equestrian Statue of Trajan, he boasted that he could cast a horse like that one} on which Hormisda, Son of the King of Persia, who was following his Court as a Hostage, replied, I believe, but it would be better to build him a stable similar to this one beforehand. There remains in this eighth Region only the Capi*. tole; but he deserves well that we give him a separate Chapter, after having reported the other considerable things which Rusus & Ficlor say have been in this Region, namely, 48. Street Masters, 2. Curators, 2. Denunciators, 6. Cohorts for the Guard and 66. Baths Description of the Capitol AnCa-/""\N ymontoitpartroisC ptroii- v>/which begin to n’ Place Romaine; for it was not passenger, tranfitorius, it's that we don't cross it cc now, but it was an F( surrounded by thick walls steep. We enter it by the Door, which was h Panda of the Arc de Scipion VAfr“c Jes gonds Žtoient de bron2 Ja betrayal of Tarpeja, sound that she is in mt the sound signal private, izo. Lakes or Reservoirs fans name, 28'. Attics, 30. Mills, yew o. Hotels- or big Houses, 3880. Isolated houses. This area contains 14787. circuit pies. Chapter XXI. . Description of the Capitol. It is climbed by three Paths, all of which begin at the Roman Square 3, because it was not a Paflˆger , tranfitorius , that is to say, it was not crossed as it is now, but it was a Fortress surrounded by thick walls, very steep. It was entered through a single gate, which was the Pandan gate, near the Arch of Scipio P African, whose hinges are made of bronze, since the betrayal of Tarpeja, so that the sound it makes when it opens gives the signal of its opening. The first of these Paths spangled the one hundred degrees of the Aarpenean Rock9 which turned from the PkPlace Romaine, where they start near the Temple of Fortune, built by Camille, up to the top of the Mountain. The second was what was called Clivus Capitolinus, Unus. which also begins behind the Temples of Concord & Saturn. And the third was the degrees behind the Arch of Severe Septimius near the Prison. The last two are still there to this day (with a slight difference) because the Capitol is climbed in a straight line along both sides of the Senator's Palace, instead of the former oblique & intersecting ascent, as the Chemin des Carofes is today, The Public Prison for criminals condemned to death was located at the bottom of the Capitol, above the Arch of Severus, where the Church of St. Pierce in Carcere is now, so named because the Prince of the Apostles was held there, and Incus Marttus, the fourth King of Rome, had it built, according to Titus Live} Carcer ad terrorem excrescentis audacia media Urbe imminent foro tedif“catur. But because Servius Tullius rebuilt it, & girdled it, com as Varron says, large stones, similar to those of your PriXato- son of Syracuse, which was called Lanu*. tomia, which means quarry, from this Prison was called Carcer Tullianus: it was also called Mammertinus, either because it had been restored by someone of the Mammertin family, or because it was on the corner of Mammertine Street; or perhaps even because of j’ncus Martius, the first founder. On the doorway is this Inscription C. Viribus C. F. M. Coccejus Nerva, Ex S. C. Whatever Cardinal Baronius believes... that this Prison was where Saint Ni- colas in Carcere? it is constant that he is was mistaken, & that she was at the bottom... from C'apitole to the Roman Square... because Saint Nicholas was out of the city & the Carmelite Door, far away. to be in the middle. So it's by er- reur that a few of the Church Writers... siastic reminders of S. Nicolaus in Carcere'tu“liano., that last word must get scratched. It was a prison, but for civil debts, under the Jœ* The Centumvirs' proverb, established long after the Kings had been driven out, & so that the Creditors would no longer mistreat their debtors, as they had been doing from the time they were awarded to them until the end of the payment. To know precisely where the Prison was, one only has to see the Description that Sallustus makes of it. in his History of the Conjuration of Catilina; for he says that Cicero having discovered it in the Senate assembled at the Capitol, the Conjurors were put in the Prison, which is found, he says, on the left hand on the way down: Est locus in carcere quod Tullianum appellatur, ubi paululum descendes is ad lavam circiter Vigmti pedes humi deprejft’s, eum muniunt undique parietes, atque infper camera lapideis fornicibus junEia, sed inculta, tenebris £’? odore FÏda, atque terribilis ejus facis est. At the deepest point of the Prison, which was a dungeon properly called Tullianum, there was a hole, through which the evil-doers were thrown into a low pit, which was underneath, named Robur, Kobm, either because it took a great force to resist the fall which was made there, or because of the Arcades which damn it and carry the whole weight of the building. In there the criminals were dying from their fall, from hunger, from misery, and from not being able to breathe. This kind of fupplice, which we used to call in France "fupplice", was in use in Rome, as it is gathered from various passages, among others from that of Apuleius, jlpolog.pag. z. O mirum commentum! ™ sublimitas digna carcere & robore! They were still thrown down from the top to the bottom of the Aarpenean Rock, & along the Scale-Ascents* of the Prison, which they called, S calÏ fF10" gemoniÏ, ˆ gemitibus reorum; 8c these wretched people are now treated in the Tiber, half alive & half dead. / A little higher was a hope On the left hand, from efore the Square, we can still see eight Columns of the Portico of a Temple, which almost all antique dealers believe to be from the Temple of Concord. But Nardini evidently proves that he was further down in the Square, & that this one was the Tem-Temple of Fortune, under which, at the bottom of the Mountain between the Bows of n*. H“bŽre & de SŽvre, there is a Portico supported by beautiful Columns, which scrutinizes of ornament to the Square, & of gallery for the People who walked there under cover of the Sun & rain. Close to the Temple of Fortune was Porta la Porta delle Immondices, through which one passed to go into a cave or cellar under the Mount. Every year the yew tree. In July the sweepings of the Temple of Pesta were ceremoniously thrown into this place, and they stunned the square. Clement Alexandrine pleasantly mocked the Romans for having built a Temple at h. Fortune near the Door of Filth, this place being suitable for the foul Spirit, whom they worshipped under the figure of Fortune. Near .sella Near the same Gate, there was xmi k Selle Patroclienne , of which Martial made mention liv. XII. Epigr. jy. It was one of the 144. Public latrines, according to Nardini's feeling. It was so named after some Image of Patroclian companion of ^fchileS) which was painted there. Above is a set of three fluted Columns, half buried in the Mountain, with a piece of Architrave where one reads the word: Estitute. This was the temple of Jupiter Tmnant, which Augustus made when he returned from Spain, after you had escaped from the thunder in Biscay, where he who led the way was struck by lightning at his side. The Roman Senate and the Roman People reinstated him, as the word "Estituer" means to establish him, under the reign of the Emperor Constantius, or of some other Christian Emperor, who for this reason did not want to do so, although it was his right to do so. The ridge of the mountain is divided into two crests, of which the one towards the Tibrt is the proper elaboration of the Rock ... / Tom.II. R *the other from the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, although the name was common to the whole mountain. The Space or Place between two etoit named Intermontium. At the end of the same square, between two small groves, Remulus had a small temple built to serve as an asylum and asyl fugue for all those who dawn and run: those who were withdrawn there, were free esteemed, 8c freed from all debts, purged of all crimes, & delivered from slavery} 8c by this artifice his City became extremely populated in a few tems. Though some have believed that this Asylum was elsewhere, DŽnis d'Halicarnaffe 8c Strabon formally says that it was on the Capitol. Servius on the eighth of P Aeneid says that the Temple of the Asylum was dedicated to Mercy, 8c that Romulus had it erected following the example of the Athenians, who were the first to erect Asylums. It still had R i in in the same Square, where the Equestrian Statue of Mark ^Edicuia .durŽle^ the small round Temple of V~ vejoiiis. I am the Tuscan God, otherwise known as Malin. The Consuls & Tribunals sometimes harangued the People in this Square, which Scipio Nasua had surrounded with Porticoes, & at the entrances of which there were two Arches, one built by African Scipio, & the other by Nero* In the place where is the Senator's Palace, or perhaps a little lower, ^j^" where there was doubtless Y Atrium Pu•um. blicttm, which, according to Ttte Live, was ruined by lightning, there was a large building distinguished in two states, the highest of which was called7#tum' bularium, because it was like an Archive where the Decrees of the Senate and of the Roman People were kept, which were engraved on the Bronze Tables: from there comes that Suetonius, in the Life of Vespafian, says that the Emperor had up to three thousand of these Tables rebuilt, instead of those which had been burnt in the fire of the Capitol during the Civil War against V“tellius, the Apparte mcat The school where the Liberal Arts were taught was called Athen¾um. It was TEmperor Aurelian who infused him, according to Aurelius Victor } & the conjecture of Nardini, who believes he was under the Tabularium, is more probable than that of Ricquius who puts him inside the Fortress. The Library of Cape Town-^^fole was attached to the Atboeuneum: this capitorut the Emperor Domitian who son-lini’da: & it is a mistake to say that he re-establishes it -, because at the time of Augustus 9 A there were only three Public Libraries in Rome, as is proved by the first Elegy of Ovid's Sadness, namely, that of Afinius Pollion on YAventine, that of Augustus in the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine, 8c that of Octavian in his Portico near the Theatre of Marcellus. As for the Temple of Jupiter Ca- Ton-: pi solin, which was the main part of Ro-f^s.me, & the most beautiful ornament of the Ca- ‚apitofitole, the Antique dealers share out the situation: Ricquius Ic Donatus put it on the Rock. íTarpŽjenne } but Nardini, whom I R 4 leaks [graphic] or, because of its accuracy, put it on the other rump of the Mount, which was properly called the Capitol. If one wants to see an exact description of this Temple, one can read Lipjius, Mar•ianas, Ricquius, & Father Donat, who drew it from DŽnis ˆ'Halicarnaffb & other Ancient Authors, of which here is the abstract. This Temple was dedicated by Targui 'Y mincie', built by the Superb, & inaugurated or con’acrated by Horatim Pulvillus. It was built with the remains of the City of Sejsa Pometia, the value of which amounted to 40 talens, according to Isite Live, that is to say twenty-four thousand ecus, or four hundred talens, according to Plutarque in Publicola, & Denis d'Halicarnaff, that is to say two hundred and forty thousand ecus or twenty-one million pounds. It was about two centipedes long, 8c fifteen less wide, which makes 770 centipedes in turn. T•te Live says that after the retreat of the Gauls, this Vast Temple was supported by an aftermath, and then by large square stones, of which the foundations were fortified, of fear fear that the earth of the small Mount Caf itolin will fall down ’ous so big' weight} & it paflˆ again for a wonder. Its Gateway regains the South or the Aventine Mount; there is in front of this Gateway a Portal with three rows of columns, & around it reigns another Portal with two rows. The Temple was divided into three naves under a common roof. At the end of each nave there was an altar: the one in the middle was dedicated to Jupiter, and the other two to Juno and Minerva. St. Each one had its own vestibule... In the wall outside y next to the Nave of Minerva y. which was on the right, a nail was ceremoniously driven in every year to mark the number of years since the foundation of Rome. The panelling of this Temple was all gilded and the paving, according to Pliny, was of beautiful chiselled stones } & the roof was covered with bronze tiles, which Sguintus Catu“us had gilded,...as well as the doors, hinges, locks, & Architraves, which are of the same workmanship; finally the gold, both solid and civil, gilded my counter at twelve thousand R- jr ta takns, according to Plutarch, which amounts to ECU 6 million. In the beginning it was supported by Pilasters} but having been burnt in the Civil War of Marius & Sylla, the latter had it rebuilt, & adorned it with the Columns of the Temple of Jupiter Olympian one of the Seven Wonders of the World, having had it transported from Greece to Rome, according to Plineliv.XXXVL ch.j. The same Temple having been burned another time in the war of Vitell“iu Vespafien, this Emperor restored it } but shortly afterwards, the fire having consumed it a third time, Domitian had it rebuilt with more magnificence than before, having brought from Greece Columns of greater price, a good part of which remained in the Church of:Ara Coeli which is built on its ruins. The friezes of these Columns are richly decorated on the outside & inside, lite Live says that twelve golden shields were attached to them, & several small chains of gold saceiia beautiful wagon. As for the two wings of the Chapels of Ju nervs. no 6c of Minerva, we collect from a Aulu-Gelle passageway, which is more often closed than the one in the middle. The Statue of Jupiter is as- *ratP standing on the altar, holding a lightning bolt * in one hand, & a javelin in the other: at first it was made of painted plaster, but in flight it was of solid gold. Ricquius believes that in the middle ages it was made of ivory) but this is only a conjecture. This Statue wore a crown of oak leaves of solid gold, and was clothed in a triumphal robe of fine purple, which Emperors, Consuls, Praetors, & those who triumph, stand honoured to wear. In the time of the war against Perea King of Macedonia, there grew a Palm near the Altar of Jupiter, which, according to Festus, dried up during the Cenium of Valerius Mejsala & Cajjius Longinus, shameless men, but it was replaced by a Fig Tree The Chapel or Altar of Minerva was to the right of that of Jupiter, according to Itte Li've. It was next to the Awju-1' Altar of Youth, & outside Tentu- near the Gate was that of Di‘u.... Teimi- Term, which was a shapeless stone. ***. designed by Tatjus,, according to JZatron ,, or by Numa y. ft“ork DŽnis d' jHalicarnaje. On the Altar .dfi the Younger there is a Tablet of .Proserpine,. according to TiteLive. Jiv. XXXV. c.jo. In the Vestibule of Minerva there were three Statues- of Gods in,. The first is the one of the three statues of the gods, which, according to Feftus, were brought there by M. Acilius, after having defeated Antichus, King of Syria, Ofr conferred under this Temple. libii in a cellar the Books of the Sybiiii Sibyl of Cumae, enclosed in a stone chest, whose guard was committed at the DŽtemvirs.... The. rich’ses of the same Temple consisted of Statues of marble 6C of various metals, paintings, shields, spoils of the Enemies, Trophies',, rich fabrics, precious stones, furniture,. I offered as a gift or by vow ,,by the triumphant Emperors, Consuls>, Magistrates, Kings, & Foreign Republics* Lipfius, Marlianus, 6c R“cqaius, in/ make the enumerationatdon, & speak between loves.of a Statue.of the . Victoired'Or massif, of the weight of 35.0. pounds, sent by Hieronymus R. o“ of Syracuse, as the said ^Tite Livet Dec. III. liv^IL .D‡ns le Temple,. Sc along the B™rtiques, one can see attached. The wall is made of Tables of - bronze the Romanoix ^ and another copy is kept in the Archives. Zozime assures that Stilicho had the golden blades removed,...very heavy, from which are covered the Capitoline Gates ± .& which were found: written on the back, that they were kept for an unhappy King that Stilicho died shortly afterwards. Procopei also writes that "Ge"/nV, King of the Vandals, returning to Africa, took half of the golden tiles of the Cafital with him. Augustus had four Columns of bronze taken from the Egyptian ships of Mark Antony after the Battle of Aclium made, which were put by. R 7- Da^ Domitian at the Capitol, according to Servius on the Georgians; perhaps they are in this Temple. Marl•an assures that it is these four, which one sees in the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, in Saint John of Lateran. This Temple was in the middle of a Square surrounded by Porticoes: one goes up by several steps, which begin at the Square of VAsile. Dion says that Julius Caesar & Emperor Claudius brought them to their knees in their Triumphs of the Gauls 6c & England. The Vestibule & the Square were so full of Statues of illustrious Men, that Augustus, to clear it, placed them in the Field of Mars; but Caligula, as Suetonius says, one day had them all shot down by pure whim. Festus says, that under this Vestibule of the Temple they made Cellars in the form of Cisterns full of Water, which they used in times of need to wash the Sacred Things, 6c to remedy the fires: they called them Favissse loit for this reason Faviffa, at Faven "y do. There was also one of these kinds of things of Caves the Temple of Jupiter Cap:flashing, but it is also a fan of Water: there are thrown or buried sacred utensils or ornaments that are made of old eggs. Next to this Temple there is the Temple of Faith, Aides Fidei, according to Jmhceron lib. III. of Offic. founded by Mmi- rtdtL linens Scaurus , & consecrated by Attilius Calatinus, according to the same, of Natura Deorum , & all against , DŽnis of Halicarna I say, that ctarfuin built the Temple of Jupiter Bridegroom, Aides Fidii Sponsoris , near the ^ed" small Wood dedicated to Bellona. fjj*. Domitian who, during the war Here is Vitellius' daughter, fled to the house of the Marguillern" or Bedeau of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and had this house demolished, ScMdes build in its place a small Temple of Jovis Jupiter Conservative. Stc0^ On the other croup called laRo- "-up" che Tarpejenne, there is the Curia veiPs‰-r Calabra , so called in Calando;TM Calare in old Tuscany means ap-ment*: peller. On the first day of each ^^ Month, which was called the Calendes ,b". the Little Pontiff called the People there, Manlius awakened by cry of the geese the Gauls had dreaded. The same Manlius having since been convinced of having aspired* tiranniquement to the sovereignty of his country,. knew for punishment precipitated from the top of the Tarpejenne Rock, & in flight dragged to the Tiber, & there they also demolished ’a Maison, & fur its ruins they built xin Te"- Temple at Juno; Monnoye, or Mo^Daiineta> at Monendo, to warn: the Mon "r. Citizens to never undertake tf to commit such a crime. Oh [graphic] were repulsed by