PREFACE I the Men fe fuflent contain goods, that Providence has blessed them with, or that their own undue influence had acquired them j ar- I have no right to do anything to harm, nor can I do anything to rc- fifter; & the human Ibcicteus auroit efte fans dç- fiiiitc ik ians fear of losing what each individual poC. fed. But since the desire for the good of others began- cé à regner, & que Vambition d'eftre plus que l'on n'eft, s'eft the spirits, yours and mine, which had carried the between two charters, the common practice is that it is not usually throughout the world, and are fortified with so much empire, that we can still see the funeftes effects of their do- mination. These two losses of peace gave the inventions to the men to attack and others to defend; which is why the offensive and defensive weapons were necessary, in order to to help the particular quarrels, which after (e have been rendered) public, and in fact have forced the coramunauts to do so... The fences around their maifons , & around their cities, to equip them against the invaders of their enemies. In the beginning these fences are made only of wood; but experience has shown them, that they can't... Digitized by Google T KE F A C E. pas refiftcr aflez' long temps , aux vents & aux pluyes, aux snows, & to lempeltcs, nor to the arms of men: They made stone walls, which last longer... time, oh, better refocus to the efforts of the enemy. To the truth, weapons are not very violent in this time; but still like their inventions & their ma- China's strength is increasing, that their strength is inconveniencing beau- the first time, and the first time it was found to be a problem. of higher walls, of square or round figures, that one can ...called Towers, from which they threw darts, & Throw stones at those who attack them, &: who do not they can only harm them by doing so. But since the invention of gunpowder, & that of the Ca- nons, Firecrackers, Furnace, & Mines, we've seen obli- to change this ancient fortification fort, which is now being still sees in many cities in France, Italy, Efpa- gne, & from Germany, in another more afl'curé, because there is to have several covered places, where one can pretend to be able to glifi 1st in the yilles , & get attached fans say vû de pas vn place of the square, from which one could say empefehé to make ven or- verture to the wall, & in this opening your stove, & a mine, to make a good part of the town fall in love with it. the wall or the tower, which from the ruin of fa fall euft made vne climbed to the top, & gave the entrance to the city by this breach, which forced him to give back the Place à l'enne- my, like he does these days. To guarantee these losses, however, the conflict has led to the penfec , &after the penfee, the means to fortify vne other mother, in such a way, that there is no place around the place we want to keep, which we don't want to be discovered... ve of vn or several places within the Square's enclosure. C'dl the advantage of modern fortification, which I want you to take advantage of-- The book, which is called the Ar t Univer- salt Digitized by Google PREFACE. SALT OF THE FORTIFICATIONS Françoises, Holan- DOisEs, Spanish, Italian born. Ccs four have each their own particular Rules & Maxims. But I add, ET Compose 'es- Under this word of compofécs I hear cch the other Nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America, the United States of America. Oh, yes, the ANGLOS, the Turks, the TaRtars, &c. which all cfFedively compolcnc their ccs Fortifications four, & have no other way of tracing & tracing them. conflruirc, nor any other Rules & Maxims other than those that make in this work, where we see in practice, not flaming. all that Jean Errard ^ Maroîoist {e Feùvre ^ Antoine de faille , Fabre Fritach ^ Goldman, &c all others who treat- t of the Fortifications^, but also of all the Methods ...which we have made to fortify ourselves. What will see him in the next- be the first to treat. And the last two treats will teach the way to attack & defend the Places^ The First Eft to get you connoisseur, liver by face, ^ all of them, even if the traveler has visaed, or the other ^ all of them. the pieces that we're talking about at the Fortifications, both Regular and Irregular, so that you may be appointed Lines, Angles & all Figures, each by function. own name -, not giving the Angle of the Shoulder the name of Flank, not taking the Flank Angle for the Ahgle flank- as for, as did these days pafTez vn Brave envne belle com- the company where he became very ignorant in this Science, so it was a it must be better destroyed. If you want, you can avoid CCS trust, may this Book provide you with all the means to do so. It is good that you are aware that this first treaty was published some time ago. a very long time ago. I made it in my youth, & prefered it to my the first time in the history of the world, and it is not a many others, fans that I found bad which fe multi- pafTent beyond strong-, but I didn't mean to imply that they're fiffing it im- to take precedence, like they did, fans tell me. U eft vray they have Digitized by Google PREFACE. it dilcretes, in that they produced it fans the name of the author. They would have me very much obliged to do otherwise: for I do not wish to... Not that he ever seemed like a perfect chofe. I'm running away." "reserved for the elected representative, when I see the other traitors." the practice was quite different from that of the other two. ...the simple Tbeorie, which I'm quoting in this first draft. I acknowledge the second draft with a little "practice of". Geometry, to make connoisseur by experience what is important first pages of the Definitions, & for you to swell your hand removal of the R.eglc & Compass. After these practices, you find the first method of plotting the plans of the Fortifi*... cations for Regular Places, fans other than inftrument that the Common Set & Compass, which is very convenient for the Noble0e, naturally eager to learn & put- to be in practice, as I recognized him to be mad. The fertile & the troifem Method are different from this first one; but clicks are no more badly-happy, not needing tablesni of inurumens, as well as the first one. There's that in particular- the troifies, which must say in confidence, that it can be ièrvir aux Fortifications de flancs, ou de défenfe razante, & à celles qui ont doubles flancs, & la de'fenfe ficliantc, comme aufli to the Irregulars; which I'm showing from experience. To the other Methods, Qiutrie'me, Fifth & Sixth,' you'll get into the vlagc of the fiipputce tables. I will .pray do not apprehend them: for I commit my paro to you; I say, that there is no more work and trouble in these than in the other previous three. And for moy I believe that when you you'll have started to get into Icrvir, you'll prefer them all, mcfmme for the readiness to trace them, you will laugh at the Let's learn in vain what this name of Tables gives. After CCS first strokes for the regular Places ( & mef- me parmy them, I've thought up ways to mark the Ramparts, the Parapets, the Foffez, the Covered Ways, the Digitized by Googli PREFACE. -• Demy-moons, tcsRavclins,lcs Horn works â:àCouron- ncs; en vn mot all that is proper, that (èrt, & qui cil ne- ceflaire to the right Fortifications ) I have given 'the profiles of the cha- that you choose, the mefuresSc the heights they should have. . Having put all these works on the paper, he took it off and ran away. This as they must be traced on the ground, so you must trace them. wanted to raise stone, brick or grass. Depluîcom-. me l'on me mettre les fraifcs& le lieu où elles font le mieux , où il cil nccelTary to put stakes, ©u Pals , & PalilTades; in- In the end, everything that belongs to this art of fortification, both in the Fjran- foilc & Holandoite, as well as Italian Oi to the Efpagnole. The entire Trojan Treaty will maintain Irre- The first of which are the ones called Regu- lieres-Irregulieres, parmy lefquelles lefquelles plufieurs Auteurs misens the Qrre and the Pentagon-, but for moy, I don't compute it- prspas, when they really should be and when they really should be, be-- what they can't fortify, that there's not much- faults against the maxims of good fortification. Sieft-co yet that I give my hands ,- seeing the cftime & the vfage that otv in fact, at the Citadels. & in other good Places, such as in the Haven of Grace, Rocroy^ &c. What should take them out of this ...and put them, as I did, in the Regular- with your little opinion, which do not do in the exaelitude of the the maxims that we obtain at the perfectly Regular Places... G'eft, which is why I do not mention it in this Troika Treaty, by talking to the fruitful Treaty. I first stop at The Triangle, which in truth is very much- of faults, but you can still correct them, and correct them- in many ways, as you'll see in qua- be or five of the first tricks. After these pieces Rcgulic- res-Irregulicrcs, you have to give you connoiffance of those who are irregular in part, or in whole. And for you to get there- In this section, we will start with their plans, including V ê ij Digitized by Google PREFACE. Triangles are the most (ungodly. I love to melt them or to survey; & receiving mefurer ccux-cy, there are no plans that you can't? I'm sorry, for how weird and irregular it is. loit, as you'll see from the examples I've given. These practices are the work of those who are fervent in lifting the plans of* Cities, & other Places whatever they may be, or by any- in or out, as you like it best; & that from divergent Methods. You will choose the ones that you think are the best. more aifées à vollre humeur : car pour la juilelfe , elles le font all of them. What will still be needed to survey vn Champ, vnc... Vine, vnWood, vnEftang, vnPre, & tpup whatever Ono wants. to have the capacity. But between these plans, & the means of fortifying them, I put four or five figures or Tables, which belong to the Soû. tended. You will tell me that I can put them in the Treaty... Regular Seats, that is true; but like the Tables, the Regular Seats the fuzzy ones you see there, actually extracted from it, I thought it was- the mfhfoit in that place, & that all the Soûtçndantcs mefurés feroient plus vrilcs & de meilleur vfage en ce Traité troifies, because it provides the means to fortify what- that length that this (bit , & connote in reffme time the how many Ballions they must have, 6c of which figu- re & Polygone you have to take them, as you will see that I run away from it Ærvi to fortify three or four figures or Places Irregular. But with these new Fortifications of the Places. & Cities we want to keep the old city walls, & make her fervor or Courtine, or pand de Bafiion, Iclon. the angles she'll make, those Soûtendant girls don't make it clean. That's why I put other ways of fortifying with Flat ballions, and mefiirez angles, as aulfi opened them- the inside and outside corners, so that you can see the have every means to fortify by all, & all fig- 6c put the plans that you will be given to fortify in read Digitized by Google PREFACE. good fortification, approaching regularly, as much as the will be able to allow their irregularity & their fituation, foit fur des rivers, or fur from the mountains, or fiir from the slopes & valleys... lons -, in short, everything they'll ever meet. In the Q^trieme Treaty, you have the real method of e- to raise the Fortifications of Cities & Places, both Regular- and Irrcgulicrcs, with their works, both interior, com- the Ramparts, the Parapets, the Coridors, what exte- the outside; like the Covered Ways, the Lodge mens, the Ravelins, the Demy-luncs, & all the others, what- the figure they believe: having made them see there by various practices, that we've got the mefmc easy to raise the big For- tification, whether the plan for a simple Redoubt or a vn Qitarred. This Treaty is for the benefit of the fçavans, & of those who do not not so much in this Science: for even though the fiinples plans , & mefme vn fcul trait fur le papier , contente les pre- the Engineer's Penguin} they have certainly more fatisfaélion, when they see the work. so high, yet so strong that all that must ef fire will want, to them, & that they connotate in it & can take the mefurcs of each party in particular; what they can do is- The method of raising, which makes the defllis of the book of the woman's wife figures that fon plan Geometral. What doesn't make not by the elevations of the set PerfpeéHve & exaéle, where it is It seems to the less fortunate that everything that is done is done, quoy-que tres-bicn & Iclon them all set, and I'm all eltropié, cor- broken & gobbled up j seeing the Baftions diminish, & pulling to the point they think that everything is worthless. That's what your- b.ute of the fortified & elevated parts felon the true & good Per- Ipcelive-, & they're in a very- great state of cellc-cy, which makes them my- The Square as it is indeed. Cela fuppofë, on conten- you all with plaifir*. For those who connoisseurship the ve-^ * ? . é iij " Digitized by Google PREFACE. riuble PerfpeAive, fçavenc trcs- although it eft dfe plus difE- cile abord, & mal-ailëe à pratiquer, &: que la peine en eft au- that of cellc-cy, where there is nothing easier than to raise everything. whatever you want, as long as you're given it, or as long as you didn't care about the plan. Expertise will make you know- I'm telling you the truth, with {contact me} I'll see you soon. vnc choie where you apprehend so much pain. All these breeding practices are imperfect, fi I do not put you in practice to give the days & days of the shadows at these elevations: for e'eft what makes these pits paroid- these f fur the paper as nature intended them to be, we'll reproduce them in the air, ...which eyes see into the earth. Without this connotation of days... & shadows, all- objects raised only believe in li- the same time, it is difficult to understand a few words: aufli they say that the vn & the other do like the amc of îa Peinture, which the objects, &; gives the difference between each of the objects, &. Cheers. A little exercise will get you there. Before you do that, I'd like to get you obliterate- From what I've said, you'll make them more horseradish- than some painters. The Fifth Treaty, which eft of the attacks of the Places, in- pretends to take the Places by force, like by furprifes , by eftalade,. or by the firecracker, & by vn fiege trained. The Sixth will warn the Governor of the attacked square of which way he must fortify the outside, & if he is compelled to do so ...to entrench within the City, Oi means of refi- to make it snowy, or to bail him out. 3'aurois for several maps of Cities & Places where you'd want high fortifications, like... have üit a few-vns; but that euft grofti this book in vain, w hen you can see these plans & profiles of the Cities, in the Books that Taflin's fictitious Taflin had printed. My deffein hasn't failed to show you city maps; Digitized by Google PRE T'A C E. niais well to give you the means to fortify all those who are whose blueprints we'll give you, but you don't want them- see for yourselves. When you've done the exercise before by the Art of fortifying, you will be efimed of the Sovereigns & of the l'Eftat; & in all the different ways that can happen, we'll give you- ra the judge of those who don't care. You will allow me to give you my opinion on this matter. fujec, quoy-que quoy vous fiez Nobles, & mefme Princes: fi vous the same time, it's not enough to just read what you've read. Book, & to hear it, as I think you'll do very- easilyjoy the goodness of your spirit; but still to you force yourself to take the Set & Compass, so that you can working with your hands, and making the paper furious that you are see in the Book^ not by running from a vnc figure to a vnc figure at the- (in no faith or reflection; but in a way that is animated by the first one, pofledant well, & practicing it even better, ...before we swallowed the impregnated, i.e., the impregnated to the trophic- ie'me. For as you go from one vne to another, you will go no- tablement, & you'll become more capable day by day. By this means you'll be getting better and better in no time, "...as did a young gentleman, who in his new life... three months ago he made himself clever, and now he has become a can paffer for excellent & vn illuftre in the Art of fortifying: because besides having all the qualities that make vn neceflaires. Brave & man of heart, he has-he has great studies, & has a great hand. the defl'ein, that what he's working on, pafles all this that can make in this rabble there. You can do what that he did, & others like you & luy, joining hands to the spirit. If you believe me, you'll trust this conference, which- will give you contentment, & in a way that will give you contentment, & in a way that- I'm sorry, for having contributed something special to you. make it possible to better serve the King. As of right the NoblefTe y eft obligated more than any other ÿ aufil ejfli-ce Digitized by Google PREFACE. for her especially since I made this Book of Fortifi- cations, so that in the Academies the young Gentilhom- my work in this science, and the poflèdent fi well, that they and then, fortify beyond that, efire capable of building and rebuilding... wire all the Kingdom's Fortifications, TABLE Digitized by Google TABLE OF THE PRATIQ.UES CONTAINED IN THE UNIVERSAL ART FORTIFICATIONS. TREATY' L DEFINITIONS, NAMES, TERMS, the Figures of the parts &C of the works so we're gonna ram it through the Fortifications. H NtrETIEN /ùr U Trailé I. page t Definitions cÿ* fprinciples of enten- Definitions (ÿ* names of the lines of which ...in the terms we use to describe the Fortifications, iz, Fortifications. 4 Definitions of the lines that comprise Continued from Definitions j&'c. 6 J^ortificettionS outside of Definitions & principles of the for- the Square. 14 tificatian in general. 8 Continued from outside spare parts Definitions of angles including Place. 16 on JèJèrt to the Fortifications. 10 Definitions Ct'nofns des p 'eas pour Digitized by Google Table of Us Fortijîcdtions irreÿtliens . \ g Profiles ^ Us Part Names This is us combojent. zo 2 ^ oms of ijuelques particH- lieres. zz Continuation of the names of some rooms particular for the Fortifica- tions. 14. Names cÿ* figures of the jôrti- or to be fortified, z6 Diversion of the Fortifications or ways to fortify, z8 Wider mistrust of the trapp- those who have only been named. 31 De r ajfiete des faults cÿ* Places for- tes, 3t Practical, , Ramparts. 33 D es Parapets fur le Rempart. 3 ^ Des Murailles 0 " Corridors of stone. ? 3; Gates. Bafiions. Courtines, Du Fofé. Contrefearpes. ^z Covered fhertfins, 0 Effila. nades- there. Places 0 fort ^cathns drunken- fftlieres. 43 ^^Generic taxes £ vrte good Fortification. 4; Î7 40 Iz-mefnie. TREAT' II- OF UNIVERSAL ART DESFDRTIFICATIONS, Where do different data Methods to fortify all- You figure rcgulicre à la Françoife, à la Holan- doife, k l'Efpagnole ôc à l'italiçnne. ^^NTRETIEN/Sr/f Treaty II. „ Din, , od by Google Table of P R A f I E h Necejptires Geometry Practices to trace fur the paper & fur ' land the Fortificationst 56 P R A T I QJl E H. De l'vjage de l'Equaire, çÿ* end vnlitê aux Fortifications, 58 P R A T I qjl B 1 1 1. Some Practices of Geometry touching the Angles, 60 P R A T I QJl E I V. To form the Polygon figures Circulars, which make for great ve- ritable s Fortifications Regular res, 61 P R A i I QLU fi V. To divide a line, ^ do vne scale: 64 P R A T I qjl E VI. To form the jingles of such name- bre de degre:(^that one will want. 66 Practice VII. First Method for tracing fortifications à la Françoif,- 68 Convenient. Practice VIII. To fortify a square or penta- gone from five angles to U Fran- çoife, felon the first x^etho. of. yo pRatiCtuRe IX, To fortify your Place Hexago- or of fix jingles, felon there. first Method. yi Practice X. To fortify to the Françoife vn Oaogone or Eight-angles,^ vn "Decagon or Ten-Angle, felon. the first Method. y4 Practical XL Second method for fortifying vn Quartered regularly with the set fire ^ the compass. y 6 Practice XII. To fortify vn Pentagon or Five-angles, felon the feonde Method, y8 Practice XIII. Where you can see the conflruciiion Polygons fomfie:^ fi~ i Ù Digitized by Google Table of Practices^ lonUfec$nde Method, 8o Pr 4 Tiq_UE XX. Practice XIV. Troifiéme Method to fortify all Polygons fort Aipmentt with U feule set the corn- not, .81 Practice XV. to fortify vn Hexagon Jèlort U troif M ethode. 8 ^ To give you the trait that marks the fojfé cÿ* l* çontrefearpe around of the PUce. PRATiq^R XXI. To give the tr4it of the Rampart^ Par4pety& des Rues d'vne yille regularly fortified, (y the eFFeCtIvItIon oF tHe fInanCe oF tHe fInanCe oF tHe fInAnCIAL BAsIllS ' 01* yuidts, 98 PRACTICE XVI. WHERE your see that speaks means of this trofix Fun method can fortify the Irregular Places, 86 Practice XVII. To trace all fortifications Ef cars with the corn set,- not. 88 Practice XVIII. To fortify all Regu- the Italian Order. 90 Practice XIX. About the Profile, what it is, & the trapping- those who make it up, with their width their height, 94 Practice XXII, To trace 'em out, first- the covered way, fur I4 çontrefearpe take what- ques logemens. 100 Practice XXIII. To draw fimple Ravelins D emy-moons, pieces of der- out. 102. Practice XXIV. To draw some pieces of de- out, which we call works a Horns or crowns. '104 P'ratique XX'V, Low tops, slap places, or that. Digitized by Google Table of Practices: :^entAteSi desjÎAncs high j oupla- - furies Courtines des Places fvrtù these high , cÿ* the orillons with bent pands , felon the fourth M etho^. or round. - 106 of the Tables fupputées. iif Practice XXVI. Fourth Method for fortification à la Françoife all the figures regulated by the fnppu Tables- heads. ïo8 Practice XXVII. To fortify to the Holandoijê by the Skirted Tables, the vein there. fourth Method. iio PRACTICE XXVIII. To draw around in fimpleplan of fortification the Rampart, the Foffè, the Covered Way, & l^ Ç lacis , by means of the Tables fupputèes , vein the fourth Method. iii Practice XXIX. To draw Ravelins & Demy- moons around some Polygo- that this fact of vne Place, by the fupputeeTables. 114 Practice XXXI. , Fifth Method for fortification fur vn coflè des Polygones, by vne table fupputèe. 118 Practice XXXII. Sixth Method for fortifying ^ar Fupputee TabUs, both at the Françoife as in the Holandoife ty Anything else, like making a com~ no proportion. lio Practice XXXIII. Pour tracer fur terre vne fortifica~ tionparUs Tables fupputèes. Practical XXXIV. Pour tracer fur terre tel fvrtifica. tion que l'on voudr^. 114 Practice XXXV. To trace fortifical vne soil tion' around some place oc- cupée. iiâ Practice XXX. Practice XXX VT." Pokr tracing horn works Table- fùppnttèe of every year^s Digitized by Google Table of Practices; of the Po^gonesfmifîeT^à UFrm- ii8 Practice XXXVII. For connoisseur U size an- gles of all Polygons with U F rançoijè. ijq Practice XXXVIII. To confirm the pieces that make up the fortification around P la- 151 Practice XXXIX. To raise the Rampart, the Parapet stone ,&the earthen glacis ti - laughs dufojfé. ,34 Practical XL.' To raise the Ramparts, Pa. rapts çÿ* les C lacis de fimple ter- re. 1^6 Practical XLI. For perennial fruit and vegetables and palifa- from the fortifications. 1 j8 Practical XLII. For tracing the ground faujfe s around of a fortification, at quoy el- ...they're very keen on it. 139 TREAT' 1 1 L of UNIVERSAL ART'. ...FORTIFICATIONS..; Where are given the Methods of fortifying all strong... displaced Regular-Regular, as do the T riaiigles, oh those who (have) in all Irrr eguliar. F^ Ntr£T I e N fur the Treaty II J. Digitized by Google Table of s PRACTICE I. To fortify the Triangle or Triangle^ gle ,felort U fertilized Method of Regular Polygon Masters. *48 Practice II. To fortify 'vnTriangle with Bafiions cou^e^ ijo Practice III. To fortify the Triante by de- my. Bafiions. 15 1 Practice IV. Practice for fortifying vn Trian- gle by flat Bafiions. 154 Pratiqjje V. To fortify vn Triangle with 'vn Horn work, or Pincers, fur les .Angles. Over there, lady. Pratiqjie VI. To fortify vn Longer quarter that wide with Bafiions dishes. Practice VII. To confirm the Forts of Cam- loincloth, which we call ordinary. "Practiced. lied Fortins. ïjg Practical .VIII. First Method, ^to lift the plans of the F'illes ^ other Pla. ces. iS© Practice IX. Second Method , for lifting plans of the Girls Cf. other Pla. CfS. ldi. Practice X. Troifiéme Method , to take the plan of vne Place from inside or outside with the fake EquaU re. 164 Practice XI. Qtutr'ieme Method , for lifting the business plan Place from inside or out the door with the bimbo. 1 6 6 Practice XII. Method , for taking the to draw or lift the shots inside with the jdfirolahe or the Circle of-- referred to. 168 Practice XIII. Sixth Method, to take the Digitized by GoogLe Table of pUn d'vne vilU, speak outside, with U Craphometer, oh, dear. cercle dmije. 170 Practice XIV. Delà Planimttrie , qui ejl l'art d^ ar- penter^ mejurtrles plans. lyx Practice XV. Continuation of the Planimetry or Method to survey & measure the plans. »74 Practice XVI. Continuation of the Planimetry, for ar- penter & bruise lines court- bes, who fi meet Juvent in the plans of Cities, Pre:^, deVimeSy de Bois, d'EJlangSy de Champs, cJrc. 176 Practice XVII. methods of a^andir or dimi- nuer the plans the youngest, in whatever proportion we want. 178 Practice XVIII. Des Soütendantes ,cejl, & leUrvtility to fortify outdoors the Irregulkres places.^ 180 Practiced: Practice XIX. To fortify in the Françoife the Pla- those Irregulars by the- Soüten- dantes inside. 18 x P R TO T I Q^ £ XX. The vfage of the Soütendantes in U Irregular parts practice, fortified at the Françoife. 184 XXL Practice ^ V K-Other table more abbreviated ptmt^r- tify the Irregular Places at the Françoife. Practice XXII. Soütendantes jupputées for fortify at the Ijolandoiji by outside. 188 Practice XXIII. P R A T I C E XXIV. To celebrate the Soütendantes, in the fortification of the Places Irregu- linked to the Holandotfe, or the Flanks make 18. Youjês, pands. From Digitized by Google lor Table of of 48. Cjr Its courtines of 7t. 191 Practice XXV. Flat Baflions ^ & other pi- those specific to the Fortifications I r- reiulicres. i 94 Practiced XXVI. to fortify the oLtus angles & acute, so many bankrupt s cjue s cjueing in y at the Irregular Places. 1 9 6 Practice XXVII. To fortify the Irregular Places- res, cjuand they approach the Regulation. 198 Practice XXVIH. To fortify the Irregular Places by the Soütendantes de Polygo- nes dijferens. 100 Practical XXlX. *Tower fortify vne Place Irregulie- re, approaching in part from vne Convenient. 2{regular^ Practice XXX. to put a City pregnant with n/ieilles murailles , danssvne for. modern ri fication. z o 4 Practice XXXI. "Tower fortify me Place Irregulie- re par vn angle direfleur. io6> Practice XXXII. Where fe continues the forsL mania proud by means of 1 ' angle di- Senior. Here- Practiced XXXIII. To fortify my peguliere city or Irregular y when Winter- re en occupe m cofié, " i o Prat IQJIE XXXIV. to fortify the Places that Jônt fur of the monsters. ii^ O o Digitized by Google Table of Practices^ TREATY' I OF UNIVERSAL ART FORTIFICATIONS, Who gives the Method for raising the planes of the For*... tifications, &c make them paroiftre them on the paper, ...as they indeed do the earth. E NtrEtien ptrle Milking Practice I. Method for raising apparatuses these walls as part of the blueprints, e2r to give them some kind of perfpelelive. 114 P R A T I c E II. Tour take the days ^ give the shadows to objects ^ to workings ^ to working- ?gesttrace;(_furle paper, like nature gives them in effect. zz 6 Practice III. To erect walls with Talus. / V. Practice IV. To raise around £vne Place vn Rampart & vn Parapet with their Talus. 150 Practice V. To make paroiftre vn fofté hollowed out autoura'vne Place. ijt Practice VI, To show the fortification d'vne Place élevée , fur vn plan geometral. PRATIQ^UE VILLE 1) Doors for Fortified Places Digitized by Google Table of Practices. fiéef > îitu OH they must cjtrcmfs. ? i5< Practice IX. P R A T I qj E VIII. To raise (jueli^ue okjet ^ue this foitj I'm already at the end of the metric plane. 13^ To raise vn Chafieau with Round towers, round and square, from challenge to the geometrical fine plane. Digitized by Googic Extremity of the Trivilege of Rtj, L e Roy par fcs Letters patent apertnisà J acq^es du Brueii, to print or have printed your book entitled, The Univer- Salt. DES Y OKI 1 tic tic, Françotfes, Handotfes, Effdgn, Ita... Yours Compofees, (^c. Sc makes all the other dcfenfcs expel dcfenfcs, which- that quality or condition that they fail, to print it or sell it, in any form, in however strong and manipulated this may be, it is not a reflection of the impredlon of the said ...of the British Empire, or whoever else has the power to do so. And this, during the time & space of twenty years, starting from the day it will be completed. to print, under penalty of a fine of one thousand pounds, the confirmation of the copies , & other penalties carried by the said Letters , given to Paris on the twenty-fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord, one thousand six hundred and fifty-fifty, - t-four. Signed, by Roy enfo 4 Confeil, hi.ABO UL, &fecllcdu big bucket of yellow wax. V ? Regifire' fur le /.ivre de U Communduté des Mdrchdnds Libraires de cette City of Pans le ly. November 166^. E. M. A KTïV , S jttdif, A Acheri d'imprimer pour U première fois le 18, Février s 6 Sf The Copies have ejfd fturms,/e(fn U content of Privilege. Digitized by Google TREATY I OF UNIVERSAL ART FORTIFICATIONS. THE DEFINITIONS, THE NAMES, TERMS AND FIGURES Parts & Works that are made to be used to the Fortifications. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google DiCll'IJCd "Y CiOO^k' Digitized by Google MAINTENANCE ON THE TREATY. In this first Treaty, I give nothing, that which is purely business, to make it into- to stretch the terms on. fe fert ordinary- when it comes to the Fortifications; for example, to to make each particular choice connoint, by fon nom The first of these is to be the first to be used in the talk, & talk with the Sçavans; but also to talk to the to remove from the ignorance of many people, who do not become aware of it. the same way as the Noblefle, the Noblewomen, the Officers of War, Archite<îies, & Contractors; may the Art of Fortification be part of the Architecture... of War, which works to defend the Cities & Pla- the ones we want to fortify, to put them in such a cftat, that the people believe in it fans fear: auffi is it called Archi- Military tefture. As a Military, it is specific to the first; & as Architcdlure, to the last. In addition to those I have just named, I have no doubt that that there have been many perfumers of honor, who in fact- aife to hear these terms, for in dücoum- au bcioin , & understand what we're talking about, when we do q:-dq>ic rela- tion of vn fierc, vne attack, vi'vnr pn.e , d viic iurprife, I'm not going to be able to do it, I'm not going to be able to do it, I'm not going to do it. A Digitized by Google X ' vn Foflc, vn Flank, vne Face, or BaHion pand, d'vne Courtine , d'vne Efearpe , d'vne Contrefearpe , d'Em- bralures , Merlons , Frailcs , Cafemattes , Gabions , & other parts that we can't conceive of, nor imagine ourselves what it is, fans have wanted them & known them by the paper, by figure, or actual effect on the ground... After we make it look smart by knowing it. of these terms, & the Figures of each particular piece, & all in general, as far as the Fortifications are concerned.., to put it properly, as before in this art: if we want to talk about it further, & put it into practice, to trace the Regulieres, & the Irregulicres, & the cflever-, aulfi easily fur the paper that fur Thy land; it will be necessary to see Treaty II. & Iç III. which will gradually lead to it, little by little. to make you able to do yn & yn perfectly, & with great ease, fans will break you such afup. tables, which you will find there all made. ? . Digiîi'î'::'! by Google DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES To hear the terms & names of the pieces REDEEMABLE TO THE FORTIFICATIONS^ Digitized by Google UNIVERSAL ART'. DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES TO HEAR THE TERMS ...which are used for decorative cations. It's hard to believe that anyone who wants to have the connoilTincc of this- Science, what is the meaning of Point, of Parallel Lines? 1.^. fc Perpendicular , Center , Circumference , Diaracttre , Difficulty, and Degtez, de Figures, de Polygons ,d'Anglcs , de Coftez, & chofesfem- which can be learned at the beginning of Geometry. But as this Science is beautiful, beloved of the NoblelJè, who rotting does not Although not a lot of Euclidc, it can happen that many Pcrlonnes don't hear- I'm not saying anything about what I just said: it's just that I found it useful to put on the icy what we call ainfi, with the Figures of each chofe, so to make it true? compreirdrc & concevoir ce que nous direons cy-aprés. Le Pûîn: has no length, nor width, like the mark A. The Line eft vne length fans width, like eft 5 C. Parallel Li-rings, or also lifting to another, or to several, make those J which, being prolonged at a very low cost, cannot reach or meet, as is the case with the BC.&DE. ' ^ Hidden line and a line made of dots, which are made into the* operations'} but which, as a white league, must not eftre veuc , the book eft being completed, like the F G. Line Perpendicular to another line, or to several lines, and the one that intersects them at right angles, which the Artifans call the quatic line, & the plumb line, like eft that H I, fur the other KL. The Circle , or the Round, eft seen as a curved line , or round, made around a point, qui eft fon Centre, as M N, O P: it is called Circumference; R eft le Centre. i n " Diameter eft vne straight line M N , which runs through the centre R , cut the Circle or Circumference in two equal parts M R , R N eft 1 * of- mv-diameter. "^ ^ r . j- r Beginning at jCo™'. part of your Circle, or Circumference, which you can divide or- 6o. equal parts. The Cciclc Q^S T V eft divife in four speak two DiaraettesQ^S, & T V: each quarter, which we call a quarter of 50. or Right Angle, has 90. parts, or 90. degrees; the four together make j6o. Angle eft the meeting of two sloping lines the vne at Rautte; it marks or- dinairement par trois Caraûcrcs, dont celuy du milieu eft l'Angle, dont on par- him. For example, at Angle Q^X T , we should hear the meeting of the li- gnes at center X, which gives vn Right Angle, or 90. degr. The acute angle eft 4 i c which contains less than 90 degrees; S: the obtuse angle e(i t k d which con- holds more than 90. degrees, but less than 180. which is the dcmjr-Cetcle. Digitized by Google FORTIFIC. TREAT* D y $ . UNIVERSAL ART T FURTHER DEFINITION AND PRINCIPLES, IN ORDER TO HEAR ...the Terms, which we celebrate at the Fortifications. After learning about Points, Lines, Degrez 8 c I AngIcs, we need to make sure that the attached lines are coming together, folks. angles & coftez , take the name of their Figure, the most fim- The Triangles are made by many people: because a straight line, or two, cannot be made in a straight line. faut' view Figure. These Triangles have different names forked from the angles they have: I thought they were eftre necefTairc de les faire connoiftre par leur Figure. The brand i. was named Equilateral, because Thy glues are equal, aullî- although the angles. The marked one has Reâangle or Orthogonal, because it has vn right angle. The e(l named Ifocelle, having two glues, & two angles equals. The fourth had the Scalene, which has three uneven glues. And the j. was named Am- bltgonc, having vn obtuse angle. The ones called Oxigone, do the ones that have the sharpest angles, like i. 5. & 4. Here are the names of the Triangles of straight lines; those of curved lines bearing the same names, but we don't rely on them in this Science of Fortification- cations; that's why I don't give a figure, There's a chofe to be noticed, who would have had the many angles, of some Triaa- glc that this foit, are worth as much as two rights: where he runs from and who gets the con- noilfance from two angles, can alfeasibly say the troilus. For example, in the Fi- a. the right angle A B C, i.e. 90 degrees; b. the other A C B cue of 45. I can say alTeriously, that the angle that cue C A B , cue of 45. degre, & that all three are 180. degre, which makes the degrees of two rights: 6 c ainfi from other Triangles, whatever figure they're ficnin'. The length or the small size of the lines is still to be known, but it is not yet known whether the length or the small size of the lines makes it possible to make a at the Angle: because, for example, even though the lines do not fail bigger than H B, & I B, the Angic H B 1 eÛ auûi-bien of 90. degrez , that the A.igle des gran- lines A B, & C B; this is for Straight Triangles. The Figure marked 6 . fc names Quarted, The Figure that has the right angles, but costs unevenly, like the mark 8. fe name Rhombe or Lozange. ' • The Figure that has the oppofez costs, & the oppofez angles equal, but not right, as marked 9. fe names Rhomboid. The Figure which has four unequal costs, as well as four angles, as the Mark 10. fc called Trapeze. All other Figures that cost more than four, fc call Polygons j but patticulicrcrcly the ones that make Circulars, like mark 11. & ii. Digitized by Google UNIVERSAL ART DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF LJ FORTIFICATION, tn general, B A Fortification, or the Fortification Area, is part of the Archedry; auili is called the Military Architecture, because it is used to put- If you are on the> places in such a cllate, the inhabitants believe in alTcurance against the effort of eiTiciny, which is the greatest nonabre^ & gives le nioy^nde le frapper avec avantage pour le tepouflet, & de fc bien couvrir pour to hold him. Hitting the snow with advantage, that's the power to shoot I rain places, and" Face , Flank , or Back ; (e well cover, lashes oppofore to the canemy some body capable of foûienir fes coups, of which the strongest make the Canons, in strong that the mcfmc body covers front & flank rainfalls For this purpose we dilpofe the parts that make around the Square, such strong, that all fervent or de-- fenlcs,or blankets; what they do or by flanking, or efpauling. Flanqucr, cft to defend from glued, or ellre so dilpofe in favor of the game! that it is possible to hit the flanks of the attacking player; for example, in the Figure, the flanked coAé A B, the flanked coAé A D, or the flanked coAé C £ glue- that coded E F, 5c G H. E ^taulcr, c'ell couvrir le flanc ou l'crpaulc Je Celuy qui foûtient, en fort qu'il n n n ot discovered any code, as shown in the Figure, G H covers those who defend in the flank G F, & for this the Angle H G F lash calls the shoulder. If you con- If you go to the square from D 1 H K , you'll see that all the parties are falling down, & font flanequées, s'entraidant mutuellement; les vnes fervant princip-alemcntà flankcr , the others to cover 8th shoulders, in quoy elt the perfeélion of the Art of Fortify, Because may.iHe places made by strong angles and joint line failures straight, such as B L, M N , have no part of their enclosure flanked, 8c that those who have, can't aflillec the vns the others, they don't make any Jefenle; that's why, to make them such good, we break these great walls, or these lines B, D, fw,N. 8c make angles between, or remove, 8c like Pincers, B A D , which lock & shoe the snow, having two Lias, B A, AD, who fe flank the vn to each other. But since those who A B, A D. are open, Sc can elite shoot from these arms. In the O P campaign, arm lengths are shortened, 8c is used for a part of the flank bridge, 8c the other one to support; 8c instead of arm B A, we make your neck- of I C E ; 8c £ C fert to flankcr the sail parts, to cover 8c to shoulder: & this is called fortifying pat pincers. The Pincers, or the Pincers A 'glc, or the Flanking Angle, and the Eyelash Angle made of glue from the square, like B, D, cn breaking it, 6c failing to enter. in the Square, to pie in the snow like two arms to lock him up. I'm not a man who is not a man, but a man who is a man who is not a man, but a man who is a man who is a man. C G , are called Fertile Pincers, or fccoads Flanequaus Angles, Sc laFot- iification made with double pliers. Digitized by Google CB n Digitized by Google 10 UNIVERSAL ART Vr '(t)' '^'($1^ Nfcrtb' 'A ^ xb vt; '"b 'tkr'ds' -si" 'A' 'A' '(iÿ 'lia' 'tkr '(jb^ '(f9r>(iv tir DEFINITIONS And names of the Angles of which I Jèrt aux Fortijîcatïons. E qi'c I come I say of the Fortijîcatïons in p, inking, not eft fuffifant to give full connotation to each particular piece; it'eft so why not have them all designed by name & by figure, I thought it was neccirairc I fcparcr. Icy je donne feulement la connoillance des Angles, & en la page qui fuirc, I'll give away what belongs to the Lines. Before we go any further, we need to know that the most advanced body in the the Campaign, marked A B C D E H , names it Baftion or Boulevard, which are dc^deux fortes; les vus fejbrmcnt fut les angles des Polygones, comme celuy A B C DE H } & the rest of us were on the straight line, con-mc celuy S T V Y Z. These two Baftions make Jilfcrcns between them, in that the Dish has the throat or colet Y Z, made of vnc straight line, & the other of vn Angle D £ H; but both (both have Make up two panels mark A B , B C, at this corner, & S T, T V, to this straight line, & two flanks A J), C H, in the vn,5c S Y, V Z, into the other. This Line H .M , or P Z, which joins two Baftions, (c names Courtine. Flanked Angle, that is, the point of the baftiqn, or the part of the vnc which is the furthest forward. dans la Ctmpagnc ; il efteompoféde la rencontre des deux pands , en la fig. c'eft ABC. Angles jhtncejHixns make two strong: inside & outside. L'cxtcricur cft fait by the meeting of the lines that form the pands of Baftions in vn mcfme coded, which eft in Figure B 1 K: whiccququcs-vns name it a re-entrant angle, so that it is not fc mcfurc outside. The inner fiancejuant angle is formed by the meeting of the Baftion pandemic, & the the line of the flank which is oppressed and opposed, from which he draws (in defence: at the Fortifications Françoifes , c'eft B M N ; & at the Holandoifcs Fortifications, c'eft