THE
VILLAS
O F T H E
ANCIENTS
ILLUSTRATED.
B Y
Robert Castell.
Vos fapere & folos aio lene vivere, quorum Gonfpicitur nitidis fundata pecunia ViTlis.
Hor.
LONDON:
Printed for the AUTHOR.
MDCC XXVIII.
TO THE
honourable
RICHARD
EARL of BURLINGTON.
My LORD,
WHEN I confider Your great and univerfal Knowledge in the Belles Arts, it is not without a juft Apprehenfion of my own Defers, that I fubmit this fmall Performance to Your Judgment; but when I again refleft that many Works of Inigo Jones's and Palladio's had periih’d but for Your Love to Architecture, I lay afide my Fears, and the rather as this Work is wholly founded on the Rules of the Ancients, for whom Your Lordthip has on all Occafions manifefted the great-eft Regard.
The Authors who furnilh out the Materials for what I here prefent You, were, like Your Lordfliip, great Admirers of Arts, and for the fame Reafon too, becaufe they had Skill enough to difcern their Excellencies.
I
D E D I C A T I 0 N.
I (hall think myfelf happy, if while I am aflifted with the Pieces of Varro and Pliny, (two Perföns of eminent Rank in the Roman State) I may be thought worthy the Patronage of my Lord Burlington, who is of no lefs Eminence in our Own; and I am confident there is no One fo zealoufly devoted to thefe Ancients but will permit me to fay; You excel them in this; They cultivated Arts while they yet Houriih’d in their Glory, but You give them new Life when they languilh, and even refeue them from Decay and Oblivion. I am.
My LORD,
Your Lordßips mofl obedient
and moft bumble Servant,
Robert Castell.
THE
E.
P R E F A C
A De fire I have long entertain d of tranflating and explaining Vitruvius, determin’d me firft to fet about fonie inferior Performance in ArchiteElure, as a neceffiary Preparation to my entring on a Work offo much Labour and Difficulty: And as I thought nothing could be more proper for my Choice than fitch a Branch of the Art as that great Mafter had been leaf: Curious to explain, I refolved to take for my Subjeä the Rules that were obferved in the fituating and difpofwg of the Roman Villas, which he fpeaks of only in a curfory Way, lib. 6. cap. io. and to this End I heme been at the Pains to peritfe many ancient Authors, who have treated more at large of that Part, not the meanefl of the Archite&s Bufmefs.
Mofl of the Roman Writers upon Agriculture that are remaining, heme thought fit, at the Beginning of their Works, to tell us what were to be con-fider’d in the Situation and Difpofition of Villas. Cato, the eldeft of them, left the feweft Rules on that Head, and of the leaf: Confeqtttnce; but Varro that was the next after him, has been more ample and judicious in his Observations, and feems to have laid the Foundation for what Columella, Palladia, and thofe feveral Greek Authors mention d by Conftantine, have fince wrote on that SubjeB. He has difcours'd more fully than any of them on thofe Parts of the Villa that were defignd as well for the Pleafures of a retir'd Life as the Conveniencies and Profits of Agriculture. ^
Pliny the lounger alone has exceeded Varro in this Particular-, he has left us two Epiftles, containing an exaß Defcription of his Villas ofL auren-tinum and Tufcum, and tho' we find not in him any dired Rules for the Difpofition of the Villa Urbana or Country-Houfe of Pleafure, yet he gives us to underftaud, that thofe Buildings were contriv'd according to the
b	flriäefl
The PRE FACE.
ftriBeft Rules of Art, ami points out what were principally regarded m the placing and ordering of them, and how they were at once accommodated ly the Architect for enjoying the Benefits, and for avoiding the Inconveniencies of the fever al Sea fins. He fpeaks only of the Situation and Difpofition of thofi Buildings, knowing his Friends to whom he wrote, could not hit he fenfible that the Rules laid down ly Vitruvius with refpeEl to Beauty and Proportion were equally to take Place in the City and Countrey.
I thought it proper to qiiote my Authorities at large, and efpecially the two Epiflles of Pliny, which the Reader hath here loth in Latin and Englifb. And as I attempt only to fiew the Diftrilution and Difpofition of fitch Buildings, I heme omitted to draw any Elevations and SeBions hit what are taken from the exprefs Words of the Ancients, or are evidently ncccffary to illu-fir ate the Meaning offiome difficult Paffages.
The whole Work confifis of three Parts■ The firfl contains the Defiription of a Villa Urbana, or Countrey Houfe of Retirement near the City, that was fupplied with mofl of Pee Neceffaries of Life from a neighbouring Market Town. The fee and fits forth the Rules that were necejfary to le olferued ly an ArchiteB, who had the Liberty to chufe a Situation, and to make a proper Diftrilution of all Things in and about the Villa; but particularly with relation to the Farm-houfe, which in this Sort of Buildings, according to the more ancient Roman Manner, was always join'd to theMafter’s Houfe, or but very little remov'd from it. Ln the third Part is flxwn the Defcripti on of another Villa Urbana, on a Situation very different from the former, with the Farm-houfe and its Appurtenances fa far remov’d as to be no Annoyance to it, and at the fame Time fo near as to firniß it conveniently with' all Neceffaries.
A
A
LIST
OF THE
S U B S C
A,
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Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart.
RISERS.
D,
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Lord Bruce.
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C,
Earl of Cardigan.
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Corpus Cbrifti College, Oxford.
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H.
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Hown~
*4 List öf the Subscribers.
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Y.
Reverend Mr. Richard Younger.
THE
THE
VILLAS of the ANCIENTS
ILLUSTRATED.
Part I.
Liber II. Ep.XVII.
C. Plinius Gallo fern, S.
IRARIS cur me Lauren-tinum, vel (fi ita mavis) Laurens meum tantopere dclcctet: defines mirari, cum cognoveris Gratiam ' Villce, Op-portunitatem Loci, Litoris Spatium. * *
Book II. Ep.XVII. Pliny to Gallus, Health.
0 U wonder lam fo much delighted with Laurentinum, or, ifyouhadrather, Laurens, my Country-Seat: But you will ceafe to do fo, when you are acquainted with the Beauty of the ' Villa,
the
■ PiUa.] Varro, Itb. I. tap. 3. tells, us froir whence this WorJ is deriv’d. His Words are thefe: Bk quod in earn anvehuntur fruttm, & evehimtur, am venemti. A quo rufim mam
*	A	nunc
tium. Decern & feptem fflilli-bus Paffiium ab Urbe feceflit, ut, peraäis quaj agenda fuerint, falvo jam SccompofitoDie poffisibi ma-nere. Additur non una via; nam Sc Laurentina Sc Oftienfis eadem ferunt, fed Laurentina * ä quarto decimo Lapide, Oftienfis ab un-decimo relinquenda eft. Utrin-que excipit Iter aliqua ex parte arenofum, Jumentis paulo gra-vius & longius, Equo breve & molle. Varia hinc atque inde Lacies; nam modo occurrenti-bus Sylvis Via coanftatur, modo latifiimis Pratis diffunditur Sc pa-tefcit: multi GregesOvium, mul-ta ibi Equorum Boumque Ar-menta,
the Conteniency of the Place, and the Spaci'oufncfs of the Coaft■ It lies fe-venteen Miles from Rome; fo that, having finifleed the Bufwefs of the Ci-. ty, one may reach it with Eafe and Safety ly the Clofe of Day. There are two Ways to it-, for hoth the Laurentine and the Ottian Road will carry you thither: The firjl muß he left at the end of the tenth Mile, and the latter at the * thirteenth. Wltichever Road you take is partly fandy, fomething heavy and tedious for Carriages, ■ hut fieort and ■eafy to thofe that ride. The Country on hoth Sides affords a great Variety of Views-, in fome Places the ProfpeB is confin’d hy Woods, in others is extended over large and Spacious Meadows; where many
Flocks
mine quoqne v'tam Veham appellant, propter veSuras, & Vellam non Viliamquo Vehunt 0* unde Vehnnt. A Villa, according to Columella, confided of three Parts, viz. Urbana, Ruftica, GJ* FruBuaria. The firft of which was that Part of the Houfe, fet apart for the Mader’s Ufe the jfecond was for the Cattle and Servants that till’d the Land, and were employ’d in the more ordinary Services of the Houfe,- and the lad confided only of Repofitories for Corn, Wine, Oyl, &c. Sometimes the Villa Urbana, as this of Laurentinum, was only a Country-Houfe of Pleafure built without any regard to the Villa Ruftica, or any thing relating to Agriculture or Padurage 3 and though luch Houles, according to the Opinion of Varro, lib. 3. cap. 1. did not delerve the Name of Villas, yet it appears that in Pliny’s Time they bore rhat Appellation: But Palladim, who lived after our Author, never ules that Word hut when he Ipeaks of that Part of the Houfe peculiarly called Ruftica. Martial makes ule of the Word Praetorium, to exprefs the whole Villa which Vitruvius calls Pfeudo-urbannm, hy which he means only a Houfe huilt in the Country* with all the Memhers and Ornaments of thole of the City.
d quartodecimo Lapide.] The Miles on the Roman Roads were didingullh’d hy a Pillar or Stone, fet up at the End of each of them, which was mark’d with one or more Figures, fignify-ing how far it was from the Milliarium Atireum, a Pillar in the Forum near the Temple of Saturn, which had on it the Figure I. fo that the next Pillar to it, which was mark’d II. was but one Mile from the Standard Pillar, and confidently the XIV and XI Stones were but thirteen and ten Miles from the Forum.
menta, qus, Montibus Hyeme de-pulfa, Herbis & Tepore verno ni-tefcunt. Villa ufibus capax, non fumptuofa Tutela: cujus in prima Parte 3 Atrium frugi, nec tarnen fordidum; deinde + Porticus in
5	O Literx Similitudinem circum-aSex, quibus parvula fed felliva
6	Area includitur: Egregium hx adverfum Tempeftates Recepta-
culum ; 3 4 * 6
Flocks of Sheep and Herds of Cattle, that were driven from the Mountains ly the Severity of theWeather, grow fleek and fat hy the returning Wtdrmth of the Spring, and theRich-nefs of the Paflurage. My Villa is large enough to afford a convenient, tho'not fumptuous. Reception for my Friends: Thefirfi thing that offers it fclf is a plain, tho not mean 3 A-trium; from thence yon enteral Porticus in form like the Letter 5 O, which furronmls a fmall hit plea-fint 6 Area. This is an excellent
Retreat
3	Atrium.] By what Vitruvius fays, /. 6. c. 10. it plainly appears tint the Atrium was the firft .Room of the Houfe, and lay juft beyond the Veflibulum; and, by the Rules he has given us for them, c. 17. it is manifeft that tho’ they were fometimes of different Proportions, they had one thing common to them all, which was, that a great Part of them was open at top. In the Country, where they were not ftraitned for Room, the Atrium was what we call the Fore-Court, as this of Pliny’s appears to have been; and the Atrium was to be pafs’d before one could come to the Veflibulum. It is not improbable but fome of thefe Fore-Courts had Porticus round them, like the Ala of the City Atrium, and were for Clients and thole Servants to wait in, that were from thence call’d Atrienfes.m In Rome there were leveral Buildings that were call’d Atria; as the Atrium Publicum, Atria Libertatis, Veflx, Minerva, Sec. which very probably were fo call’d for the Refemblance rhey bore to thofc Vitruvius deferibes, or were Courts before Temples, or other Pnblick Buildings, fur-rounded by Porticus.
4	PorticusThis was a common Name to all Buildings that had Walks under the Covert of a Roof or Cieling, fupported by Pillars or Pilafters, tho’ differently call’d, according to the Difpofirion of the Pillars: When plac’d on the Outfide of a Building, as round fome of their Temples, it was call’d Peripterium ; when thefe Ranges of Pillars were within a Room, as they were fometimes in their Triclinia, Baflilic-t, Atria, and Temples, the void Space betwixt the Pillars and the fide Walls was called Al,c: But when Pillars furrounded Courts, and had Walks betwixt them and the Walls, thefe Ranges of Pillars were called periflylia, and the Walk betwixt was call’d a Porticus.
? O.] It appears by ancient Infcriptions, that the Romans did not make this Letter exa£Uy circular, but rather elliptical; the Form of which he therefore chofe, as moft eafily deferibing that of Ills Porticus: For tho’ Ellipfls is become a common Word, and is underflood by moft to fignily an oval Form, yet it truly fignifies no more than a Defefl:, as an .Oval was a defe£Hve Circle, and wou’d have requir’d more Words lor its Explanation, than Pliny thought fit to employ.
6	Areal] This Word is deriv’d from arendo, and originally fignify’d a plain even Space laid out near the 'Fa r m-Ho ufe to dry the Corn in the Sun, for the making of which therfe Roman Authors that have wrote on Agriculture have given Direflions. It was afterwards ufed for any Pavement fub dio, and furrounded by Buildings.
culum'; nam ? Specularibns, ac multo inagis imminentibus Tec-tis fnuniuntur. Eft contra me-dias7 8 9 Cavaedium hilare'; mox^Tri-c'linmm fatis pulchrum, quod in Litus excurrit; ac fi quaitdo 10 A-frico Mare impulfum eft, fraflis jam & noviffimis Fluftibus leviter adlnit'ur:
Retreat in lad Weather; leing fleeter d ly 7glazd Windows, hit much mor e folylheProjeBionof the Roof. Jgainft-thc middle of'the Porticus is a pleafaiit 8 Cavaedium ; leyonct which is an handfome 9 Tricliniumi that advances out upon the Shore * fo that when the Sea is driven in ly the Wind10 Africus> its Foundation
is
7	Specularibns I] The Commentators on this Epiftle, who have taken notice of this Word, agree that it fi'gnifies a Window made of tranfparent Stone, as perhaps imagifiing that Glafs was not then put to that Ufe ; but if fo, Palladhts certainly would not have given Diregions to his Hulhandman to make Specularia in the Olearium: For thd’ there might probably have been more Plenty of thofc Stones among the Antients than at prefent, yet it appears by Pliny the Natural ift’s deferibing a Temple built with it as the greateft Rarity of his Time, and by the mention Plutarch makes of a Room in Domitians Palace tvhich was lin’d with it, that it was hot common enough for HufBandmeh tt> purchafe j fo that it may be rather conje&ur’d that Specularia fignified nothing but Glafs Windows that wanted no Shutters to keepoüt thfe Weather, ahd could always be feen through, as Feneßrn fig-nify’d thöfe where the Weather was kept out only by Shutters. Columella mentions railing Cucumbers with Specularia, and Martial takes notice that the Romans Ihelter’d their Rote-Tre'es by them, as we at this Day make Green-Houfes to preferve our moft valuable tender Trees.
8	Cavadium.] To moll of the Roman V'ilia’s belong’d three forts of Courts, viz, that- before the Houfe, which was call’d the Atrium, the Oitice-Court, or Farm-Yard, call’d Chors, and the Court within the Houfe, call’d Car,,odium, or Cava JEduim, being an Area furrotmded by the Buildings of the Houfe. The Similitude there was between the City Atrium and the Cav,odium, being both open at top, has occafion’d feveral to imagine thefe Termslignify’d the fame thing: But they may be fa-tisfy’d to the contrary, if they will learch Vitruvius, lib. 6. where he tells us how many forts of Caveodia there were, and gives Dircflions for the City Atria. The Grecians, who, by Vitruvius’s Account, had no Atrium in their Houfes, were not without the Cav,odium, which they call’d AoaJs, as being a Place fub dio. ^ Thefe Courts are by Vitruvius, in his Defcription of the Grecian Houfes, lib. 6. cap. l o. call d Periflylia, becaufe furrounded by Pillars; but afterwards in the fame Cap. fpeaking ot the PalTages that were betwixt the Perißyliti and Hofpitdlia, Whete they entertain’d Strangers, hfe calls them MefauU, quod inter duas Aulas media funt interpofita.
9	Triclinium.] This Room was originally fo call’d from the three Beds it could contain j yet this Name waslometimes given to larger Fating Rooms, tho’ they are by Vitruvius term’d CEci from Damns, called fo either from their extraordinary Size, or as they were commonly feparated from the main Building, or only join’d to it by one Wall, might feem to be Houfes themfelves. Of thefe CEci there were three lores in ufe among the Romansviz. the Tetraßyle, the CoHmhian, and the Egyptian; of all which, and wherein they differ’d, Vitruvius gives an Account, /. 6. c. 5. Befdes theie common to the Romans, there was one ioit that, in Vitruvius’s time; was only in ufe among the Grecians, viz, the Cyvfcan, fpoke of by Vitr. I. 6. c. 6. The Office of the Triclinium and (Ecos was the lame viz- for Entertainments j yet it appears by Vitr. 1.6. c. 10. that the Grecian Ladies frequently palled the Hours allotted to their Needle Work in the CEci.
10	Jfricus.] There being a Neceffity for placing the Roman Winds round the following Plans, trf Ihem the Reader is rererr d ; where may be feen- how they agree with our Compafi.
adluitur: undique Valvas, autFe-neftras non minores Valvis habet: atqne ita ä Lateribus, ä Fronte, quafi tria Maria profpeftat. A tergo Cavxdium, Porticum, Are-am; Porticum rurfus, mox Atrium, Sylvas, & longinquos refpicit Montes. Flujus ä laeva retraftius paulo, 11 Cubiculum eft amplum: deinde aliud minus, quod altera Feneftra admitti't Orientem, Oc-cidentem altera retinet:	hate &
fubjacens Mare longius quidem, fed fecurius intuetur. Flujus Cu-biculi, & Triclinii illius Objeftu includitur Angulus, qui purif-fimuni Solent continet, & accen-dit. Hoc 12 Hybernaculum, hoc
etiani
is gently wafij'd l>y the lafl, /pent amt broken Waves: On every fide are Folding-Doors, or Windows as large: So that from the Front, and both Sides, you have the View ns it were of three feveral Seas-, and backwards is feen the Cavaedium, the Porticus, the Area ; again the Porticus, then the Atrium, and laflly, the TVoods and diftant Mountains, At the left hand of the Triclinium, not fo far advanced towards the Sea, is a large 11 Cubiculum ; beyond that a lefs, which has one Window to the Fifing, and another to the Setting Sun : From hence the Sea is feen at fomething a greater Difiance, but with more Security from its Inclemencies. Tlte Angle that this Cubiculum ä»/Triclinium. make by their Jettings out, does not only retain, but add force to,thewarmeft Rays of the Sun. Here is my 12 Hybernaculum, and the B	Gym-
i* Cubiculum.] This Word in its general Acceptation is taken to fignify nothing but a Bed-chamber, but is us’d by Vitruvius, and other Authors, a common Name to all Rooms that were not for fome particular Office ; fuch as the Triclinium, Jtrium, <$Cc. fo that here it feemsto have meant no more than what at prefent is called a Room, and when a Bed-chamber was intended it was raoft often dilKnguilh’d as fuch, as appears by ‘Pliny in this Epiftle, where he fays, Cubiculum noäis & fomni, and in the Defcrip-tion of his lufcan TIM he calls one Room Dormitorium Cubiculum.
12 Hybernaculum.] This Word is ufed by Vitruvius, to fignify that Part of the Houfe which by its Difpofition, was moll proper to be inhabited during the Winter, as the other Appartments chan were turn’d to the Eaß and North, were for the Summer ; but here the Word fignifies a Place out of the Houfe made warm in Winter by the Sun.
etiam ’3 Gymnafium meorum eft ; ibi omnes filent Vend, exceptis qui Nubilum inducunt, & ferenum antequam Ufum Loci eripiunt Adneftitur Angulo Cubiculum in ’+ Afpida curvatum, quod- Am-bitum Solis Feneftris omnibus fe-quitur : Parieti ejus in Bibliotheca fpeciem Armarium infertum eft, quod non legendos Libros,
fed
Gymnafium of iny Family ; wb'v'h is never incommoded l>y any Winds, hit thofe which bring in cloudy Weather, and deflroy the, at other times, ferene Situation of the Place. Joining to this jingle is a Cubiculum, that jets out in-an1* EUiptick Form, fromwhich gradually at all its Windows it receives the whole Courfe of the Sun : It has in its Walls Repertories after the manner of Libraries,
I? Gymnafium.'] Panamas informs us, that the Grecians had Places fet apart in every City for pub‘ lick Exercife, which are by him call’d Gymnafia, from their exercifing naked- in them : By'ritrmius, who gives the exafl Defcription of one of thefe Places, they are call’d PaUfira, from the Exercife of the Ball that was ufed there. In thefe Buildings they not only ufed bodily Exercife, but held Dif-putations in all Parts of polite Learning; and in them there were allotted Parts to the Philofophers and Poets, as well as to the WrelHers. The Roman Therms were but Imitations of thefe Grecian Pa-lefira, and confided of as many and the lame Parts, and, like the other, were defign’d for publick Exercile. By this Paffage of Pliny it appears, that thefe publick Exercifes were alfo ufed in their pri^ vate Houfes, and that the Place it felf was call’d by the fame Name the Grecians (from whom they borrow’d this Cuftom) gave to their Places of Exercife.
M- jfpJa.] This Word, which is often made ufe of by Pliny thfc Naturalift, I. 2. is an Aftronomical Term, and is at prefent taken for thofe two Points in the Orbit of a Planet, one of which is farthett from, and the other neareft to the Sun. For inftance : The Elliptick Orbit of the Earth bein» re* prefented by the Figure ABPD, in one of wbofe Focus’s, 0, is plac’d the Sun; the Points j T are the Afpides; or thofe two Points in the Orbit of the Earth, one of which, A, is the lartheft from, and the other, T, neareft to the Sunj 0. This is the ftrifl Meaning of the Word, as ufed at prefent; but here it feems to fignify the Pound the Earth took, according to the Ptolemaick Syftem, about this Planet.	J	*
-Z>
Tis remarkable that in the Defcription of the Tonics of this T’iM, and in this Room wW Plim
VFT W'rh "VUlgarly CalUl’°-1’ " Mathematic ans^anEllTpfi^ FT its being a defe&ve Circle'and one of the Conick Seftions, he was oblig’d to take the Method
Curve .nAftmiioi^r/’i” lf’ ^ TT“« ^ ^ to	°’	and tftL tim“
ft For *°ugh Ellipfis and Oval are become at prefent Ifni
fed leflitandos capit. Adhxret ■s Dormitorium Membrum, Tran-fitu interjacente, qui * 16 * fufpenfus & tabulatus, conceptum Vaporem falubri Temperamento hue illuc digerit & miniftrat. Reliqua Pars Lateris hujus Servorum Liberto-rumque ufibus detinetur, plerif-que tam mundis, ut accipere Hof-pites poflint. Ex alio latere Cu-biculum eft politfflimum: deinde vel Cubiculum grande, vel mo-dica “7 Ccenatio; qute plurimo Sole, plurimo Mari lucet. Poll: hanc Cubiculum cum 18 Proccetone, Al-titudine seftivum, Munimentis hy-bernum •
ries, containing Books, rather for A-mufement, than Study. Clofe to this lies '5 the Dormitorium, with only a void Space letivixt, zihich leing 16 hoarded and ßjclving, in a rvhol-fome manner tempers the conceived Heat, and adniiniflers it to all Parts of the Room. The reft of this fide of the Honfe is allotted to my Freemen and Slaves, yet is for the moft part decent enough to receive my Friends. On the right-hand of the Triclinium is a moft elegant Cubiculum ; and another either very large Cubiculum, or moderate Ccenatio; which is much enlightened hoth ly the Sun and Sea. After this is a Cubiculum with a 18 Procceton ; ’tis
for
1 5 Dormitorium Membrum.] This Room, when diftinguifh’d from the Cubiculum, was a Place fet apart for no other ufe than that of a Bed-chamber, which was not always imply’d in the Word Cubiculum, as has been before taken notice o£
16 Sufpenfus & tabulatus.] Palladius, lib. i. tit. 40. in (hewing the Method of making the hot Cells of the Baths, fays thus. Sufpenfuras veto cdlarum ßc facies, Jream primo bipedis fternis, inclinata ft tarnen ßratura ad fornacem, ut ß pilam miferis, intro flare non poßit, [cd ad fornacem recurrat. Sic eveniet, ut flamma alt um petendo, celias faciat plus calere. And in the fame Chap, he fays. Camera in balneit fi flgnina flam, fortiores funt 5 qua vero de tabulis fiunt, uirgis ferrets tranfverfls, & ferrets ar-cubits fuflinentur. To thefe two PaflTages we are beholden for the full Explanation of thefe Words, and from thence we may conclude that thefe Words are rightly written, which the Difficulty of un-derftanding them had given fome caufe to doubt.
*7 Ccenatio.] This feems to have been a leffer Room than the Triclinium or CEcos, though defign’d for the fame ufe; only the former were for greater Entertainments, and this for more private conftant Meals; and it was fo call’d from that which was eat there, which (if they had two in a Day) was however in the Evening, and their chief Repaft. By the Deicription we meet with of thefe Rooms in fome Authors, it appears they were fometimes as large as the Triclinia, and probably both Words were fometimes indifferently ufed for the fame Room.
18 Procaiton.] This Room and the Amphithalamw, mention’d by Vitruvius, /. 6. c. 10. feem to have been a 1 molt the fame, allowing that the Thalamus fignifies only a Marriage-chamber, or where a
married
bernum ; eft enim fubduflum omnibus Ventis. Huic Cubiculo a-liud, & Procoeton communi Pari-ete junguntur. 19 Inde Balinei Celia frigidaria, fpatiofa & effufa, cujus in contrariis Parietibus duo Baptifteria, velut ejefta finuantur; abunde capacia, ft innare in proximo cogites. Adjacet Unfluarium, Hypocauftum, adjacet Propnigeon Balinei ; mox dust Cell® magis elegantes quam fumptuofae. Co-hseret callida Pifcina mirifice, ex qua natantes Mare alpiciunt: Nec procul Sphaerifterium, quod calli-diffimo Soli, inclinato jam Die, oc-
currit.
for Height d Summer, hut for its Icing fenced againft the TVeather, a Winter Room ; for it is ßelterd from all the Winds. Joining to this Cubiculum is another, and a Procoeton, with one common Wall 19 nonce you enter the fpacious and extcufive Celia frigidaria of the Baths, in whofeWalls oppofiteto one another are two Baptifteria, lending out into the Room-, capacious enough t ofivim in,ßouldyou fo incline,without going further. Joining to this is the Unduarium, the Hypocaufton, and Propnigeon of the Baths, and. two more Cells, rather elegant than fumptuous. Fix'd to thefe hy a more than ordinary Skill is the callida Pifcina, from whence thofethat fwim may have a Projpeä of the Sea: At a fmall Diftance is the Sphaerifteri-um, which lies expos'd to an extreme warm Sun at the Decline of Day.
Here
married Couple lay, and Caton, or Koir-X a common Red-chnmhrr f...	nr
yitruvius gives of this Room is as follows. Profladü mim deira id	A£0Unt
mmum imm tbakmus, nhcrum ampbithalumus dicimr. Where if rrnpbi be reftrainedto (h	’
figmficat.onoftheWord, r*. dram, or mrinmu, it will bedifficult to find inT
from it by a Paffage, and the other was the Room beforTyou^	fd d,v‘ded
dtrAMto	»	*e Bath, the Reader is
/
currit. Hinc "Tunis erigitur, fub qua !I Dixtx dux, totidem in ipfa ; priEterea Cocnatio, qux latiflimum Mare, longiflimum Littus, amoe-niffimas Villas profpicit. Eft & alia Tunis: in hac Cubiculum, in quo Sol nafcitur conditurque; lata poll: ” Apotheca & ^ Horre-um. Tub hoc Triclinium, quod turbati Maris non nifi Fragorem & Sonum patitur, eumque jam lan-guidum ac definentem : Hortum & Geftationem videt qua Hortus
in-
Here arifesa "Tunis, under which are two 21 Dixtx, as well as tie0 in the Tunis it felf, as alfo a Coanatio» which has a very wide ProfpcB of the Sea, with its moft diftant Coafl, and feveralbeautiful Villas. Bcfides this there is another Turnscontaining a Cubiculum, in which both therifing and Jetting Sun arc beheld; behind this is an ” Apotheca and “3 Hor-reum, underneath is a Tricliniurh, where never but in a Storm is heard the Roaring of the Sea, and thenbut C	faint-
so Turrit.] This was a Term of Fortification among the Ant rents, and fignify’d thofe Buildings that were commonly fet at proper Difiances in the Walls of their Cities, and raifed higher than the Walls them {elves. Their Form Vitruvius tells us, /. 1. c.6. was commonly round or Polygonal, for the lake of Strength ; but it is not to be queftion’d when they were imitated in private Architecture, as in this Villa, they were made after a more convenient Form. By this Pafiage in Pliny it appears, that only that Part of tile Building which was higher than the reft, was meant by the T unis.
Dut.-e.] Dicta, fignifies an entire Appartmenr, that contain’d Rooms proper for all the common and daily Aftions of Life; but did not always con lift of any certain Number, or fame fort of Rooms, and this may be collected from feveral Paffages in in the two following Epiftles. This Word, fo often ufed by Pliny, feems to be the fame that fome Authors call Manfip, Habitacuhm, or Conclavitim, which latter, as Feflus witneffes, isfo call’d from being under one common. Key.
22 Apotheca.] Theca fignifies a Repofitory, of which there were feveral about their Villas, and plac’d according as what they contain’d requir’d; and were fome times nam’d from their parti cularUfe, as the Bibliotheca from Books, Pinacotheca from Pi&ures, Oporotheca from Apples or other Fruit; but Apotheca feems, by theUfe feveral Authors make of the Word, to have been a Repofitory that had no peculiar Office affign’d to it, and fometimes we find it fignifying a Wine-Cellar; which, however, could not be the Ufe which this of Pliny % was put to, fince it was. one of the bigheft Rooms in theHoufe, and quite feparate frem all the other Offices and Rooms, and feems indeed, moft probably, to have been a Clofet for particular Rarities.
=3 Horreum.] This fignifies that Place in the Villa Frutfuaria, in which they laid up their Grain ; and this Pafiage fhews, that in thefe VilU Urbana were retain’d the Names of Rooms proper to Fafm-Houfes; for Pliny had no Land near this Villa, and confequently wanted no Granary ; and by what he fays, /. 8. ep. 18. we may fee that HJireum was fometimes ufed to fignify a Repofitory for Works of Art, which was very probably the Office of this Room.
includitur. Geftatio Buxo, aut Rore marino ubi deficit Buxus, ambitur: nam Buxus, qua parte defenditur Teftis, abunde viret, aperto Coelo, apertoque Vento, & quanquam longinqua Afpergine Maris, inarefcit. Adjacet Gefta-tioni, interiore Circuitu, Vinea tenera & umbrofa, nudifque etiam Pedibus mollis & cedens. Hor-tum Morns & Ficus frequens veftit, quarum Arbor um ilia vel maxime ferax eft Terra, malignior caeteris. Hac non deteriore quam Maris Facie Coenatio remota a Mari fru-itur ; cingitur Diaetis duabus ä ter-go, quarum Feneftris fubjacet 5 5 Veftibulum Villse, & Hortus a-
lius
faintly: It looks on the Garden, dncL Geftatio that fttrrotinds the Garden. The Geftatio is encompafs'd with Box, or Rofehiary where the Box is wanting ; for Box, where it is fiel-ter’d Vy Buildings, flouriflses much, hit withers if expos'd to the Wind or Weather, or he in the leaf fubjeä to the Sprinkling of the SeaWater. To the inner Circle of this Geftatio is join’da flsadyWtlkofyoungVines foft and yielding e-den to the naked Feet. The Garden is cover’d with Fig and Mulberry Trees, of which this Soil is fruitful, tho’ not kindly to others. This Prof peel, not lefs pleafant than that of the Sea, is enjoy’d from a Coenatio lift ant from the Sea-, it is encompafs d on the hack with two Diaetae, whofe Windows look on the Veftibulum of the Villa, and another
fS fe„^S “ hare,b“n a P™«pal Part in the Romm Gardens in pWstime • It was ufed either for Riding, or being carried in their Fobimk. Its Form was cotnmonlv'cir cular or at leaft ,n a great meafure relembled a Circus, as may be collefled from <plim anFfrom
^.Ife - in thefe
“f 17	4 i mL	p7rm	*
-
(no
lius pinguior & rufticus. Hinc ?6 Cryptoporticus prope publici Operis inftar extenditur; iitrinque Feneftrx, ä Mari plures, ab Horto lingulae, & altius pauciores: hx, Cum ferenus Dies & immötus, om-nes ; cum hinc vel inde Ventus inquietus, qua Venti quiefeunt, fine injuria patent: ante Cryptopor-ticum *7 Xyftus Violis odoratus, Teporem Solis infufi Repercuffu Cryptoporticus auget, qua; ut tenet Solent, lie Aquilonem inhibet, fummovetque ; quautumque Ca-loris ante, tantum retro Frigoris : fimiliter Africum fiftit, atque ita diverfiffimos Ventos alium alio ä
latere
tber more rough and fruitful Garden. From hence a 26 Cryptoporticus extends it felf, for Largenefs comparable to publickBuildings; on both fides arc Windows, on that next the Sea are the greater Number, on the Garden fide they are jingle, and in the higher Row they are not fo many. Tbefe, when the Fay is ferene and calm, are all open'd; but when the Wind is troublefome on either fide, thofe on the oppofite are op end without any Inconveniency. Before the Cryptoporticus is a * 2? Xyftus, fragrant withViolets, in which the Heat of the Snn is encreasd by the Reper-cuffion of the Cryptoporticus, which at the fame time keeps off theNorth-Eafi Wind; fo that as there is great Heat on one fide, there is as much Coolnefs on the other: In like manner it flops the South-weft; fo that
the
(no more than there is now) any fix’d Rule, but their Form was vary’d according to the Fancy of the Defigner. This Veßibulum, mention’d in this Epiftle, was probably that Part of the Oval Court which lay next to the Atrium, and was the fil'd Part of the Houle that was enter’d : It is by Pliny, in the Defcription of the Profpe£l from the ‘Triclinium, call’d alfo a Portions.
20 Cryptoporticus.’] This Room, as its Name figriifies, was an enclos’d or private Porticus, fo call’d to diftinguilh it from the porticus, whofe Roof was only fupported by Pillars. The Ufe of this Room was for the Exerdfe of Walking, when the Weather would not permit the Ufe of thole Walks they had fub dio; and the Method they took to make it at all Seafons convenient, may be feen by the Defcription Pliny gives us of this.
27 Xyflus.\ This Term of Art cannot be better explain’d than by Vitruvius's own Words, /. 6. c. io. Xyflos enim Grxca appellations, eß Porticus ampla latitudine, in qua Athlete per hyberna tempora excr-centur. Noflri autem hypetbras ambulationes, Xyßos appellant, quasGraci Peridromidas dicunt. By this Account of it, and by what may be colleged from pliny, it feems to mean no more than an open Walk like our Terraces.
latere fr.mgit & finit. Hxc Jucun-ditas ejus Hyeme, major iEltate: nam ante Meridiem Xyltum, polt Meridiem Geltationis, Hortique proximam Partem Umbra fua tem-perat, quce, ut Dies crevit decre-vitque, modo brevior, modo lon-gior hac vel iliac cadit: ipfa vero Cryptoporticus tunc maxime caret Sole, cum ardentiffimus culmini ejus infiftit: ad hoc patentibus Fe-neltris Favonios accipit, tranfmit-titque; nec unquam Aere pigro & manente ingravefeit. In capite Xylti deinceps Cryptoporticus, Horti Dixta eit, Amores mei; re vera Amores ipfe pofui. In hac a8 Heliocaminus quidem, alia Xyf-tum, alia Mare, utraque Solem : Cubiculum autem Valvis, Cryp-toporticum Feneltra profpicit: qua Mare contra Parietem medium
Zo-
the Violence of the fever dl Wimh h broken by its different files. Thefe Delights it affords in Winter, but greater in Summer; for before Midday the Xyfius, in the Afternoon the Geltatio ami nearefl Part of the Garden is made temperate by its Shade, which, as the Day either en-creafes or decreafes, wherever it falls is either longer or floor ter : The Cryptoporticus is then indeed moft free from Sun, when it flnncs mofl intenfly on its Roof: Add to this, by opening all the Windows it has a thorough Draught of the Weftcrn Breezes; nor ever is clouded by a thick ftagnated Air. At the head of ffoXyltus jetting out from the Cryptoporticus, is the Dixta of the Garden, which I call my Delight; for truly there I have placed my Affections: In this is an a8 Heliocaminus, one fide of which looks to the Xyf-tus, the other to the Sea, and both to the Sun-, from its Folding-doors is feen the Cubiculum, front the Windows the Cryptoporticus ; on the fide that is next the Sea, and oppofite to the middle Wall, a very elegant
18 Heliocaminus.] This Word, if render’d according to its Etymology, will fignify a Sun-Chimney-but here I think it cannot mean more than a RoonTextraordinarily heated by the Sun, and is the’ &me that fome Authors call the Solarium,
Zotheca perquam eleganter re-cedit, quse Specukribus & Velis obduftis reduäifve modo adjicitur Cubiculo, modo aufertttr: Leftum Sc duas Cathedras capit, ä pedibus Mare, ä tergo Villas, ä capite Syl-vat, tot Facies Locorttm, totidem Feneftris & diftinguet Sc mifcet. Junftum eft Cubiculum Noftis & Somni: non illud Voces Servttlo-rum, non Maris Murmur , non Tempeftatum Motus, non Fulgu-rum Lumen, ac ne Diem quidem fentit, nifi Feneftris apertis: tam alti abditique Secreti ilia Ratio, quod interjacens 3° Andron Parie-tem Cubiculi, Hortique diftinguit, atque ita omnera Sonum media Inanitate confumit. Applicitum eft
Cu-
gantZotheca does as it were retire, to or from which, ly opening the Windows and Curtains, a Cubiculum is either added or feparated: This Zotheca contains no more than a Bed and two Chairs, from the Bed's Feet you have a Profpell of the Sea, from its lack that of neighbouring Villas, and from thehead you fee the Woods, Jo many Windows affording fo many Profpccls,f»netimes allfeen at once, at other times feparately. Joining to this is a Cubiculum for Night and fleep ; for there I am not difurled ly the talking of my young Servants, nor ly the Roaring of the Sea or Storms, neither is the Glare of Lightning, or even the Day perceiv'd, till the Windows are open'd : This profound Silence is caufed ly an 3° Andron, which divides the Wall of the Cubiculum from that of the Garden, fo that all Noife is drown'd in the void Space that lies D	between.
=9 Zotheca.'] The Ufe of this Room, by the Defection of thofe of Pliny, feems to have been for com-poftns themfelves in theDay-time, and by his Account there feems to hare been two things in common to them, viz- that they were no otherwife parted from the neighbouring Room but by Folding-doors and Curtains, and the other three Sides not being contiguous to any Building, there was in each a Window : That thefe Rooms were but Gnall appears by the little Furniture, which yet feem to fill thofe of Pliny.
so Miron.] In the fame Place, viz- I. 6. c. io. where Vitrmlm has told what the Romm Xyfhtc was. he has explain’d the Andron in thefe Words j Inter b<ec autem ‘Perißyüa & Hofpititlia, itinera jant9 - r	•	qti<c
Cubkulo Hypocauftum perexigu-um, quod angufta Feneftra flip*-pofitum calorem, ut Ratio exigit, aUt effundit, aut retinet. Procre-ton inde & Cubiculum porrigitur in Solem, quem Orientem ftatim exceptum, ultra Meridiem, obli-quum quidem, fed tarnen fervat. In hanc ego Dixtam cum me re-cipio, abeffe mihi etiam ä Villa mea videor; magnamque ejus Vo-luptatem, prxcipue Saturnalibus capio, cum reliqua Pars Tefti Li-centia Dierum, Feftique Clamo-ribus perfonat: nam nec ipfe me-orum Lufibus, nec illi Studiis meis obftrepunt. Hxc Utilitas, hxc Amcenitas, deficitur Aqua falienti, fed Puteos ac potius Fontes habet, funt enim in fummo : & omnino Litoris illius mira Natura, quo-cunque Loco moveris Humum,
obvius
between. Clofc to tie Cubiculum is a fmall Hypocauftum, at which, by means of a very fmall Window, the Heat that lies under the Floor, is either retain d, or let out, at plea-fnre.. From thence a Procceton ami Cubiculum extend into the Sim, from which latter the Sun is enjoy d, Ctho obliquely J from almofi its Rife, till after Mid-day. When I retire to this Dixta, I fancy my fclf ab-fent from my Villa ; and take great Pleaftire in it, cfpecially in the time of the Saturnalia, when the other Parts of the Villa by the freedom allow'd at thofe times, refound with feflival Glamour: for here I neither hinder their Fsiverfions, nor they my Studies. Thcfe Gonveniencies, thefe Pleaftires, are attended with the want of falling Water, which yet find a fupply from natural Wells or rather Springs, for they lie near the Surface: thro the whole Coafi there is this wonderful Vitality, that wherefoever you ftir the Earth, you
readily
MefctuU diemtur, quod inter ducts Aulas media funt mtertolita mtlri astern ecu AvAm* it The AuU that this Andren, or Mage, lay between, 2L bee,?ZZZbZj71 2 Z with the Roman Cavadia and probably in time this Word Andren came to lignify a Wage between Garden.aC£S ^ “ C°ll“S’ 38 appearS by th‘S mentlWd ^ P/'V to fa« ri/Bmldinf from the
obvius & paratus Humor cccurrit; ifque fincerus, ac ne leviter qui-dem tanta Maris Vicinitate falfus-Suggemnt affatim Ligna proxim-x Sylvx : cxteras Copias Oftienfis Colonia miniftrat. Frugi quidem Homini fufficit etiam Vicus, quem una Villa difcernit; in hoc Balinea meritoria tria, magna Commoditas, fi forte Balineum domi, vel fubitus Adventus, vel brevior Mora cale-facere diffuadeat. Litus ornant Va-rietate gratiflima, nunc continua, nunc intermiffa Teda Villarum, qux prxftant multarum Urbium Faciem; five ipfo Mari, live ipfo Litore utare : quod nonnunquam longa Tranquillitas rnollit, fxpius frequens Sc contrarius Fluttus in-durat. Mare non fane preciofis Pifcibus abundat; Soleas tarnen & Squillas optimas fuggerit. Villa veto noftra etiam mediterraneas Copias prxftat, Lac in primis; nam illuc e Pafcuis Pecora conveniunt, fi quando Aquam, Umbramve feftantur. Juftifne de Caufis eum tibi videor incolere, inhabitare, di-
ligere
readily ami eafdy find Water, and that perfectly good, and not in the leaf: brackifio tl)o fo Hear the Sea. The neighbouring Woods afford Fu-*■ el in abundance : And other Conve-nieucies way he had from Oftia. To a frugal Man what a Village affords, that is only feparated from me by another Villa would be firfficicnt; in thisPlacearethree publickBaths, ■which is a great Coirccniency, if by my at any time unexpected Arrival, the Bath of my Honfe is tmprepard, or iny fijort Stay does not give opportunity for it. The Shore is a-dornd with a grateful Variety, by Profpects of Vi\h’s, fometimes feem-ingly join'd together, and at o-tleer times farther afunder ; which exceeds the Profpects of many Cities; whether you travel on the Sea or Shore: JVhich fometimes is /often d by a long Calm, but is more often harden’d by the coutendingWaves. The Sea indeed docs not abound in choice Fiflo ; yet it produces Soles and the beft Prawns. My Villa even exceeds in the Plenty of the inland Country, principally in Milk ; for thither the Cattle come from their Pafiure, when they feek Water and Shade. Judge you whether I have
ligere Seceffum ? quem tu, nimis urbanus es, nifi concupifcis: atque utinam concupifcas, ut tot tantif-que Dotibus Villulae noftrat maxima Commendatio ex tuo Contu-bernio accedat!
Vale.
not taufe to continue, and delight in this Retirement; which were yoit not too fond a Lover of the City you would your felf covet: And I wißt you did, that hy your Participation in the Pleafures of it a greater than any its other Commendations might he added to my little Villa!
Farewel.
REMARKS!
( 17 )
REMARKS
O N
LAUREN TINU M.
OST of thofe Roman Authors who have wrote on Agriculture, have not thought it foreign to their Subjed to take fome notice of Villas and their proper Situations; and from them it may be collected that the Antients efteem’d four Things effential to that of a good one, viz. good Roads for-themfelves and Carriages, or the Conveniency of a navigable River ; next, fertile Land to produce what was neceffary for the Support of Man and Beaft; wholfome Water; and, laftly, an healthy Air ; which laft-mention’d, as it immediately regarded the Life of the Inhabitant, was chiefly to be confidered : And tho’ they have left us no Rules by which we lhould form our Judgment, they all agree that the Air next to a marfhy Soil is remarkably bad, and to be carefully avoided. ■ Though it was impoflible by any Art to cure the bad Airs' of an ill-chofen Situation, yet Varro, 1. x. c. 5. de Re Ruftica, intimates, that the Skill of the Archited may in great meafure guard againft thofe that were but occafionally fo ; and tells us how feveral Cities in Greece were preferved by Hippocrates, during a Peftilence, and of great Cures done by himfelf in a parallel Cafe at Corcyra, by no other Knowledge than that of rightly difpofmg the Apertures of the Houfes. Vitruvius imputes the accidental Unhealthinefs of a Situation (fuppofing the Water always good, and the Building fo placed as not to be incommoded by Fogs) to proceed from the Sun or Wind, and
E	has
has fpent the greater Part of cap. 4, & 6. I. 1. in giving Rules to guard againft the Inconveniencies, and at the fame time receive the Benefits, of both, lib. 6. cap. 1. in which he treats wholly on Private Buildings. The fame Author fays that the Fronts of all Buildings fhould be placed conformable to their Climate, as thofe of cold Countries ( where there is feldom any Inconveniencies arifing from too much Heat) the principal Part fhould be turned to the South ; and in Buildings placed in a more Southern Latitude, where the Sun may have fometimes too great Power,_ the Front fhould be turn’d to the North : And in this Book too, cap. 9. he refers us to the fame Rules for fituating Villas, which in lib. 1. he has laid down concerning Cities. As to thofe Cities that were founded on an Inland Situation, if they had any principal Front, the Rules before-mention’d for different Situations in different Climates, was probably by him thought fufficient to direfl: the Architeft in the Plan of the City ; but left at the fame time it fhould be thought that Rule might hold good with relation to Cities plac’d on the Sea-Coaft, whofe principal Front commonly fac’d the Sea, he informs us, lib. 1. cap. 4. that thofe in the Latitude of Italy, which fronted either to the Weft or South, muft neceffarily be unhealthy, becaufe in Summer thofe to the South grow hot when the Sun rifes, and at Mid-day are fcorch’d with Heat, and thofe to the Weft at Sun-rifmg begin to be warm, at its full Meridian are intenfly hot, and- even at its Declenfion glow; fo that thofe fudden Changes from one Degree of Heat to another, injure the Health of the Inhabitants. Befides, fays he, it may be obferved, that the Bodies of Perfons enfeebled by Heat in the Summer, recover their Strength and Health in Winter; for which reafon he is entirely averfe to placing their Buildings with their Fronts oppo-fite to thofe Points from whence the hot Winds blow. The Advantage that arifes from proper Situations appears by what he fays afterwards, concerning Cities founded in Marfhes, which in the former Part of this Chapter he condemns as unhealthy, but here tells us that even thefe may be render’d healthy, by the Building’s being plac’d North, or North-Eaft of the Sea, provided the Marfhes lie fo much higher than
the
the Surfa.ce of the Sea, that Drains may be made for the Water to run off, and at fome times the Flux of the Sea may enter them, and deftroy thofe Animalcula that are engender’d by Heat in flagnated Waters, and being drawn in by the Breath together with the Air, were efteem’d the Caufe of many Diftempers. In this Chapter Vitruvius only fpeaks with relation to the Sun; but in the fixth of the fame Book he lets us know, that as many and great Inconveniencies may alfo happen from not difpofing the Plan of a City or Building fo as to avoid the ill effeds arifing from inclement Winds, which he direds us by all means to exclude the Streets of a City, and gives a remarkable Inftance of the Inconveniences that Mitylene labour’d under through the Founder’s Ignorance of this Rule, in which City, when the South Wind blew, it caufed Sicknefs by its great Heat. When Corns (which is a Point between N. N. W. and N. IF. by N. and is there a moift Wind) blew, the Inhabitants were troubled with Coughs, and when the North Wind blew, they recovered their former Health; but then it was fo cold, they could not bear Raying long in the Streets. And a little further he tells us, that the Ihutting out fuch Winds from a City not only preferved the Healths of found Perfons, but even cured thofe affeded with Diftempers arifing from other Caufes, which in other Places requir’d the help of Medicines. This Caution being therefore thought of fuch confe-quence, Vitruvius has fpent the remaining Part of this Chapter in lhew-ing the Method of placing a City fo, that no Opening Ihould be exad-ly oppofite to any of their twenty-four Points, or Winds. Columella and Palladitts, where they have had occafion to fpeak of the Situation and Difpofition of Villas, feem to have been beholding to this Author for moll they have wrote on that Subjed ; and fince it may from thence be conjedur’d that his Works gave Laws to the Roman Architeds, after him it may not be improper to take notice, how the Builder of the Villas of Pliny has obferv’d his Rules, where vary’d from them, and where proceeded upon Grounds for which we have the Authority of no extant Writer ; But it may not be amifs, firft, to obferve, that the Villa of Laurentimm, whofe Examen we fhall firft enter upon, was not a Man-
fion
20
REMARKS Ott
fion Houfe, round which Pliny had a large Eftate, and all manner of Convcniencies for Life upon his own Ground ; nor was it a Seat which he liv'd in at all Seafons, but where he fpent only thofe Hours he had at leifure from the Bufmefs of the City ; and as he himfelf tells us, lib. 9. cap. 40. he pafs’d forne time during Autumn and Winter; and whereas he alfo tells us, lib. 4. ep. 6. he polfefs’d nothing but the Houfe and Gardens, nor diverted himfelf otherwife than by fludying; for which reafon, lib. 1. ep. 9. he calls this Villa
This Seat is by Pliny deferib’d under three Heads, viz. Gratiam Villa, Opportunität cm Loci, & Littoris Spatium. The firft of which relates to the Difpofition of the Houfe and Gardens, and the other two to the Situation, which he here confidefs with regard to its Pleafure, as well as Conveniency. In fpeaking of the Conveniences of another Villa of the fame Nature with this, lib. 1. ep. 4. he reckons as good Qualifications, Vicinitatem Urbis, Opportunitatem Via, Mediocritatem Villa, Mo-dum Ri/ris: Nor will it be found upon examination, that thofe of this his own Villa are different from thefe. It would have been fuperfluous for him, in a Letter to Rome, to have fpoke any thing of the healthful Air of a Place in the Neighbourhood of Oflia ; but at the end of this Epiftlehe gives us an account of the Goodnefs of the Water of that Place, which, as well as the Air, equally contributed towards the Health of the Inhabitant 1 But as he has not thought fit to fpeak of moft of the Conveniences and Pleafures of the Situation till after he has deferib’d his Villa, we fhall in our Remarks follow the fame Method. The only Conveniency which he mentions before he comes to the Villa it felf, is the Road to it, which he firft confiders with refpeft to its convenient Diftance from Rome, which being, as he obferves, but feventeen Miles, after having finifh’d the Bufinefs of the Day in the City, he could very well arrive there before Night.
Utrinque excipit, &c.] The Inconveniency of this Road’s being heavy to Carriages little affeäed him, who could bring whatever he wanted
from
from Rome to his Villa, by Water; and being Tandy was no ill Quality in it, to a Perfon that only travelled it in Winter.
Varia Vine atque inil'e Facies, &c.] Befides the fore-tnention’d Advantages, the pleafant Views that were on each fide this Road might very properly be taken notice of, which made the Way lefs irkfome to the Traveller ; and what he fays afterwards about the Cattle may ferve to confirm what has been before obferv’d, that he only fpeaks of the Advantages that relate to the Winter.
Having deferib’d the Road; he at length, as it were, arrives at the Villa it felf, and immediately proceeds to give us the Difpofition of all its Parts, without firft taking any notice on what Ground the Villa was plac’d, and to what Point the Front was turned : But as thefe are material towards underftanding feveral Paffages in the Difpofition, as alfo to prove the Judgment of the Builder, we fhall not here pafs them over without endeavouring to fhew what they might probably be.
By the Account Pliny has given us, at the end of this Epiftle, of the. Ground on which thisVilla was plac’d,and in particular to its being fub-jefled toWater; though that Water was good, yet, as it was not running Water, it might probably be unwholfome in the Heats of Summer, like that of a marfhy Situation; for this reafon, according to the Direftions of Vitruvius in Cafes of the fame Nature, the Spot of Ground on which this Houfe was plac'd, muft have been North-Eaft of the Sea, and doubtlefs the other Cautions he has given about Drains were alfo obferv’d, fince the Ground lay higher than the Sea. As to what Point the Houfe fronted, (from feveral Paffages in the following Parts of this Epiftle, efpecially in fpeaking of the Triclinium next the Sea, to the Foundation of which he fays the Wind Africus, i. e. the South-Weft^ Forced the Waves, and as it plainly appears that this Dining-Room was the fartheft from the Front of the Houfe, and direflly oppofite to it)' we' might reafonably conclude that this Houfe fronted full North-Eaft, if
F	wo
we could fuppofe the Archited was unacquainted with the Inconvenient cies that muft attend a Building that fronted any principal Wind ; and fince the Wind Africus might as well have driven the Waters to the Door of the Triclinium, though plac’d betwixt that and another Point» it is not improbable, but that the principal Entrance in the Front of this Villa open’d betwixt Aquilo & Supernas, which not at all contradifls what he here fays of the Triclinium, and afterwards of the Cryptopor-ticns. By what has been obferv’d from Vitruvius, that a City or Villa feated on the Sea, fhould not have its principal Parts turned either Southward or JFefiward, it may be objeded, that the placing of this Villa is abfolutely contrary to Rule; but if it be again obferved that the In-conveniencies which he mentions to proceed from fuch a Situation, are only during the Heats of Summer, and that he feldom went to this Villa but in colder Seafons, this warm Situation was an Advantage to it; befides, by being fo placed, and the Front of the Houfe being almoft North-Eafl, this back Part (which was wholly allotted to the Mailer’s Ufe) was by thefe means fhelter’d from the colder Quarters, and though plac’d near the Water (fince none but warm Winds blew that way) did not at all fuffer by them.
Villa Ufibus capax, non fumptuofa Tutela7\ By this Beginning he feems to prepare us for the Defcription of an Houfe that contained nothing in it more than what was abfolutely neceffary, and not that of a magnificent Villa, like that of Lucullus, or others of his own Time ; a Place rather proper for Study, and to retire to with a few feled Friends than for State and Shew.
Cujus in prima.Parte Atrium, frugi, nee tarnen fordidum.] The Office of this Part being for Servants or Clients to wait in, could not properly be any where fo well placed as near the Entrance of the Houfe; and, by his Defcription of this Court, he feems to hint, as if it was cuftomary for them very much to adorn thofe Parts which lay immediately before the Houfe, Vhich would have been very improper in him to
have
have done, had he not refolved equally to adorn all the reft of the Villa, and wou’d have been contrary to the Decor requir’d in all Buildings, as Vitruvius tells us, til. i. cap. 2. in thefe Words: Ad confuetudineni antem Decor fic exprimitur, cum AEdificiis interiorilus magnified item Veftibula convcnientia & elegantia erimt fatta. Si cnim interiora Perfec-tus habuerint elegantes, Aditits autem humiles & inboneflos, non erimt cum Decore.
Delude Portions, &c.] In the City Houfes of the Romans, between the Atrium and the inner Court, there was ufually a Room call’d the Tabli-mim, mention’d by Vitruvius, til. 6. cap. 4. This Portions lay betwixt this Atrium and the Cavadium, though perhaps by being of another Form it is here call’d by another Name. The Reafon for his giving it this round Form, may be upon two Accounts : Firft, to give a greater Grace to its Projeftion, and to make the Fore-Part of it ferve for a more beautiful Vcflibulum totheHoufe, as it is afterwards call’d in this Epiftle; and in the next place, as being defign’d for a Shelter in tempeftuous Weather, it the better broke the Force of thofe Winds that blew on that fide, than if it had been more fquare. The Atrium before-men-tion’d being only an open Court, it was neceffary that thofe who waited there ftiou’d have fome Place of Shelter in bad Weather, which feems to have been the principal Caufe of making this Portions; and to render itftill die more fate againft ftormy Weather, it was fecur’d with Glafs-Windows, and fhelter’d by an extraordinary Projection of the Roof. The Provifion he had made for himfelf and Familiars, to walk in at all Seafons in the Cryptoporticus, may ferve to prove that this Place was notefteem’d for private Ufe; betides every body was neceffarily to pafs through it to the Cavadium. By the Charafter of fefliva, which he gives to the Area of this round Court, it feems as if the Pavement had been adorn’d, and that perhaps with Mofaick Work, and, in his Opinion, mafterlydone; fince he no where makes ufe of this Epithet, but to exprefs what he judg’d a Mafter-piece of Art or Nature, as appears by giving it to a fine Statue of an old Man, which he deferibes, lib. >. cp. 6. and in fpeaking of a beautiful Girl, lib. 5. ep. 16.	Efl
Eft contra, mciltas CavaJium bilärei} Vitruvimm lib. 6. cap. 8. fells us* that the Cavadiitm, and thofe Places which were to be palled through in the way to it, were common to all Perfons; and Pliny, in the Defcrip-tion of both his Villas, firft defcribes thefe publick Places before he takes notice of the more private, as being the firft Parts that offer’d them-felves to view7, and round, or adjoining to which, were commonly placed their Rooms for more private Ufe. The Epithet bilarc, which he here gives this Court, and afterwards to the Apddyterium of Tttfcum, might not improbably be Upon the Account of its Ornaments of Architecture or Sculpture.
Max Triclinium fatis pnlcbrnm, &c.j] Palling through the Atrium, Portions, and Cavadium, as through a magnificent Avenue, he leads us to this Dining-Room, which, being as it were the Head of the Houfe, he thought proper to take notice of before the leffer Members. The Defcription he gives of this Room, in a great meafure anfwers that of the Cyzican Triclinium, mention’d by Vitruvius,, lib. 6. cap. 6. and tho’ not turn’d, like that, to the Garden, yet its Folding-Doors and Windows afforded as beautiful natural Profpefts, which our Author feemed to prefer to thofe of Art. It may indeed be reafonably objefled, that as Laurentinum was a Winter Villa, this Room feems to have been too open, and expos’d to the Weather; and certainly it was fo : To remedy which Inconveniency, he had another more proper at fuch Seafons (as fhall be taken notice of in its Place:) At the fame time this feerits extremely well difpofed to enjoy all the calm, Sun-lhiny Days in Winter • for though there were fuch Openings, yet, as it flood almoft South-Weft, and was guarded from all other Winds but thofe that blew from Warm Quarters by the Jettings-out of fome Parts of the Villa, it muft have received all the Heat of the Sun, and have been very little incommoded by lharp Airs. Though it was their Cuftcm to adorn this principal Room in the moft coftly manner, with Paintings, Marble, &c. yet, as at the Beginning of this Defcription he feems to affeff a Ample rather
than
than a fumptuous Manner, he thought he Ihoud vary from the Be cor, if this Room fhou’d have been fo adorned, as to deferve a better Epithet than that of fatis pulclrttm, which he here gives it. This Room had alfo two Profpeds, one of the Water, and the other of the Land ; the former of which was three times repeated from fo many fides of the Triclinium, the latter, from the Door of the Triclinium, was feen through the Houfe, which was here a double Benefit to it; for thofe Parts of the Houfe it felf, which were feen, being the rnoft adorned, became Part, and added to the Beauty of the Profped, and lying 'North-ward of that Room, at the fame time kept off thofe cold Winds.
Hitjus d lava, &c J From the Triclinium, he proceeds next to give an account of what lay Eafl of it; and this, though not called fo, feems to have been the Mailer’s own Diata, which, as may be alfo obferved in Tufcum, is the firft Diata he deferibes. This Part of the Houfe confift-ed of four Rooms, three of which feem to have been Members of his own Appartment. •
Cubiculum eft amplum7\ It has been before obferved in the Notes upon this Epiftle, and endeavoured to be proved, that Culiculmn did not only fignify a Bed-Chamber, but was a common Appellation for all but the principal Rooms in the Houfe, fuch as thofe for bathing and eating; and it may be alfo obferved that, adjoining to every Triclinium, but one that he deferibes in both Villas, was a Citbiculum, as a Withdräwing-Room, either for the Guefts to flay in till the Tables were covered, or for the Servants that were neceflary to attend in during the Meal; for this Reafon, and that it might bear fome Proportion to the Triclinium this Room was of courfe to be large.
Bcimlc aliud minus, &c.] It is neceflary to takfe notice, that wherever our Author mentions the riling or the fetting Sun in either Villa,' if he is deferibing a Winter Room, he then fpeaks of the Sun as confidered in that Seafon, and vice verfa ; and as the Part he is now deferibing was
G	a	Win-'
a Winter Appartment, therefore the Windows he fpeaks of here did not look full Eaft and Weft, the Sun’s Riling during the Winter Sol-ffice in the Latitude this Villa flood, being fomething South of the Wind Cactus (or, to fpeak in the Saylors Term, S. E. by E. a little Eafterly, or about feventy Degrees South of the Eaft, and fetting about as many Degrees South of the Wft) the Polition of this Room will anfwer what he fays of it. The Difference he makes betwixt one of the Windows admitting the riling, and the other retaining the fetting Sun, though they both faw it equally, feems to be fpoken here in Commendation of a Winter Room, that could, when proper, have a view of the riling, and be warmed by retaining the fetting Sun, which it did by means of its Projedion, and the Angle it caufed, which is afterwards taken notice of. Befides the Benefit of the Sun, he obferves it had the fame Profped the Triclinium had of the Sea, and was lefs incommoded by it, becaufe it lay farther from it, and had another Room betwixt it and the Sea.
Hujits Gubiculi & Triclinii, &cj It is remarkable how, in this Place and feveral others, he takes all Opportunities to enjoy the Sun, both within Doors and abroad. Being obliged, upon feveral Accounts, to make Projedions in this Building, that he might not let flip any Conve-niency that offer’d, he here, upon the Shore, made his Domefticks ex-ercife themfelves to preferve their Health, for which Ufe this Place feems to have been particularly proper, being Tandy, as the Gymnafwm or Wreftling Place in the Grecian Palaftra always was, and alfo near the Sea, in which they con’d wafih when their Exercife was over ; arid being at the fame time warm, thofe who exercifed naked were the lefs incommoded by the Seafon. The Heat of this Place was occafioned, firft, by the Point it was turned to, and then encreafed by the Rays of the mid-day Sun’s being pent in between two Buildings, which made it alfo proper for his Servants to fit or walk in at their lcifure time during the Winter, fince they had no Fires but where abfolutely neceffary, as in the Kitchen and Baths, or in the Maftet’s Appartments. That this
was
was not a Place that either he or his Intimates warmed themfelves in, or walked in during Winter, appears by what he afterwards fays of the Xyflus and Cryptoporticus, where he made all Provifion for walking warmly in the coldeft Seafon. The only Inconveniency that feems to have attended this Hybernaculum (and which at the fame time may ferve to prove that it was fib dio, and not a Winter Appartment) is, that being expofed to the South, the Houfe afforded no Shelter from the Winds that blew from that wet Quarter, but that the Rain drove in upon them ; but then it had this Conveniency, that no other Winds were admitted but thofe that blew from that warm, though moift. Region.
Cubiculum in Jfpida, &c.] The Form given to the Wall of this Room, feems founded upon an Opinion that, as this Place was made with a Defign to receive the whole Benefit of the Sun, it could not.fo properly do it without being made like that Curve, which they had a Notion that Luminary made in furrounding the Earth, and which we are fince fatisfied that the Earth makes round that Body. This, as well as the Cubiculum laft-mentioned, feem to have been Day-Rooms belonging to this Appartment, and made proper to be enjoyed in different Seafons; the former of which feems the more proper for bad Weather, and this for calm Days when the Sun flione. This Room feems, in fome things, to refemble the Charaffer he afterwards gives of the Zotheca; but as it has not all the Qualities of that Room, he does not give it that Name, neither docs he call it a Bibliotheca, though, as he fays, it was made partly like one, with Places for Books in the Walls, perhaps not thinking it large enough, nor flock'd with Books proper to a Room fo called; neither does the Afpeff of this Room anfwcr what Vitruvius direäs, lib. 6. cap. 7. in fuch Cafes, and its looking South and TVefl muff ne-ceffarily have had the Inconveniency of a Library turned that way.
Dormitorium Membrum, Stef] There is no other Room in either Villa called by this Name, but that where the Mafter lodged for a conftancy:
Other
Other Bed-Chambers he does not at all diftinguilh, or call them Cubi-culaNoBis &Somni; and in lib. i. ep. 3. Cubiciila mBiirna. This Deeping Room is the only one that he choofes on the Eaft Side of the Houfe for his own proper Ufe, perhaps that it might have a Profpeff of the morning Sun, as Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 7. direfls Rooms of this fort fhou’d : Befides this Advantage, it had alfo what perhaps (as a Mailer of a Family) he thought a great one, that of being placed near his Servants, one of whom, viz. his Notarius, feems, by what he fays, lib. 9. ep. 36. to have been lodged near him; fo that there was no Occafion for a Procceton to this Diata. To remedy the Inconveniency that mull have attended this Room in Winter, by being placed in fuch a cold Corner, adjoining to it was what he calls Tranfitus, or a Palfage, by which means he heated it. The reafon why he had not an Hypocaufton under this Room, as underfome othei-s, may probably be, becaufe in thofe the Perfon that was in the Room cou’d bell judge whether the Heat was too ftrong or not, and accordingly let the Air or Heat come in as was requifite : But this being a Bed-Chamber, and for Sleep, it was eafy for a Servant that was without to let in whatever Heat might be required, which he cou’d be a good Judge of in this Palfage, and either moderate or en-creafe it at pleafure, without dillurbing the Perfon that was alleep. The Ufe of this Eormitorium being only for Sleep, there is no Notice taken either of the Sun, Air, or Profpeft.
ReliquaPars, &cf] The remaining Part of this Side containing nothing but neceffary Offices and Lodgings for his Servants, is what he next de-fcribes; though it was needlefs to tell how every Member of them was turned, fince there were Handing Rules, for the placing of each of which perhaps few were then ignorant.
Ex alio Latere, &c.j] Having faid all he thought proper on the Eafi Side of the Triclinium, he proceeds Weftwanl, which Side takes up al-moil all the remaining Part of the Defcription, and which wholly belonged to the Mailer’s Part, or what Palladius and others call the Prx-
torium.
torium, alluding to that Part of the Roman Camp divided from the common Soldiers, and fet afide for the Ufe of the General.
Ciibiciilum politiffmimi'.] As on the other fide of the Triclinium there was a Room he called Giibiciiliim amplum, fo on this there was another called Gubiculum politiffmum, and which, in the Plan, muft anfwer the other, and perhaps was for the fame Ufe, only with this Difference, that by its Charader of politiffmum it feems to have been better adorned, and for the Guefts only ; the other being for the Ufe of Servants, Comedians, Muficians, Sr. to wait in; befides its being thus convenient to the Triclinium, as it alfo flood next to the Ccenatio, it might be of the fame Ufes to that. The Epithet politiffnnum muft certainly be faid upon account of its Decorations; 'but as to what Nature they were of we muft remain in the dark: Nor does this Character at all deftroy the Decor required in this Villa; for there may doubtlefs be as much Politenefs flrewn in judicious, fimple Ornaments, as in the moft coftly and laboured Performances of Art.
Cubicuium grande, vcl modica Ccenatio, See.] In the Defcription of this Room there are two Things worthy notice, viz. its Size and Dif-pofition. It feems, by what he fays of it, that the Rooms were proportioned according to'their Ufe, fo that a moderate Room for Meals, was equal to one of the largeft Size defign’d for other Ufe ; the reafon of which muft have been to render them capacious enough for the Servants that waited at Table, for thofe that played on the Mufick, or read Lyricks or Comedies during that time, which was as cuftomary in thefe their leffer Eating-rooms, as it was to ad in their larger, either at, or after, their Repafts. In his Defcription of his Tufcan Villa, we find the Ccenatio quotidiana, or conftant private Eating-room, clofe to, or Part of, his own	but	in	this	it	cou’d	not	well have been fo,
without deftroying his two Day-rooms; for by Vitruvius s Diredions, lib. 6. cap. 7. the Winter Eating-room was to be turned fo as to have a Profped of the fetting Sun, which this Ccenatio had thoroughly, and
H	by
by his faying pltirimo Sole, &c. it appears that this was fo difpofed. BeJ Tides the Advantage of Warmth, it, at the fame time, received not only the Light of the Sun by direff Rays, but by Refieffion from the Water ; fo that (being a Winter Room,) fewer Windows ferved to enlighten it.
Pofl haitc Cubic alum, &c.] By joining a Procoeton to this and the following Ciibiciilum, it feems as if they were both Ctibicula noBuriia, thefe Procoetona being only for Servants to lie in; and as they were placed in the principal Part of the Houfe, and moft convenient for Winter, it is probable they were Chambers for Guefts that were only Vifitors for a fhort time, fince to thofe of his own Family he allows one whole Di-ata, which contained three or four Rooms. By Altitudine aftivum it appears, that the general Rule Vitruvius gives, lib. 6. cap. 3. concerning the Height of Rooms, was fometimes (when either Conveniency or Beauty required) not at all regarded ; but that they made a Difference in Height betwixt thofe for Winter and Summer, the more lofty being cooler than the other, and had not this been guarded from all Winds, as he tells us it was, we may fuppofe.this wou’d have had the Proportions anfwerable to a Winter Room ; but fince it was not fo incommoded, and was a principal Bed-Chamber, it muff have been more graceful by its Loftinefs, and therefore had its true Proportion, which was, that the Height was anfwerable to half the Side and End of the Room added together- We may collefl: from feveral Paffiiges in Vitruvius and Palladius, that the Antients adorned their Winter Rooms different from thofe of the Summer, that their Furniture might not be injured by the too frequent Smoak of Fires and Lamps. What he here fays about Munimcntis hylernum is afterwards explained by himfelf, and his Meaning is, that the Room was Iheltered from the . Winds though not enclofed on all Tides, as in a Court, and was only expofed to thofe gentle Breezes that blew from that Quarter which they called Etefia, to which thefe Windows were almoft direffly turned; and in the Defcription of the Situation of Tufcttm, he diftinguifhes between Venti and Aura.	Indc,
Inde, &c.] The Cuftom of bathing their Bodies all over in hotWater,which the Romans ufed but fparingly during the Time of the Commonwealth; in that of Pliny was become fo habitual, that they every Day praftifed it before they lay down to eat, for which reafon in the City the publick Baths were extremely numerous, in which Vitruvius, lib. y. cap. io. gives us to underftand there were for each Sex three Rooms for bathing, one of cold Water, one of warm, and the other ftill warmer, which are by Palladius, lib. i. tit. 40. called Celia pifcinales, and there were alfo Cells of three Degrees of Heat for fweating, befides which, beyond doubt, there was another Room, though not mentioned by Vitruvius, called the Jpodyterium, as well as the Hypocauflum and Propnigeon, to heat the Rooms and Water. By the Defcription the fame Author gives ol the publick Baths of the Grecians, lib. 5. cap. 11. we learn, they were made after another manner ; and to the fore-mentioned Members were added others for anointing and bodily Exercife, which, after Vitruviusi, Time, were imitated in the Therma of Rome, and by feveral Romans in their private Baths, of which, before particular Notice be taken, it may not be from the Purpofe to enquire into their Manner of ufng theirBaths, in which though they might in fome Circumftances differ, yet it is certain they all agreed in bathing the lall: thing they did before they entered the Triclinium; for which we cannot have better Authority than Pliny himfelf fpeaking of Spurimta, lib. 3. ep. 1. and afterwards of his Uncle Pliny, lib. 6. ep. 16. he fays, lotus accubat, &c. and in ep. 20. mox Ba-linmm, Cmia, Somiius. What preceded their wafhing was their Exercife in the Spharifterium, prior to which it was their Cuftom to anoint themfelves, as appears, lib. 9. ep. 36. where accounting for the Manner of fpending his Time in the Country, fpeaking of that Part of it which he paffed in the Baths, he fays, unguor, exerceor, lavor. As for the Sweating-rooms, though they were doubtlefs in all their Baths, we do not find them to have been ufed but upon extraordinary Occafions. Thefe Baths containing fo many Parts or Rooms for fo many feveral Ufes, muft neceffarily have taken up a large Part of the Houfe, which
always
always where it could be contrived, was oppotite to the Winter’s letting Sun, (as Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 7. direfls) for the Conveniency of Light and Heat at the fame time they were ufed.
Balinei Celia frigidaria, &c.] Though it is evident from Vitru-vius, that both the Romans and Grecians had fettled Forms for their' publick Baths, we may yet fuppofe every private Perfon followed his own particular Humour, in either adding, taking from, or altering the Difpofition of his own private Baths. In thofe two Pliny has deferibed it may be obferved, that the Architeä has rather followed the Grecian than Roman Manner, by adding feveral Members that Vitruvius does not mention in his Roman Baths, two of which are called by Greek Names, viz. the Apodyterium, which feems to anfwer the Ephcbcimr, and the Sphariflerium the Coryccum ; the Un&uarium, though a Roman Appellation, was probably the fame with that which the Grecians called Elothefium: As for the other Members, they feem to have been common to the Baths of both Nations: By what can be colleäed from Authors it appears, that thefe private Baths confifted of feven Parts, viz. the Apodyterium, Celia frigidaria, Pifcina or Celia pifcinalis, the Celia tepidaria and caldaria for fweating, the UnBuarium, and Spharifierium, befides the Hypocaufium and Propnigcon, fome of which Members ferved for two Ufes, and others were omitted, as may be feen in both thefe Baths ; for in this of Laurcntinum the Celia frigidaria ferved for the Apodyterium, and in Tufcum there is no,Room fet apart for the Pifcina, which is there placed in the Area of the Celia frigidaria. The Apodyterium, which was the firfi: Room of the Baths, where they un-dreffed themfelves, and to which they returned when they came from Exercife or Bathing, was, as has been before obferved, omitted in this Bath, perhaps upon account of a-Refolution Pliny feems to fet out with in the Beginning of this Defcription, that there lhou’d be nothing but what was abfolutely necelfary, which he might think this was not, when the Celia frigidaria could fupply the Place of the Apodyterium, as well' as that of the frtgida Eavatio, to which, in their publick Baths, they
alligned
ailigned two feveral Rooms; and though this Room of the third Degree of Heat was called Celia frig'tilaria, it was not from its being a colder Room than ordinary, but only fo in refpeft to others; for being near the Hypocaiiflon, and having fometimes the Pifcina of hot Water in the Area, it could not but have been warm in forne Degree, and the Cool-nefs it had mu ft have rather proceeded from its Size, and the Quantity of Air it admitted, than from any öftrer Caufe. The principal Ufe of this Room feerns, by its cold Bath and Air, to have been defigned to prepare the Bodies of thofe that had been in warmer Rooms, for their going into the open Air. The Reafon why he here calls it fpatiofa & effufa might only intend its feveral Ufes, befides containing the two Bap-tiflcria.
Adjacet UnHkuarium7\ The Celia frigularia of this Bath had feveral adjoining Members ; On one fide were the UnBuarium, Hypocauflu'm and Propnigeon; the firft of which was that in which, after they came from the Undreiling-room, they anointed themfelves before they entered the Spharifteriitm ; for which Reafon it was here placed betwixt thofe two Rooms: And it was alfo placed not far from the Hypocaiiflum, that when they entered it in the Way to the Sphariflerium, their Bodies, by the Heat, might be the better prepared to receive the Oyls; and fome' of the more delicate of them, after Walhing, made ufe of Perfumes.
Hypocaiiflon.j] It was never thought neceflhry, in any of their Baths, to have more than one Fire, which was lower than the Floor of the Rooms, and could therefore warm both them and the Water.
■ Propnigeon.~\ This Part, which Vitruvius, inhisDefcriptionof theRoman Baths, calls Prafurnium, as being that Room which was immediately next the Mouth of the Furnace, feems to have been fomething like, and defigned for the fame Ufe as the Tranfitüs next the Dormitorium in this Villa, viz. to receive and temper the Heat before it was adminiftered to the Sweating-rooms, fo that from thence they might receive what
I	Degree
Degree of Warmth they thought proper; though, at the fame time, the Fire that heated the Water was not at all abated.
Max dua Celia magis elegantes quavl fnmptuofa.Adjoining to the Propnigeon was the Celia caldaria, or hotteft Room in their private Baths, and next that was the Celia tepidarla, or Room of a lefs Degree of Heat. It is likely that all thofe Sorts of Cells were (for the fame Reafon Vitruvius direds in the Laconicum, viz. to let in Air at plea-fure) enlightened from the Roof, except when Buildings were placed over them, as Falladitts tells us Winter Appartments fometimes were. From the fame Author, lib. i. tit. 40. two things may be learnt concerning thefe Cells, viz. their Proportion, which, he fays, were in Length one Third more than in Breadth; and alfo how thofe Cells were fufpended in order to receive the Heat, which Paffage has been fufficiently difcuffed in the Note on fufpenfus & tabulatus. It appears by what Seneca and other Authors tell us, that they were extremely pro-fufe in the Ornaments of their Baths, and it feems as if they were particularly fo in thefe Cells ; for though he has paffed over feveral other Parts without taking any notice of their Ornaments, thefe, he obferves, were elegantly adorned; and we may at the fame time take notice, that no Cuftom cou’d make him vary from the Rule of Simplicity he at firft laid down, and that he avoided all fumptuous Ornaments.
Coharet callida Pifcina, mirifice ex qua, &c.] Tho’ they adorned the Walls, Ceilings and Floors of the other Parts of their Baths, it was on the Pifcina they bellowed the mod Art, and in which they feemed to take 1110ft Delight. In the Celia frigidaria of their private Baths they had feveral Veffels to wafh in, which, either from their Shapes or Offices, were called by different Names, as, particularly, the Labrmn, from its Margin refemblinga Man’s Lip ; the Peluis, a Veffel to wafh Feet in, and the Bqptiflerium, in which they dipped the whole Body; and this laft was fometimes large enough to fwirn in, as thofe in both his Villas were: But when they had a mind to fwim at large in warmer Water,
they
they entered the Pifcina, a Bafon fo called, as its Size bore fome Re-* femblance of a Pond. Some of thefe in their publick Baths (according to all accounts) were fo very large, that it has been a Doubt how they could be well heated ; nor does it appear how it could be done by the Method Vitruvius direäs, I. 5. t. 10. where he tells us, theWaywasby placing three brazen Veffels over the Hypocaufton, one for hot, another for warm, and the other fdr cold Water ; fo that as the Water fan out of the hot Veffel it was fupplied by theVeffel containingthe Warm, and that by the Water from the cold Veffel: . For which Reafon, if there was a continual Call for hot Water, unlefs the Veffels and Fire were extremely large, the cold Water that came in muft Cool the Water in the hot Veffels fafter than the Fire could heat it, and confequently without waiting fome time for hot Water the Baths muff have been chilled ; of which InConveniency he was not ignorant, as appears by what he fays immediately after: Tefludinefqite Jlveorum ex communi Hypocartfi cale-facientur, by which he means the Arches under the Bafon, which Arches receiving the Fire of the Hypocauflon, the Water that was in the Bafon might be the longer kept wann; but ftill, notwithftanding all thefe Precautions, they could not always have a Supply of warm Water. In the following Draught may be feen the Method Vitruvius fpeaks of for heating their Baths.
To make good the fore-mentioned Defed, when the Therm a were built, which may be faid to contain in them Lakes of warm Water» they were obliged to make ufe of other Means to warm the Water, as may appear from what Sene'ca lays, Nat. %iajI. lih. 3. cap. 24. Facere folemus Draconcs & Miliaria & compliircs Formas, in quihus AELre tenui Fiftulas ftruimns, per declive circmndatas, nt Jape eundem Ignem ambieus Aqua per tantuin fliiat Spatii, quantum efilciemlo Calori fat eft. Frigida itaque intrat, effluit calida. By this Paffage it is evident, that the Water acquired its Heat by palling through the Fire in a brafs Pipe, and mull have been ltiore or lefs hot, according to the Length of its Pro-grefs. It feems, by what Seneca fays, that fometimes they made only a winding Pipe, without any other additional VelTel; which Pipe, from its Serpentine Form, was called Draco But it was thought the better Way, to receive the cold Water in a large Boiler before it entered the winding Pipes. Thefe Veffels were probably of feveral Forms, and the Pipes were differently difpofed; but that which feems to have been the VelTel generally approved of was the Miliarium, of ’whichPalladius, lih. r. tit. 40. gives us the following Defcription : Miliarium vero plumhciun, cui AErca patina fuheft, inter foliorum fpatia foriufecus ftatueinus fornacc ftthjeäa, ad quod Miliarium fiftula frigidaria dirigatur, & ah hoc ad folium fimilis magiiitmliiiis fiftula procedat, qiiatautum calida ducat interim, quantum fiftula itli frigidi liquoris iutulerit. From this and the foregoing Paffage of Seneca it may be colleded, that the Miliarium was a Leaden VelTel of a large Circumference, the middle Part of which was open for the winding Pipe and for the Draught of the Fire to pafs through. This VelTel of Water that furrounded the Fiame or Draught of the Fire, was alfo placed upon Part of the fame Fire, and for that Reafon was obliged to have the Bottom of it of Brafs, as were alfo the Pipes.
The Form of this Engine, and other principal Parts belonging to their Baths, will be beft underftood by confulting the following Drawing.
The
The Pifcina of uncommon Size probably had round them more than one of thefe Veffels; but thofe of a moderate Size might, without much Expence of Fire, have been fufficiently fupplied from one, as from a Fountain of hot Water; fo that there could be no Occafion to keep a Fire under the Bath, and they could have raifed the Pifcina from the Ground as high as the Top of the Miliariiim, and the better make their Balinea Penfiles as large as thofe on the Ground. The principal Plea-fure propofed by thofe airy Baths was that of a Profpea while -they were fwimming, of which Seneca, ep. 86. fpeaks thus: Blattaria vo~ cant Balnea, fi qua non ita aptata fitnt, ut totius Diet S)lem Fenefiris mnpVffums recipiant, nifi & hvantur fmttil & colorantur, nifi ex Solio Agros & Maria profpiciunt. Pliny too, in the Epiftle before us, mentions’ the Profped as the chief Commendation of the Pifcina of this Villa, which he could not have enjoyed had it been upon the fame Floor with the Cells; and it might be for the Reafon of its being raifed fo much higher than the Ground, that he ufes the Word mirifice. PaUadius, lib. i. tit. 40. fays, the Lights of Summer Baths fliould be
K -	oppofite
—
oppofite to the North, and thofe of Winter to the South, betwixt which Point and the Weft thofe of this Pifchia (that had a Profped of the Sea) were turned.
Nec procul Spharifterhmt, &c.] Having treated of thofe Parts of the Baths that were for anointing, fweating and bathing, he now comes to fpeak of that defigned for Exereife, which, though not really a Member., of the Bath’s, was commonly joined to it, fince after the Exereife they* there ufed, they immediately entered the Pifchia, to wallt off the Oils, Sweat and Duft contrafled by the Violence of it; for which Reafon this Room and the Pifchia were commonly annexed to one another As this Room was generally in life towards the Clofe of the Day in Winter, and as they commonly exercifed naked, it was not improper to turn its Openings to the Sun at that Time.
Mine Turris erigitur, &c.(j Hitherto the whole Defcription, except that of the Pifchia, has been in piano pede, .and probably for no other Reafon, than that by their being Winter Rooms they were therefore lefs expofed to the Wind : But as this Manner of Building, in fuch a flat Situation, would not admit from any Rooms (except thofe clofe to the Sea) a large Profpefl, which was reckoned one of the greateft Plea-fures of their Villas, it was requifite to raife fome Parts of the Houfe higher than the reft, nor could any be thought more proper than thofe in the Front, upon two Accounts; firft, as by their Height they fheltered all the lower and back Part from the bad Weather, and at the fame time added a grace to the Front, which would have been wanting to a Building that had confifted but of one Story. It may be obferved, that in this whole Defcription Pliny has taken fuch a Method, that he has not been obliged to pafs through one Room twice, and, in order to perfevere in it to the end, takes notice of this Turris that lay fartheft from the Gardens, referring the other till he is juft entering the Geftatio,
Sul
Sub qua Di at & dua, tot idem in ipfai] The Rooms hitherto mentioned by Pliny have been only thofe belonging to his own Appartment, befides two principal Bed-chambers, and other Rooms that were in common to all that lodged on the Mafter’s fide of the Houfe ; but as thefe might not be fufficient for his Family, in this Turris he made four Diata, which, by their Difpofition, feem to have been more proper for Summer than Winter, unlefs fecured from Cold by Fires, and making the Rooms proper for that Seafon: But it mull be again obferved, that though this was a Winter Villa, yet that he had taken care to enjoy the Pleafures of the Summer even here, appears by what he fays of the Cryptoport icns.
Praterea Ccenatio, &c.] This Room, ’tis evident by its Profpefls, had its Windows turned the feme way with the Ccenatio before-mentioned, and muft have been, like that, a Winter Dining-room: For though placed aloft, we do not find it had a view of the Woods and Mountains that lay Nortb-Eafl of the Houfe; forne other Rooms of the Diata being probably on that fide. The Reafon of its being placed in the higheft Part of the Houfe muft have been purely for the fake of Pro-fped ; and we may particularly obferve, that there is no Room in eidrer Villa of whofe Views he takes fo much notice as of thofe for Meals; in all which he either defcribes the natural diftant ones, or elfe the Works of Al t that lay nearer. And hence we may perceive they endeavoured, while they were pleating their Palates, to indulge their Senfe of Seeing, as their Ears were pleafed with the Mufick which at the fame time played. The Profpefls mentioned from the Triclinium, were only that before the Houfe, and that of the Sea behind it, the Jettings-out of the Buildings and its low Pofition obftruding the View of thofe which are mentioned here: But this Room, being fo placed as to over-look the Carden and greater Part of the Houfe, could on both fides command a large Profped of the Coaft and thofe Villas with which it was then well flocked ; and alfo a much more extenfive Profped of the Sea.
Eft & alia Turrisd] Either to preferve the Uniformity of the Buildings, or that the other Turris could not contain all thofe Rooms he thought proper to be placed on high, muff have been the Reafon this laft was erefled : And if this was of the fame Size with the former, it muft have had in it more Rooms than are here mentioned but as four ; three of which were in the Turris, or higheft Floor, and only one below under one of them.
Ciibiculum, in quo Sol nafcitur coniliturqiic.3 The firft he mentions in the upper Story, was a Room that feems, like the Ccenatio, to be chiefly regarded for its ProfpeQ; and the Pofition anfwers, in all refpefts, that Day-chamber of which he fays, Altera Fencftra admittit Orientem, &c. The Pceafon for altering his Phrafe in fpeaking of this Room, might proceed from its being placed fo much higher than the other: For tho’ that admitted the rifing Sun, yet it was here fooner feen, and at its firft Appearance above the Water ; which he poetically calls its Birth, and carries on the fame Metaphor in defcribing its Difappearance in the Sea.
In fpeaking of the Triclinium, and the laft Ccenatio, he has enumerated the beautiful Profpeäs that, at all Times of the Day, could be feen from thofe two Rooms; but here he takes notice of one that fur-paffed them all: And it was indeed a Angular Advantage to the Profpeift of this Room, which looking only on a large Body of Water, there was fomething wanting to terminate the View, the Eye being never pleafed with one that is unbounded ; nor could it poffibly have one more glorious than the rifing and fetting Sun, the moft beautiful Profpefls in Nature, at which Time only, or when the Moon, Ships, or diftant Land are feen, the Profpefl of the Sea can be truly faid to be agreeable. It is certain, this Room had other Profpefls befides thefe ; but being of an inferior Kind, and mentioned in other Places, they are here omitted.
Lata
Lata pofl Apothcca G Horrcu>n.~] What was the Üfe öf thefe Rooms has been explained in the Notes on this Epiftle, and the former might be a Store-Room, in which they kept fuch things as they would preferve from the Damp, fince it could receive all its Air from the Eafl, and fliut out the South and Weft, which Vitrmiius, lib. 6. cap. 7. calls moift Winds. The Horreum, which was perhaps the fame with the Pinaco-theca, was not only obliged to be turned from moift Quarters, but to have its Windows open to the North, that the Piftures and Works of Art, with which it was filled, might have a fteady true Light.
Sub hoc Triclinium, &c.] The former Triclinium was placed in fuch a manner, that in many Days it muft have been inconvenient in a Winter Villa fituated like this : In order therefore to guard againft thefe Inconveniences, and that there might never be wanting a Room at all Seafons proper for the Reception of his Guefts, was this he now mentions contrived, from which, by its Pofition, could but juft, and that not unpleafantly, be heard the Roaring of the Sea, much lefs could it be incommoded by the Waves. As the placing of it thus muft have taken from it all Profpefts of the natural Face of the Country, it was therefore fo turned as to have a View of the Garden, where Art was the chief Beauty; in order to which it look’d Weftwartl, as Winter Dining-rooms were direfted to. do.
Geftatio Eitxo, aut Pore marino, &c.] In this Winter Villa it was thought needlefs to have large Pleafure-Gardens; for w hich reafon here were only thofe Places proper for Exercife, and common to all Villas, viz. the Geftatio, the Xyftus, and another Walk, to which, being covered over at the top, he does not give the Name of Ambulatio. Thefe, with the Area the Geftatio fttrrounded, were all the Parts of which this Garden confifted.
The Geftatio was a principal Member near all their Villas, as appears from the mention he makes of four Gardens in feveral Epiftles, in each
L	of
of which was one of thofe Places of Exercife. What Sort of Place this was, and its Office, has been already fpoken of in the Notes ; and here it may not be improperly remarked, that it feems to have been their Cuftom to furround them with Box-hedges, wherever they yculd grow, as both this and that of Tufcum were; that they might in all Seafons have green Boundaries to their Ridings, and a Profpeft over thofe Hedges as they rode along, which both in Winter and Summer might have been enjoy’d, without being incommoded with Cold or Heat; for the Vchkulum they were carried in was not open at the Top, like the Curnis, and could be fliut clofe on all fides, as appears, lib. 7. cp. 21. Tc3o Vehiculo undiquc inclnfus.
Vinca tenerd & umbrofa, &cf] While they were in the Geftatio they fometimes left the Vebiculum, and walked, and for that reafon this Walk might be joined to it; which, by the Defcription of it, feems to have been like the covered Walk in one of the Pi&ures in Nafos Monument, and by its Charafler of teuer a &umbrofa,we may fuppofe it more defign’d for Summer or Autumn than Winter, when Shade was not wanted. In an Account of the daily Exercifes of Spurinna, mention’d, I. ^.ep. 1. amongft others, it was his Cuftom to walk naked when there was not too muchWind; and it is poflible Pliny might have been fo much pleafed with the other’s Method, as to have imitated him in it; for which reafon the Softnefs of this Walk to naked Feet is here mentioned, which probably was occa-fioned by being covered with Sand, or fet with the Acanthus he mentions in Tufcum.
Hortum Morus & Ficus, Sec.] That Piece of Ground which was bounded by the Geflatio, and which he here calls the Garden, he thinks worthy of no other notice, than that it was planted with Fig and Mulberry-Trees, the Fruits of which, as well as of the Vines, were not ripe till his Time of coming to this Villa (in Autumn,) which, as well as the Nature of the Soil, might be one Reafon for only planting thefe Trees. Though this feems to have been the fame with our Fruit Gardens,
ntinum.	43
dens, yet was it here his principal Pleafure-Garden; and by diftin-guifhing that which he mentions afterwards by the Charader of rufiicus, ve may think this was laid out after a better Form, to yield a more agreeable View to thofe Rooms which had the Profpeft of it.
Within this Garden was a large Building, which, by fome Paflages, we mayfuppofe to have been joined to the main Houfe,and by other as convincing Reafons feems to have been at fome fmall Diftance from it; but be that as it will, it makes no material Alteration in the Difpofition or Ufe of thofe Members it contained.
Hac non ileteriore, &cf] This Piece was on the Ground-Floor, and contained five Parts, viz. a Ccenatio, two Diata, a Cryptoporticns, and another Diata, or principal Appartment; the firft of which, as well as the two Diata, being to be paffed in the Way to the Cryptopor-ticus, he therefore takes notice of, before that principal Part. At fome particular times he tells us he returned from his main Houfe to this in the Garden, anddoubtlefs carried feveral of his Family with him, for whofe Ufe thefe two firft Appartments were defigned, and the Ccenatio, as the common Eating-room for all thofe that retired with him: This he mentions as diftant from the Sea, in comparifon of the firft-mentioned Ccenatio. It is very difficult to determine what the Profpeft he fays was enjoyed by this Room might be, though poflibly it was that of the Garden and the Seas beyond it. If we may fuppofe it to have been an Eating-room for Summer as well as Winter, we may imagine its Windows had a North Profped of the Woods and Mountains. By the Profpeds from the Windows of the Diata, and by the Difpofition of the Cryptopor-ticus, it appears that they lay South-Eaft of the Ccenatio, though, as Winter Rooms, the Windows might have looked to other Points Their Profpeds were different from any yet mentioned, as if he affeded to have different Views from every Appartment; or if any were repeated, it fhould be with fome Alteration, fo as to make, them appear ftill new. Thofe from thefe Rooms feem to have been of the meaneft
fort.
44	REKA R K S Oil
fort, confifting chiefly of the Kitchen-Garden and the Front or the Villi it felf, of which this Vefiibuhnn was the chief Part, and placed in the Middle. The Atrium, which mu ft have been feen at the fame time with the Veftiluhivi, being only a bare Area, was not fo well worthy Obfervation as the Profpeü of that which lay beyond it, and was joined to the Offices that were on the Soutb-W?fl fide of the Houfe.
Kmc Cryptoport tats, &c.] The Room he is now about to defcribe, and which was the greater Part of this Building, feems to have been an Invention fince Vitruvius, who makes mention of no fuch Part in his Account of the jfiW/«Houfes, tho’ by the following Defcription of it, and theUfes, it appears to have beenvery necelfary in aCountry Houfe, where the Perfon inhabiting went through fuch a daily Courfe of Exercife as our Author did. The Form of it, or in what manner it was built, does not appear by his Account: But without doubt it was a long Room, and there was one manner common to all of them, which, as its Name implies, was that of a Porticus, enclosd by a Wall on all fides, differing no otherwife from our prefent Galleries, than that they had Pillars in them. This Room Pliny has here confidered under three Heads: Firft, its Size, fecondly, its Contrivance to admit or exclude the Wind and Light at pleafure ; and, laftly, with refpeft to the Heat of the Sun both in Winter and Summer. In this Place he feems to follow the Rule of Con-veniency rather than that of proportioning Rooms to the main Building, as appears by the Charafter he gives to this of its being equal in Size to publick Buildings, and to which no other Rooms in or about this Villa bore any Equality. The Reafon of this extraordinary Grandeur mull: have been in confideration of the Ufe for which it was defigned, which was that of Walking : Befides, as this appears to have been a Room in which he propofed to enjoy the Pleafures of Summer as well as Winter, it muft at that Seafon, by its Capacioufnefs, have been cooler, and the Sun, by means of the Breadth of the Room, always avoided ; at the fame time one Side of it was fhady though all the Windows were'open, and the Air had a thorough Palfage, as the Profpett of the Room it
felf
felf was more agreeable to thofe that walked in it. The Method taken in this Room to receive the Benefit, and avoid the Inconveniences, of the Wind at all times, was nothing more than two Ranges of-Windows on each fide ; and though this Room had Conveniences for Summer, yet, as if he was defirous to have more for Winter, thofe that were on the South-Weft fide were large, and two Ranges compleat, and thofe on the North-Eaft were lefs, with the upper Range not equal in Number to thofe of the lower. The principal Convenience of thofe Windows on both fides, he tells us himfelf, was, that as Occa-fion required, thofe Winds that were agreeable might be admitted, and the others excluded. Befides the Advantage of Air in Tib. I. ep. 21. he alfo tells us a particular one that thefe two Ranges of Windows were of to him who was afflided with bad Eyes : His Words are. Cryptoporticus quoque adopcrtis inferioribiis Feneflris tantum Umbra quantum Luminis habet.
Ante Cryptoporticus Xyftus, &c.] Hitherto he has only mentioned the Advantages this Room had within it felf; but here he comes to con-fider of what Benefit it was to whatever lay neareft it (as did the Xyftus on the South-Weft) in the fame manner as when he is fpeaking of that of Titfcmn, lib. 9. cp. 36. he fays, as the Weather direded he either walked in that or the Cryptoporticus about the fourth or fifth Hour of the Day, at which time the Sun fhining diredly on that fide of the Cryptoporticus, its Heat was encreafed in the Xyftus by the Oppofition it met from the Cryptoporticus, which, on that Account made it more agreeable during the Winter, and was equally advantageous to it during the fame Seafon, by keeping off the North-Eaft Winds, and op-pofing a thorough Paffage of the South-Weft.
Hac Jucunditas ejus Hyeme, major XEftate, &c.(j This Pleafure proceeded rather from the Seafon, than the Difpofition of the Cryptoporticus-, for it could not have been better placed to have made the Xyftus more agreeable in Winter than it really was, and the Shade and Cool-
M	nefs
nefs on the North-Eafl fide was only proper for Summer. Befides the Xyftus, which was an open Walk both for Winter and Summer, it has been before obferved, that there was clofe to the Gcftatio another, which was covered with Vines, and feems to have been defigned for walking in Summer: This being joined to the Gcftatio is what he here calls the neareft Part of it, by the help of which, with the Xyftus and Crypt opor-ticus, he had fufficiently provided that no Seafon fhould interrupt his Exercife, fince he could always walk in the Shade, and be cool during the greateft Heats of Summer: For in the Morning before the Sun Phone on the South-Weft Side of the Cryptoporticus, the Xyftus was fhaded; when the Sun was advanced fo fir Southward is to fliine direäly on its Roof, fo that the Building caft no Shade, the Room it felf was fhaded by its Roof; and the Windows being open at the fame time, had a thorough Air from the Sea and the Winds that then blew; and when the Sun was got fo far Weftward as to fliine into the Cryptoporticus, and make it warm, then that Building call a Shade on its North-Eafi Side, and the Garden and neareft Part of the Gcftatio became pleafant to walk in.
In Capite Xyfti, &c.] At one End of the Cryptoporticus were two Ap-partments, of which Notice has been already taken, and at the other lay his Garden Diata, in which, he fays, he greatly delighted, and for that reafon gave it the Name of his Delight or Loves: And it appears by feveral Authors, to have been a thing cuftomary in thofe Times, to give proper Names to any principal Room or Appartment. This Diata feems to have been for his own proper Ufe, when he retired from the Manfion Houfe, which was chiefly during the Saturnalia in Winter ; but that it might be alfo pleafant in Summer as well as the Cryptoporticus, Care was taken to adapt it to that Seafon as well as to Study, for which reafon this Diata contained five Rooms, which was a greater Number than natal, as appears by Pome Parts ox his Defcription. He begins his Account of this Diata with his two Day-chambers, the Helioeaminus and Zotheca; the former of which, by its Pofition, feems wholly defigned
for
for Winter, and the other, upon all Accounts, moft proper for Summer ; and doubtlefs, though not mentioned by him, both were Parts of their private Houfes in the Time of Vitruvius. The HcTiocmnhius was extremely well guarded by the Cryptoporticus from all cold Winds, and as advantageoully placed to receive the Heat of the Sun, which (as has been before obferved in the Gymnafittm) was encreafed by the Angle made by the Cryptoport'icus and this Room, the Windows of which he does not fo much take notice of on the Account of the Profpeft, as of the Sun ; for though the Xyflus was adorned with Flowers in the Summer, it could not have been a very beautiful Profpeft in the Winter, and what he fays about the Doors and Windows having a View of the Gryp-toporticus and Cubicitlum, feems only with a dügn to fhew the Pofition of this Room ; nor was this their only Care, fince there was a particular Manner of paving thefe Rooms, which Palla Jins fpeaks of, lib. 6. tit. n. And probably this Room, for the Reafon he gives, was fo paved. The Zotheca, or Summer or Autumn Day-chamber (in which Seafon, lib. g. cp. 3 6. he fays he refrelhed himfelf with Day Sleep, and which, cp. 40. he tells us he never did in Winter) by its Pofition was fheltered from , the Sun by the Hcliocaminus, till the Hour of Sleep was over, and the Sun was paffed more TVeflward-, before which Time, by reafon of the Openings on all Sides of this Room, it muft have been very cool by Breezes from the Sea, and by the Aperture on one fide to the North-Eaft. The Account of-the Furniture of this Room, though it fliews its Ufe, feems introduced for no other reafon than to denote its Size: For fpeaking of the Zothccula of Tufcum, he mentions lefs Furniture than in this larger Zotheca. From this Room (having Windows on three fides, and Jettings-out TVeflward beyond any other Building near this Part) there was an Opportunity, though on the Ground-floor, of feeing three ProfpeQs, which he eftecmed the moft agreeable about his Houfe, viz. the North-Eafl Profpeft of the Woods (which he alfo fays could be feen from the principal Triclinium') that of the Sea which lay to the South-Wed, and, laftly, that of the neighbouring Villas, with which that Shore was covered. The Account he gives of feeing thefe
Profpefts
Profpeds d pedibus, &c. muft be fpoken with relation to the Pofition 0? the Bed, which could not have been any where fo commodioufly placed in fuch a fmall Room with Windows on all Tides, as in the Middle, by which means it had the Benefit of more Air, and it mu ft have been from the Middle of the Room that he could fee all the fore-mentioned Profpefls feparate and diftind, which, upon a nearer Approach to any ^Window, muft have appeared intermingled.
Juncli/m eft Ciibiculum NoSis & Somni, &c.] From the Defcription of the Day-chambers he proceeds to that which he diftinguilhes from them by telling us its Office. This was the Room into which the Folding-doors of the Heliocamimts opened, and its principal Qualifications were, that it was free from Noife and Light; and the Method he employed to accomplifli thefe Ends he himfelf accounts for. The Noifes he feems fo careful to avoid, were thofe common to all Villas feared near the Sea, as well as that of the young Slaves, w'ho, at the time this D/W^wasmoft in ufe,had the Liberty of doing almoftwhat they pleafed.
4	Fie was fo far from fuftering the Glare of Lightning to enter the Room, thathe took care to have it in his Power to keep out even die Light of the Day, as long as he thought proper, for'the Reafons he gives, lib. 9. ep. 36. clditfa Feneftrix manent; mireenim $ilentio & Tencbris Animus alitur.
Applicitum eft Cubici/lo Hypocauftmn, ,&c.] Though Noife and Light were excluded this Room, it had ftill wanted one great Conveniency if there had not been an Hypocauftimi to heat it in Winter Nights; and it may be obferved, that in no other Room of this Winter Villa he mentions any Care taken for that purpofe, except in his two Night-Chambers, as if he rather chofe to warm himfelf by Exercife, or retiring to thofe Rooms that were warm by their Pofition, as moft of his for the Day were, than by the Heat of a Fire, which was only ufed to give a moderate Warmth to his Bed-chamber in cold Nights ; and by the Account he gives of this Hypocauftmn, it feems very much to referable that of the other Dormitorium. The Methods taken to prevent
the
the Noife and Light, muft have been an Advantage to this Room in Summer, by keeping off the Sun all the Day, and making it alfo a-proper Bed-chamber for that Scafon.
ProcoetonS\ It appears by what he fays, lib. 9. cp. 36. that it was his Cuftom every Morning to have his Notarius attend to write down what he fhould didate, and not improbably this Room was his Bed-chamber, as it wasjoined to that of the Mailer, and by its Defcription feems that of a Servant. Neither in this Place, or in any other Part of this Villa, where he mentions fuch Rooms, does he take notice of any Benefit they had either of Sun, Air, or Profped; and we may therefore conclude this Room, as well as the Night-chamber, looked into the Andrem.
Cubicitlum porrigitur in Solan, &c.] This Cuhtculum, by its Defcription, feems to have been a Room for Books and Study, one of which he had alfo in his Diata in the main Houfe; though this, by its Defcription, was placed much more commodious for that Ufe, and, according to the Rules laid down by Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 7. was fheltered from the South and Wefl Winds by other Buildings, and turned fo as to have the Benefit of the Morning Sun. The Reafon of their thus difpofing their Libraries, Vitruvius in the fame Chapter tells us, was becaufe the Morning was the Time in which thofe Rooms were moftly ufed; and their being opened to the Eaft preferved the Books from the Mold and Rottennefs that a South or Weft Difpofition would have caufed.
Hac Amcenitas, &c.] With the Bibliotheca ends the Defcription of what he calls Gratiam Villa-, and here he enters upon the Situation, which he confiders under two Heads, viz. Opportunitatem Loci, & Li-toris Spatium-, the latter of which only regards the Pleafure of the Place, but under the other is confidered every Article necelfary to be obferved in all Situations, viz. Health, Air, Provifions, Roads, and good Water: As to the Air of this Place, as has been before obferved,
N	it
it was needlefs here to fpeak of it, and the Roads from Rome he häs fufficiently fpoke of at the Beginning of his Epiftle; and as he was feated clofe to the Sea, and not far from Oflia, there was no Occalion to take notice of the Conveniency of water Carriage : There remained then'only to account for what we may call the Goodnefs of the Water and Provifions: In his Obfervations on the firft of which he is more particular, becaufe, in whatever Degree that Element was good or bad, it was Matter of Confequence to the Health as well as Conveniency of the Inhabitant; and he therefore here takes notice of what feldom happens in Ground clofe to, and almoft upon a level with, the Sea, that the Water was not any ways brackifh. The only Inconveniency of this Water was, that, lying fo low, it could not, without Labour or Engines, be brought to ferve the Bath, and all other Offices of the Houfe ; for he could not mean it as a Defeä in this Winter Villa, to have wanted Fountains, more efpecially as it lay near the Sea, which was fo vifible from all its Parts, that even in Summer it would rather have been a Pleafure to have been free from the Sight of fuch a Profufion of Wa'ter in the retired Parts of the Garden, if there were any, for thofc that are deferibed feem to have been all within Sight of the Sea.
It is neceflary, in this Place, to obferve what Pliny fays concerning this Villa, lib. 4. ep. 6. Nihil qit'nlcm Hi pojfuleo prater TcBum & Hor-tum, ftaiimque Arenas ; fince upon this Account it is that he here takes no notice of the Fruitfulnefs of the Soil, and other Advantages proper to be confidered in fuch a Villa as Tufcum, being here obliged (though in the Country) to buy all manner of Provifion ; which is what Martial ridicules, hi. 3. epig. 36. and Varro, lib. 3. cap. 1. will not allow that a Country Houfe, no otherwife fupplied, deferves the Name of a Villa : However, thofe that built on choice Spots of Ground fo near Rome, were generally reduced to the fame Neceflity with Pliny.
Suggerunt affatim Ligna proxima <S;7w.] The Conveniency of Life which he next confiders, is that of' Fuel, with which he was fufficiently
furnifhed
furnilhed from thofe very Woods which created fo beautiful a Profped in feveral Parts of the Villa.
Catenas Copias, &c.] Since he was obliged to buy all his Provifions, it was no fmall Conveniency to have been in the Neighbourhood of fuch a Town as Oftia, from whence even Rome it felf was furnifhed with all fuch as were thought worth importing from foreign Parts ; and common Neceffaries, he tells us, could be had front that Village that probably gave Name to this Villa.
In hoc Balinea, &c.] Bathing, in his Time, was become fo habitual, that it is here reckoned among the Neceffaries of Life.
Litus ornant Varietate gratijjima, &c.] Our Author, in this Place, comes to fpeak of Litoris Spatium, which was the third Head he pro-pofed to confider, and here ftiews that he meant no more by it, than the extenfive Profped of the neighbouring Sea-coaft. The pleafant Shore of the Tyrrhene Sea had induced many of the principal Romans thereon to ered their Villas; but the Part of it on which they were moll numerous, was that near Baia, and round the Gulf of Naples, where, as Pliny tells us, lib. 9. ep. 7. they built them on two different Situations, viz. one on the Top of the Rocks, to command a larger Profped of the Sea, as was that famous one of Lucnllus near Mifenum ; and the other as this of jP/inyUclofe to, and almoft level with the Water, the more immediately to enjoy the Pleafures of the Sea it felf: The former, by its lofty Situation, he compares to the Tragedian raifed on his Cothurni', and the humble Lownefs of the other, to the Comedian in his Socculi; and though he had the Pleafure of both thefe Situations in his two Villas on the Lake of Comum, and could, as -Occafion required, remove from one to the other, yet here on the Sea, where we do not find he had more than one, he prefers the lower Site, having, as his Defcription Ihews, fufficiently guarded againft all Inconveniences that could arife from its lying fo low. The Situation preventing his taking in the whole Shore,
and
and all its Beauties, at one View, from any one Part of the Villa, he choofes here to defcribe the Profpects as feen by thofe that were either at Sea, or on the Sands, where they had a diftinct View of the Villas that were feated near the Sea, which, by the Mixture of Trees with the Houfes, as he obferves, muft have been more agreeable than a continued View of Buildings, as in Cities.
Quod nommnquam, &c.) Having defcribed the Beauties of the Coail, he very properly introduces the Conveniency and Pleafure of its Sands for Travelling, and in what fort of Fifli the Sea abounded.
Villa, vcro noftra, &c.] In this Paflage he prepares to obviate the Objections that might polfibly be raifed to fuch a Situation as this, which, though it might have Plenty of Filh proper to it, muft yet have wanted the Neceffaries to be found in an Inland Situation. Thefe he here anfwers.
Villula noflra.~] Though he gives to this Houfe the Name of a fmall Villa, it appears, that after having defcribed but Part of it, yet, if every Diata may be fuppofed to contain three Rooms, he has taken notice of no lefs than forty-fix, befides all which there remains near half the Houfe undefcribed, which was, as he fays, allotted to the Ufe of the Servants ; and it is very probable this Part was made uniform with that he has already defcribed. As he here had no Ground for Pafturage or Tillage, doubtlefs there were no Rooms fet apart for hind Servants, or any thing belonging to Agriculture; fo that thefe Offices only contained proper Rooms for dreffing the Meals and Entertainments, and fome in which they were preparatorily ftored with feveral others for fe-veral different Ufes; for the Difpofition of all which there are Rules given by thofe Authors he has followed in the Difpofition of the Pra-torium. The Ctilina, Columella, UK i. cap. 6. direfts to be large and lofty, the better to avoid danger from Fire, and to contain their Servants (as we may guefs, at their Meals) and Vitruvius advifes it to be
placed
IVi»
3 3
placed in tome warm Part of the Houfe. This Room, being the Chief of the Offices, is in the Plan, placed to anfwer the Cella Frigidaria confiding of as large a Size: As it was guarded by Buildings from all cold Winds, and looked into the Cavddiiiw, and the Openings turned to the TVeft and South, it anfwers the Difpofition Vitruvius direds. Betwixt this Room and the Dormitorium are three Cells, for the Notarius and two other Freedmen; on the other fide joining to the Focus are the Cortiuale, or Room in which they boiled their New Wine, mentioned by Columella, lib. i. cap. 9. and the Furnus, with defign that, all thofe Parts that required Fire, might be in one Place fupplyed. Beyond thefe Rooms is the Carnarimn; and the Ergaftulum, where they kept their Slaves at .Work, and which Columella, lib. 1. cap. 6. direfls to be made under Ground, the better to fecurc them, is in this Villa otherwife difpofed : Since in fuch a low watery Soil his Rule could not well be kept, it is therefore here upon a level with the other Buildings, and being by its Office obliged to be very capacious, is placed fo as to anfwer the largefl: Room on the other fide, which was the Spharijlerium. To anfwer the two Furr es, that are deferibed on the other fide of the Houfe, in the Plan are two more ereded for Offices; in the more Eaflcrn arc the Celia Vinaria, being turned Northerly, and the Olearia to the South', as Vitruvius direds, lib. 6. cap. 9. The two lower Floors of the Building that are adequate to this, contain but one large Triclinium ; but here they are divided, and over the Cells for Wine and Oil are Servants Rooms, as are alfo in both the Floors of the other	Turris-, but on	the Top of this is placed the	Oporo-
theca, or	Room to preferve Fruit, mentioned by	Varro,	lib.	1.
cap. 61. where he orders the Windows to be placed as thefe are. The Difpofition of that Building which anfwers the Pifciua of the Baths, the	belt correfponds	to that which Columella,	lib. 1.	cap.	6.
direds for	the Cells of the	Freedmen. The Equilia	arc placed	at
a fmall Diftance from the Houfe, and turned to a wann Quar-
O	ter.
ter, according to Vitruvius; and Palladius, Jib. i. tit. 30. would have the Lignarium and Fomile to be, as thefe in the Plan, di-llant from the Villa, for fear of Fire; and in tit. 31. the laft-mentioned Author fays there ought to be two Pifcina, one for the Ufeof the Cattle, and the other for thofe of the Houfe: This Rule we may therefore conclude, was certainly obferved in the Villa Urbana, as well as the Villa Ruftica.
The
THE
VILLAS of the ANCIENTS
ILLUSTRATED.
Part II.
IN CE it has been obferved in the former Part of this Work, that Varro denies fuch an Houfe as has been defcrib’d by Pliny to deferve the Name of a Villa■, it may not be improper to examine what it was that this and other Authors on Agriculture efteem’d neceffary to a compleat Villa, and was confi-der’d and pradifed by the Architect, when neither the Nature of the Place nor Circumftances of the Malter did forbid ; all which may be reduced under the three following. Heads, viz. the Situation, the Villa, and what the French call the Environs of the Villa.
The Choice of a Situation with refped to the Soil, whether proper to bear Corn, Wine, and Oil, feems to have been rather the Province of the Husbandman: But if the Archited had Liberty to chufe where to build, it were juftly to be expeded that the Situation fhould be bodi healthy and convenient. Columella, lib. 1. cap. 2. gives the De-fcription of a moft eligible Situation in the following Words: If Fortune would favour me in my Defire, I could wiflj to have an Eflate in a whole-fome Climate and fruitful Country, one Part champ an, another hilly with
p	cafy
56	The Villas of
cafy Difccnts either to the Eaft or South; fome of the Lands cultivated, others wild and woody; not far from the Sea or a navigable River, for the eaficr Exportation of the Produce of the Farm and the Importation of Necef faries. The Qmmpian lying below the Houfe Jbould be difpos'd into Grounds for Paflure and Tillage, Öfters and Reeds; fome of the Hills fleould be naked and without Trees, that they may ferue only for Corn which grows in a Soil moderately dry and rich, better than in fleep Grounds: fFleer fore the upper Corn Fields fleould have as little Declivity as poßble, and ought to rcfemble thofe in the Plain-, from thence the other Hills fleould be laid out into Olive Grounds and Vineyards, and produce Trees neceffary to make Props for thofe Fruits; and if Occafton fleould require Building, to afford Timber and Stone, and alfo Pafture for Cattle. Moreover conflant Rivulets of Water fleould clefccnd from thence upon the Meadows, Gardens and Ofier Grounds, and alfo fcrve for the Convcniency of the Cattle that graze in the Fields and Thickets: But fuch a Situation is not eafily to be met with; that which enjoys mofl of thefe Advantages is certainly mofl valuable-, that which has them in a moderate Degree, is not defpicable. The natural good Qualities of a Situation mention’d by Palladius, lib. i. cap. 2. areafalutary Air, plenty of wholefome Water, a fruitful Soil, and a commodious Place; and in the two following Chapters he thus dire£ts how to judge of the Goodnefs of Air and Water. We may conclude thofe Places wholefome that are not in deep Vallies, nor fubjeS to thick Clouds; where the Inhabitants are of a frcfl} Complexion, clear Head, good Sight, quick Hearing, and a free diflinft Speech: By -thefe Means is the Goodnefs of the Air diftin-guiflSd, but the contrary Appearance proclaims that Climate to be noxious. The unwholcfomenefs of Water may be thus difcoverd: In the firft Place it mujl not be convey \l from Ditches or Fens, nor rife from Minerals-, but be very tranfparent, not tainted either in Tafte or Smell, without Settlement, in Winter warm, in Summer cold. But becaufe Nature often con-iceals a more lurking Mifchief in thefe outward Appearances, we may judge whether Wtier is good by the Health of the Inhabitants; if their Cheeks are clear, their Heads found, and little or no Decay in their Lungs and Breafts: For generally when the Diftcmpers in the upper Part of the Body - are tranfmitted down to the lower, as from the Head to the Lungs or Stomach, then the Air is infeBious: Befulcs if the Belly, Bowels, Sides,
or
Varro Columella, &c.	57
or Reins ai'e not affliSed with Aches or Tumours, and there is no Ulcer in the Bladder ; if thefe or the like are apparently in the major Part of the Inhabitants, there is no Caufe to fnJpeB the Unwholcfomenefs of the Air or Water. The fatal Confequenccs proceeding from a bad Air, Varro tells us, lib. 1. cap. 5. are in fome Meafure to be alleviated if not prevented by the Skill of the Architect His Words are theie: That Land which is mofl wholefome is moft profitable, becaufe there is a certain Crop: Whereas on the contrary in an unhealthy Country, notwiihftandirig the Ground is fertile, yet Sicknefs will not allow the Hujhandman to reap, the Fruits of his Labour: For where one expofes his Life to certain Dangers for uncertain Advantages, not only the Crop, but the Life of the Inhabitant is precarious: Wherefore if it is not wholefome, the Tillage is nothing elfe but the Hazard of the Owners Life and his Family; but this Inconvenience is remedied by Knowledge, for Health, which proceeds from the Air and Soil, is not in our Difpofal, but under the Guidance of Nature; yet neverthclefs it is much in our Power to ■make that Burthen eafy by our own Care, which is heavy by Nature: For if upon the Account of the Land or Water, or fome unfavory Smell which makes an Irruption in fome Part of it, the Farm is more unwholcfome, or upon Account of the Climate, or a bad Wind that blows, the Ground is heated, thefe Inconveniences may be remedied by the Skill and Expence of the Owner which makes it of the loft Concernment where the Villas are placed, how large they are, and to what Quarters their Portions, Gates and Windows are turn’d. Did not Hippocrates the Phyficiau, in the Time of a great Plague, preferve not only his own Farm, but many Towns by his Skill? But why do I call him in as a Witnefs? Did not Varro, token his Army and Fleet lay at Corcyra; and every Houfe was fill’d with fick Perfons and dead Bodies, by his Care in making new Windows to the North-Eaft, and obftruBing the IvfcBion by altering the Pofition of the Doors, and Things of the like Nature, preferve his Companions and Family in good Health ? Thefe Confiderations feem to have govern’d the fame Author in the Rules he gives for placing the Villa in lib. 1. cap. ,3. and alfo Columella in thofe he has fo fully deliver’d on the fame Subjedt, lib. 1. cap. 4, & 5. which latter, as they may be of lingular Service, I fhsH deliver entire and are as follow: As an Houfe ßmtld be built in a wholefome Country, fo it flmild in the moft whole-
fome
j'8	The Villas of
fome Part of the Country. For an open Air, and at the fame Time infeäed-, c auf es many Diflempers. Some Places are not hot in the Summer Solfttce, hit fuff,'er much from the Severity of the Winter, as it is reported of Thebes in Bocotia. Others, like Chalcis in Eubcea, are warm in Winter and excef five hot in the Summer. An Ah temperate loth as to Heat and Cold is to he chofen, like that on an Hill moderately high, becaufe hy not being too low it does not fuffer through Frofts in Winter, nor is itfcorch’d by the Vapours in Summer ■, and the Top of an Hill is to be avoided, that being affeSed with too flsarp Winds or conflant Rains: Therefore the Situation in the Middle of an Hill is befi, the Ground on which the Houfefiands /welling in fome Meafure, to hinder the Foundation from being riven or torn by an impetuous Torrent rufl/mg from the Top. Thereffiould be a conflant Spring either within the Villa itfelf or brought from without, with Timber and Pafture adjacent: If there is no running Stream, fome Well Water rnitfl be found out in the Neighbourhood, not deep, nor of a bitter or brach fb Tafte. Should thefe Conveniences likewife fail, and there is great Scarcity of running W ater, large Cifterns nntftbe made for Men, and Ponds for Cattle, to hold the RamWatcr, which is moft ivholefome ■, but that is efteenid beft which is convey d by earthen Pipes into a cover d Ciftern. Next to this is the running Water that takes its Rife from the Mountains, if in its Fall it paffes through Rocks, as in Garcenum /«Campania. The third in order of Goodnefs istheW:UWater, orthatwhich fprings out of an Hill, or is not found in a very deep Vale. The worfl Sort is that in the Fens, which runs but flowly-, that is infeSlions which ft agnates there. This Water is of a pernicious fhiality, yet in the Winter by the Rains the Malignity abates, which is the Reafon that Rain Water is generally efteem’d wholefome, becatife it waflies off the Noifomenefs of the poifonous Water : But we have already faid this is not approved of for drinking. Running Streams however chiefly conduce to our Refrefliment in hot Weather, and to render the Place delightful, which as long as they continue fweet, if the Nature of the Place will admit of it, in my Opinion ought to be convey’d into the Vida. But if a River fliould be remote from Hills, and the Health-fulnefs of the Place and the Situation of an high Bank Jhould permit you to build your Villa above the River, Care muft be taken that the River runs runs rather behind than before the Houfe; and that the Front of the Villa may be turrid from the hurtful Winds of that Country, and face the moft
Healthful i
V a r r o, Columella, &£.	$
tiealtbfnl; Rivers general'y hing wfefted with fiiltry Vapours in Stimmen and cold Fogs in Winter, which are pernicious to Man and Beaft, unlefs dif fipated by the greater Force of Winds. The mofi advantageous Situation in wholefovte Places is, as I faul before, when turn d to the Eafl or South-, in a foggy -dir to the North. The Sen is always direBly to h turn'd to, yet not fo as to have the Houfe daß)d and fprinklcd by its JVaves, or but jufi removed from the Strand; for it is better to be fituated at fume conjulerable Diftance from the Sea, becaufe the intermediate Space has a thicker Air: Neither ßsould.Villas join to a Marfl) or a high Road, lecanfe in hot Weather the one ejects its poifonous fhiality and breeds Infects armed with Stings, which invade ns in full Swarms.- Befides it emits the Infection of Water Snakes and Serpents that is left in the Winters Filth and Mud and envenom'd with fomented Naftinefs, from whence proceed many fee ret Diflempers for which the Phyficians thenifelvcs cannot account-. And alfo the whole Tear'round the Situation and Water Jpoil the Utenfils of Hujbandry, and all the Houßeold Furniture, at thefame Time rotting the flanding as well as gather'd Fruits. The other is inconvenient upon account of frequent Pajjengers pillaging, and the conflant Entertainment of Sportfmen. Wherefore, to avoid all thefe Inconveniences, I think it proper to build a Villa neither on the Road nor in an infeBiom Place, but at a good Diflance off, and upon a rifing Ground, that it may front exaBly the EquiuoBial Sun rifing-, for fuch a Situation preferyes an equal Temperament between Win-ter and Summer Winds ; ami by how much the more towards the Eafl the Houfe ftands, by fo much the more freely may it receive the Air hi Summer, be exempted from the Storms of Winter, and refreßjed by the Morning Sun, which thaws the frozen Dews : It being reckon’d almofl Peftilential if the Situation be remote from the Sun and warm Breezes, which if it does not enjoy, no other Power can dry up,the noBurnal Dews, and purify’ the other Mildews and Blafls which may fettle upon the Corn,-, thofe Things which are uifcBious to Men being undoubtedly prejudicial to Cattle, Vegetables, and Fruits.
The foregoing Rules having directed the Architect in the Choice of a proper Situation, and in the molt advantageous Placing the Houfe ; the next Thing to be confider’d was the Villa itfelf, in which the Size, Difpolition, Number and Quality of the feveral Members were carefully obferved.
Q.
The
t>o	The V i l l a s of
The Villa, Columella (lib. i. cap. 6.) tells us, was divided into three farts; viz. The Urbana or the Mailer’s Part, the Ruflica or that Part allotted to the Ufe of the Husbandmen, Cattle, and the proper Of fices of the Farm. The third Part was called Frucluaria, becaufe it confilted of Store-Houfes for Com, Wine, Oyl, and other Fruits of the Farth. The Size of the firft and Number of Parts it contain’d Were determin’d by the Pleafure or Quality of the Mailer ; but thole Parts belonging to Agriculture, by the Bulk of the Farm and Number of the Cattle. The Servants that in moll great Mens Houfes were more immediately for the Mailer’s Ufe, and may be faid to belong to the Villa Urbana, were the Atrienfes, which included all what we call Livery Servants and thofe belonging to the Bed Chamber; the Topiarii, which were Gardiners belonging to the Pleafure Garden, Comedians, Mulicians, and the Notarius or Secretary. The principal Perfon over the other Parts of the Villa was the Procurator or Bailiff; then the Villicus or Husbandman, who had under his Care the Tillage of the Land, and the Difpofal of the Produce of the Farth about the Villa; next was the Villica or Houfe-keeper, to whofe Care every Thing within Doors belong’d, and had immediately under her Command the Women Servants that were employ’d on thofe Affairs, but particularly thofe belonging to the feeding and cloathing o* the Houlhold. The Mailer of the Cattle may take the next Place, and under his Command were all the Herdfmen, Shepherds, Goatherds, Swineherds, and Grooms. The Care of all thofe Fowl that were within the Bounds of the Villa was committed to the Aviarim which may not improperly be call’d the Poulterer. In great Villas that were far from a Town, it was thought proper to keep within the Family feveralSorts of uleful Mechanicks, asSmiths, Carpenters,&c. all which were under the infpection of the Mailer of the Works. The Slaves were under the Care of the Ergaftularius, a Perfon fo call’d from the Name of the Lodging or Working houfe in which thofe unhappy Wretches were confin’d.
The Cattle within the Villa were Horfes and Mules, which feem to have been retain d for the Maliers Ufe, being never employ’d about the Tillage of the Farm, which were wholly perform’d by Alles and
Oxen,
Varrö, QoLumella, &c,	öl
Oxen, befides which, Proviiion was made for all other Sorts of Cattle. The Fowls within the Walls of the Villa were Poultrey, Pidgeons, Tur-tles, and the Turdus, which it is hard to determine politively what it was, only thus much we can learn from Varro, that it was a Bird of Padage, and was confin’d only with them in certain Seafons.
To make Provifion for lodging all thefe leveral Pcrfons and Anb mals, and alfo Places for Corn and the neceflary Offices of the Houfe, was the Architect’s Care,- and in the Difpofition of each Part was govern’d by Rules that may be collefted from Cato, Vitruvius, Varro, Columella, and Palladius. The Matter's Part call’d by Vitruvius Pfeudo-Urbana, by others Villa Urbana, and by fome the Pratavism, to give it the better Grace, was commonly placed fomething higher than the reft; it confifted of Apartments for the Matter and his Friends, eating Rooms for different Seafons, and other Members and Ornaments of Buildings, fuitable to the Quality of the Perfon for whom it was built. Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap 8. fays, that before it was commonly a Periftyle or Court, furrounded with a Porticus, at the End of which was the Atrium or Hall, which had a Porticus alfo on each Side that lookd towards the Walks and Palaftra, or thofe Parts of the Garden fet afide for Bowling or the like Exercife, and may not improbably be the fame that Palladius calls Prat ton, and orders to furround the Pratoriuni, fince that Word feems to have been ufed as a common Name for all Ground cover’d with Grafs. In the Difpofition of the Rooms in this principal Part, Care was taken that thofe de-fign’d for Ufe in Winter thould enjoy the whole Courfe of the Sun at that Seafon; and thofe for the Summer to avoid the Heats of that Seafon as much as poffible. The Baths, which were molt commonly joining to the Pratorium, were (as has been before obferved) always turn’d fo as to enjoy the Winter’s fetting Sun.
Over the Gateway or Entrance of the other Part of the Villa, the Procurator had his Lodging, and Rooms for other Conveniences; on one Side of the Gate (efpecially if there was no Porter) was lodged the VUlicus, and had Store-Rooms near him where he kept all the Utenfils of Husbandry, and deliver’d them out as Occafion requir’d. The Villica having under her Care thofe Rooms where Stores of Pro-
villon
<52	The	Villas	of
Villon Were kept, it was neceilary fhe fhould not be lodged far front her Charge, which Rule was likewife obferved in difpofing of all the other principal Servants. The other Freemen that were Servants had Lodging Rooms turned to the South, and the Slaves were lodged in one common Room call’d Ergaftnlum, by Columella, lib. i. cap. 6, made under Ground, the better to prevent their making their Efcape: And the Valetuclinarhim or Infirmary, mention’d by the fame Author 7/^iu. cap. 3. was doubtlefs fo placed as not to annoy any Part of the Villa, nor fo as that the Perfons there lodged ihould be any Ways incommoded by the reft of the Family.
The Room that is mention’d as the principal Member of every Villa Puflica, was the Kitchen, in which was the only Fire-Place or Chimney in that Part, and in the Account of fome Villas, there is mention made of no other Room for the Servants to eat in, tho’ indeed Varro fpeaks of another which may be call’d the Servants Hall. Next to the Kitchen the principal R.ooms were the Repofitories forOyl and new Wines, for there was alfo an Apotbeca or Cellar for old Wines, in fome of their Villas placed not far from the Kitchen, fo as to have the Benefit of the Smoak, which haftens Wine to a Maturity; and near the fame Kitchen, fo as to partake of the Chimney, was the Room call’d Cortinale, where the new Wines were boil’d. The Room where the Wines were prefs’d and kept while new, had its Windows opening to the North; and where the Oyls were prefs’d and kept, to the South. Dependent on the Kitchen, and not far remov d from it were the Larders, and Houfe keeper’s Store-Rooms, and the Spinning Rooms may be thought not to be improperly placed near the Lodging of the Villi, ca■	The Granaries receiv’d their Light moftly from the North
or North Eaft, and for the Sake of keeping the Corn free from Moi-fture, they were commonly boarded and placed over fome other Rooms. The Oporotheca, where feveral Sorts of Fruits were preferved, was alfo turn’d the fame Way; and to keep the Fruit ftill more cool, thefe Repofitories were fometimes paved and lin’d with Marble, at leaft as high as the Fruit came. The Stalls for Oxen, by the particular Direction of Vitruvius and Palladios, were adjoin’d to the Kitchen fo as to have a View of the Fire, which it feems thofe Creatures delight
light in, and it caufes them to have a fmöother Coat. Cato gives Directions for two Sorts of Stalls, viz- One for Summer call’d Falifca opening to the North ; and the other call’d Prafcpe for Winter, and turn’d to the South. The Stalls for Cows requir’d the fame Care; but it was not thought necelfary that they fhould be placed fo near the Kitchen as the other. The Stables for Horfes were turn’d to the South, but not to have a View of the Fire as the Oxen had, it having a different Effect upon them. The Goats and Sheep had Quarters allotted to them within the Villa, at leaft for fome of the more tender Sort, as the Tarentine and the Afiatic, and the other Cattle were lodged either in or near the Houfe. Both Vitruvius and PaUadius agree, that the Villa Ruftica was furrounded by a Court or Farm-yard, and mention only one, but Varro mentions two, one of which he calls the Inner-Court, and anfwers the Defcription of the Caoodium difpluviatttm mention’d by Vitruvius, lib. 6. cap. 3, and the Rain Water that ran from the Roofs of the Houfe was receiv’d in a Pond in the Middle of the Court which ferved to water the Cattle, and the fe-veral Ufes of the Family. The Farm yard which furrounded the Houfe was always litter’d with Straw, for the Sake of the Cattle’s treading or lying foft, and had two Dunghills and a Pond in it for the foaking of Willows or the like Ufes -. And if there was no Inner-Court, had alfo a Pond for the Cattle to drink at. As for thofe Parts of the Villa that furrounded the Inner Court, fufficient has been already fpoken. I come now to fpeak of thofe about the Farm-yard, to the Wall of which that faced the South, Palladius directs a Porticus to be made for the Cattle to retire to, to avoid the Rains and Cold in Winter, and the Heats in Summer; by the Walls of this Court were alfo built the Cart-Houfes and Places to lay up the Plows and other Implements of Agriculture, that might be damaged by the Weather. The Hogftyes, that they might not annoy the Family, were likewife built under the forefaid Porticus, and the Danger of Fire directed mod of the Builders to place the Bake-houfe and Repolitories of Wood, Reeds, Straw, Hay, and Leaves, diftant from the Houfe where the Family was lodged. The Mill, when there was Plenty of Water near the Villa was fo placed as to be worked by the Stream; but if that
R	Conve-
64	The	Villas of
Con'veniency was wanting, it was ftill placed diftänt from the Houfe. The Area or threfhing Floor, and the Barn call’d Nubilaruim which adjoin’d to it, were oblig’d to be placed fartheft from the Houfej and for the Sake of a free Air on an open riling Ground not fur-rounded by any Thing, and then the Chaff which the Wind carried away was not hurtful to the Orchards and Gardens diat were nearer the Villa. Without the Wall of the Farm-yard was another 1 mailer Yard call’d Aviarium, which was wholly fet apart for the feeding and bringing up thofe Fowls call’d Axes cohort ales, or Fowls of the Yard, to diftinguilh them from thofe that were bred at a further Di-ftance from the Villa. Thefe Fowls are by Columella faid to be of four Sorts, viz. the. Gallus Cohortalis or Poultery, the Pidgeon, Turtle and Turdiisi and becaufe the fame Author is very particular in defcribing the feveral Conveniencies that were made for thefe kind of Fowl, it may not be thought improper here to give fome Account of his Directions for making them, in order to which I lhall firft begin with the GaUinarium or Hen houfe, lib. 8. cap. 3. Htm-lnmfes Jhoitlil he built in that Part of the Villa that looks to the Winter srifmg Sun, contiguous to the Oven or Kitchen, that the Fowls may partake of the Smoke, which is efteem'd wholefome for this kind: In the whole Houfe there muß be three contiguous Cells, ichofe whole Front muß, as Ifaid before, direBly face the Eafl. Then in the Front let there be one fmall Paffage to the middle Cell which ought to be the leaf of the three in heighth, and feven Feet fquare, in which the Paffage muß be carried from the right and left Hand Wall to each Cell. Adjoining to that Wall that is oppofite to the Entrance is to be added a Chimney, fo long as not to hinder the abovemeution’d Paffage s, nor each Cell from partaking of the Smoke i in length and heighth let them be twelve Feet, their breadth not more than half their heighth; let them be divided by Floors, which flail have four full Feet above and feven below, becaufe thofe Floors hold all the Fowls; each Floor ought to be appropriated to the Service of the Poultry, and enlighten'd by little Windows facing the Eafl. In the Chapter immediately following, the fame Author fays, that Pidgeons ought to be fed within an Houfe which jljould not be built in a level or cold Place, but upon a rifing Ground to look to the Winter Mid-day: The Walls fill dun th continued Nefls, or if this cannot be done, let Boards be put upon Pofls driven into the Ground to receive
the
Varrö, Loiümilu, &c.	6s
the Lockers or earthen Pidgeon-boles in which the Pidgeons build, Perches being placed before them through which they may pafs to their Nefts. But the whole Place and very Cells ought to be fmoothed over with white Plaifter, becaufe Pidgeons take a particular Delight in that Colour. The Walls alfo without ßould be polißd about the Windows, which ßould be fo difpofed as to receive the Sun the greatefl Part of the Winters Day, and have a Plole large enough near it cover'd with Nets, to exclude the Hawks and recerve the Pidgeons that go out to ftn thcmfelves. The Rules which Columella gives for bringing up Turtle Doves difFer little from thofe for the Pidgeons; only that inftead of having Holes for them to build their Nells in, they had Brackets jutting out from the Walls, and were by Nets debarr’d the Liberty of flying abroad to prevent their growing lean. As for the Conveniencies that were thought proper to be made for the confining and fattening the Turdi or Mifle-thrulhes (as.fome think them to be) lince Varro is moll particular in his Defcription of thofe Houfes, I fhall here deliver whit he fays, lib. 3. cap. 4. The Poof like a Periftyle cover'd with Tyles or Nets ßould be large enough to contain fmnc Thoufands of Thrißes and Black-birds: Some alfo, be fides thefe Birds, add linnets and ^1,tails, becaufe when fatten'd they bear a good Price. Water ought to be convey'd by a Pipe into fuch an Houfe through narrow Troughs that may eafily be cleans’d. The Doorsfimild be low and narrow, and of that Sort which is call’d Cochlea, as generally thofe are in the Place where Bulls fight. The Windows fimild be few, that they might not fee Trees or Birds abroad, becaufe the Sight of them and the longing after them, makes the Birds that are Jbut up to pine away; they ßould have no more Light than to fee where to perch and where their Mi at and Drink is. Thefe Houfes fimild be plaifter’d round the Doors and Windows to prevent the Mice and other Vermin from coming in._Oppofite to
this Aviary is another that is lefs, in which the dead Birds are kept, that the Overfeer may give an Account to his Mafien When there is Occafion to have fome that are fat out of the Aviary, they are fimt into the lefs, which is call’d the Secluforium, and is join’d to the greater by a Door and larger Light.
Every Thing within the Walls of the Farm-yard was fecur’d from Robbers by a Guard of Porters and Dogs, who were lodged near the firft Gate.
Had
66
The Villas of
Had not Varro in lib. 4. dc Lingua Latina, inform’d us, that the military Word Gohors was originally a Word belonging to a Villa, I might have Reafon to think by the frequent Ufe made of that and Prato-rium in the Defcription of their Villas, that the Architects, in the difpoling of the feveral Members of them, had an Eye not only to the extraordinary Regularity obferved by the Romans in forming their Camps, which Polybius fo exactly deferibes, but even in fome Mea-fure to the very Manner of plaeing the feveral Officers and Servants belonging to Agriculture; the Matter being lodged in that Part whieh bore the Name of the General’s Pavilion, and the principal Servants in the Stations adjoining to their refpective Charges.
Tho’ the foremention’d Authors on Agriculture agree, that almoft all the fame Members were neeeffary in all Villas, yet they differ in the Manner of difpoling them. Vitruvius and Palladius, as has been before obferved, mention but one Court, in the Middle of whieh the Villa was plaeed; but Varro, with whom Columella feems to agree, plaees the feveral Members of the Villa round an inner Court, and at the fame Time had an outer Court furrounding the fame Villa. The former Manner feems moft proper for the fmall Farm, but the other where there was a larger Family with many Cattle and mueh Stores. Tho’ they differ in the Manner of difpofing the Villa, yet they ftill agree in one Thing; that for the moft Part the Men, Cattle, and Fruits were under one common Roof, and that the Villa Ruftica and Fruduaria were join’d to the Prat or mm by one eommon Walk Tho’ Varro gives us to underftand that even in his Time it was fome-times otherwife ; and indeed the Mailer’s Part may be faid to be more plealant, when remov’d at a convenient Diftanee from the Steneh of Cattle and other Nufanees.
The different Manners of difpoling their Villas may be better un-derftood by the following Draughts; the firft of whieh, Ihews that of Vitruvius and Palladius i and the other, that of Varro and Columella.
Thus
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Thus far have I endeavour’d to fet forth the Rules that govern’d the Ancients in the Choice of Situations, and in placing the Villa properly, as alfo the Method obferved by their Architects in the Difpo-Jition of every Member within the Circuit of the Farm-yard. There now remain only thofe Parts to be treated of, that were indeed dependent on the Villa, but for proper Reafons removed at a Diftance from it; as particularly thofe Places where the Beafts and Fowls were kept that are wild by Nature, or thrive not fo well when they have not Woods and Grafs Fields to range and feed in. The Cuftom of enclofing a Field for the Ufe of a Warren, was, as Varro intimates, lib. 3. cap. 4. in his Time of a very old Handing among the Romans, 'but then as he alfo informs us cap. 11. this Leporarium confifted but of one Acre of Ground, or two at moft; and contain’d in it nothing more than Hares and Rabbits: But when this Author wrote, it appears that fome of them ufed to enclofe a great Number of Acres near their Villas for that Purpofe, in which fometimes other Sorts of Beafts were confin’d. The fame Author, in the Chapter immediately following, mentions aPiece of Ground of fifty Acres belonging to Hortenfius, call’d a TberiottopVmm, from being wholly appropriated to the Prefer-vation or Nourilhment of the larger Sort of wild Beafts, as Deer, Boars, wild Goats, &c. It appears by Columella, who wrote not many Years after Varro, that tho’ the Romans in his Time had not alter’d their Cuftom of preferving feveral Sorts of Animals in Enclofures near their Villas, yet thus far they had alter’d it, that inftead of making two different Ones, viz. one for Hares, and the other for other Sorts of Wild Beafts, they then confin’d them all in one Place, which they call’d the Vivarium, from the Number of living Creatures contain'd in it j and was the fame that we at prefent call a Park, in which were not only thofe feveral Sorts of Beafts before-mention’d, but alfo the Fowls that were kept without the Walls of the Villa, as well as Fifh-Ponds. The Ground chofen for this Ufe, if the natural Situation of the Place allow’d of it, was productive of Grafs and thofe Trees that bore Acorns, Chefnuts or Maft, was well water’d by a Stream that ran through, and enclos’d either with Pales or a Wall, according to the Conveniency of the Country.
This
Tbc Villas of
This was all the Cate thought neceffary concerning the Beafts there confin’d; but the Fowls requir'd further Care, and each Sort had Provi-lion made for them fuitable to theirNatures: Of all which I fhall give fome Account from the Authority of the fore-quoted Authors, beginning with the Peacocks, which Columella, lib. 8 cap. n. fays, are left kept in J.mall Iflands, where they may wander at large free from the Danger of Robbers or Vermin: But fuch a Poffeffion being very rare in inland Countries where they cannot be thus preferved, a graffy woody Field inuft be enclos'd by an high Wall, on three Sides whereof muft be a Porti-cus ; and on the fourth two Cells, one for the Keepers, and the other the Pens for the Peacocks: Then under the Porticus muft be ranged in order Fences of Reeds, like thofe on the Tops of Pidgeon-honfes ■, thefe Fences muft be divided by Reeds intermix’d like Bars, fo that they may have different Paffages from each Side. In the fubfequent Chapter the fame Autnor tells us, that the fame Means that were obferved in bringing up Peacocks were alfo obferved with Turkeys. The Difpofition of the Place which was made for Geefe to breed in, and call’d Chenobofcion by Columella, is by him lib. 8. cap. 14. deferibed in the following Manner. The Tard muft be kept \ftmt clofe from any other Sort of Fowl, furrounded with a Wall nine Feet high, and a Porticus, fo that the Keepers Lodge may be in fome Part of it. Under the Porticus are to be fquare Pens built with Mortar or Bricks large enough for each to have three Feet every Way ■, and each Faff age fecurd with little Doors bee aufe upon Account of their breeding they ought to be carefully penn’d up, and that without the Villa. If there is a Pond or River not far from the Houfe, no other Water is requir'd; but if not, a Pond muft be dug for the Fowls to wafts themfelves in, for they can no more live without Water than without Land. A inarjhy and graffy Gt ound muft be allotted them, and other Sorts of Foodfown, fitch as Vetches, three leaved Grafs and Fennygreek, but efpecially that kind of Succory which the Greeks Call Seris. By the Defcription that both Varro and Columella give of the Neoffo-trophion, it appears to have been well guarded to hinder the Flight of thofe feveral Species of wild web-footed Fowl that were confin’d within it; and as in none of the Authors on Country Affairs is to be found any Provifion for the breeding of tame Ducks, we mull be content
tent With the Directions which are deliver’d molt largely to üs by Columella, lib. 8. cap. 15. about the Neoffotrophion in thefe Words. A plain Place is to be chofen ami fenced with a Wall fifteen Feet high-then Lattices are placed on it, or elfc it is cover’d with Nets that have flrong Mejbes, that the Fowls within may not fly out, nor the Hawks or Eagles fly in: But the whole Will is to be plaiflerd with out and with, in, that Cats or Serpents may not enter. In the Middle of the Neoffotrophion, a Pond is to be dug two Feet deep, and as long and broad as the Place will allpw. The Mouth of the Pond, that it may not be broken down by the Violence of the Water, which ought always to flow within it, >nufi he plaiflerd, and not rais’d by Steps, but decline a little, that the Fowl may defeend as it were from afhelving Shore into the Water. The Ground round the Pond mufl be paved with Stone near two Thirds of the Bounds, and co-ver'd with Plaifter, that the Grafs may not fpi out out, and the Surface of the Water be clear for them to fwim in. Again, the middle Part mufl be Land, that it may be planted with Egyptian Beans and other Greens that ufually grow in Witer, winch may fade the Fowls Haunts: For fame delight to lodge inThickets of Tamarisk or Stalks of Flags; yet the whole Placeis not for that Reafon to betaken up with Thickets; but as I faid before there mufl be none round the Banks, that the Fowls, when Sporting in the Heat of the Day, may without any Hindrance ftrive whichfwims faftefl; for as they are glad to have Holes to creep into, and where they may catch the Infers that lurk upon the Water, Jo they are offended if there is not a free Faff age put of the Pond-, wherefore the Bank Jbonld be cover’d all round with Grafs for twenty Feet, and behind the Bounds of this Ground round a Wall mufl be Holes, where the Fowls are to build their Nefts, a Foot fquare made of Stone and Plaifter, and cover’d with Shrubs of Box or Myrtle intermix’d, not exceeding the leighth of the Wall Next there mufl be a Channel of running Water funk in the Ground, through which the Meat mix’d with the Water, may conftant-ly run, foi • thus does that kind of Fowls feed.
That the Romans took Care alfo to breed Pheafants, Partridge and other Birds, may be collected from feveral of their Authors; but as we have no particular Account of the Manner obferved, I lhall omit to fpeak of them, and only take Notice of what other Buildings they commonly had within their larger Parks, which were of two
Sorts;
Sorts; the firft for the Conveniencies and Lodgings of the Hunters, Fowlers, Fiffiermen, and Keepers, and the other for the Retirement and Pleafure of the Malter of the Villa, fuch as the Tnclimim, Mu-Mm, and Ornithon, all which are mention’d by Varro in his third Book, in the .a- Chapter of which he fpeaks of the Triclinium that was in the Middle of the Park, already mention’d, that Hortenfws had near Laurentia, where Pliny’s Villa Was afterwards built: And in the 4th Chapter of the fame Book, after giving an Account of the Ornithon of Strabo near Briindufmm, and that of LucuVus at Tufculum, he proceeds to mention the Mufaum and Ornithon he had himfelf near his Villa by Caff mum ■, and as he has been very ample in the Defcription of the latter, which in his Time was reckon’d a Mafter-piece of its kind, I lhall give the Tranflation of his own Words at large, and en-,1	Tj-mlanafinn	of	them	before I proceed to fpeak of the
other Things that were near their Villas.
I have a ' Canal under the Town Caffinum, which runs clear and deep by my Villa, fifty /even Feet broad, with Slone Banks; and there is a Paflage by Bridges from one Villa to the other; the length is nine hundred and fifty Feet from an Ifland made by the River Vinius to the ■ Mufeurn, where flows another River to the upper Part of the Canal where the Mufeurn flands: About the Banks of which is an open Walk ten Feet broad', from this Walk towards the Fields, the Place of the5 Ornithon is enclos’d on each Side on the Right and Left with high Walls, betwixt which the Ornithon extends its Breadth forty eight Feet in the Shape of a Writing Table with a Head, the fqiiare Part is in Length feventy two Feet, the round Part which is the Capital is twenty feven Feet. Moreeroer, as a Walk is deferib'd at the Bottom
> Flamen.\ The different Names that Varro gives to the feyeral Bodies of Water about his Villa, require that we take Notice of his Explanation of them lib. 4. fe Lingua Lamia where he fays, Lt Lams fignifies a large Trench where Water may be contain d ; Pah«a (hallow Water widely diffufed; Stagnum, «ltd hy the Greek Stegamn, was a round Bafon of Water; Flavius and Flumen that thich conftantly Hows; Amnis is that running Water that fnrrounds any
Thine, Amms heing deriv’d from Ambitus.
■ Mufieum.] The Name of any Place facred to the Mufes, and feems to have meant a Place proper for Retirement and Study, rathet than only a Repofitory for Books, which Bibliotheca
‘'“toS Is generally nfed by Varro to fignify a Place where Birds of feveral kinds are kept, for thofe that were kept feparate had Buildings call’d aftet the Names of the Fowls there confin’d.	^
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of the Talle, as a Margin, without the Ornirhon is a * Parterre, in the Middle whereof are Alcmses, ly which is a Way to the Area. In the Entrance is a Porticus on the Right and Left, with Dwarf-Trees placed le-twixt the Stone Pillars of the firft Row from the Top of the Wtil to the Architrave ; an hempen Net ferves for a Covering to the Porticus, and from the Architrave to the Pedeftal it is fill'd with all Sorts of Birds, which are fed through the Net, and the Water flows through in a fin all Stream. Adjoining to the inner Part of the Pedeftal, on each Side the upper Part of the fquare Area, are two oblong Fiflj-Ponds oppofite to the Porticus,- between the two Ponds is the only Path leading to the s Tholus, which is a round Colonade as in the Temple of Catullus, provided you make Pillars inftead of Walls. On the outjule of the Pillars is a Wood regt dar ly planted, cover’d with great Trees, that the lower Parts may be feen through, the whole is fur-rounded with high Walls. Within the outer Pillars of the Tholus, and the like Number of fmall inner Pillars of Firr there is a Place five Feet broad; between the outer Pillars are Nets inftead of a Wall, that the Grove may be feen, and to hinder the Birds that are there from flying out: Within the inner Pillars there is a Bird’s Net inftead of a Wall-, between thefe and the outer Pillars are Benches like a fmall Theatre, with many Pearches for Birds upon every Pillar: Within the Nets are all Sorts of Birds, efpecially finging Birds, as the Nightingal and Black bird, which receive their Water by a fmall Trough, and their Meat is thrown under the Net. Below the Pedeftal of the Pillars, is a Stone a Foot and half high from the6 Falere: The Falere itfi lf is two Feet high from the Pond and five Feet broad, that the
- Plumula.\ Cl. Salmaftm in his Notes on Vofifim fays, that the Ancients gave that Name to thofe round Marks of Gold and Purple made in the Shape of Feathers, with which their Gar-ments were mark’d and diverfify’d: They alio gave the Name of Plum# to thole round Plates and circular Irons out of which their Brigantines were hammer’d, becaulc they hore the Likenels of Feathers; as alio lome were call’d Squama> hecaufe like the Scales of Fifties. Vttruvtmy lib. 6. cap. 7. calls Emhroidery or Needle-work Plumariomm textrinay which heing imitated hy the Gardiners of that Time, and they wanting a Name for the Curlings they made of Box-Hedges or the like on the Ground, from their Imitation it is not unlikely they gave them the Name of Plumee or Plumule > which we from the French call Parterres.
5	Tholus appears hy Vitruvius to mean the hemifphen'cal Covering of a Building, tho’ fome-times, as in this Place, it was ufed to fignify the whole Building lo cover’d.
6	Falere.) By Varrös Account Falere fignify’d the fame which afterwards in Pliny’s Time was call’d Stibadmmy and was a fix’d Bed of Stone for dining on in fome Building diftant from the Ftlla.
T
Guefis
7»
Guefts may walk upon the7 Culcita round iy the fin all Pillars, and the Bottom within the Falere is a Pond with a Margin to walk upon, and a finall Jfiand in the Middle; round the Falere and the Pond are hollow’d Pens for Ducks. In the Ifland is a finall Pillar, in the Infule of which is an Axis fiipporting a radiated tVheel inflead of a Talle; fo that at the End, where the Circle of the Wheel is generally fliarp, the Talle is made hollow like a Drum, two Feet and an half Iroad, and nine Inches deep this is fo turned ly a Boy who waits, that all the Provifion of Meat and Drink may le ferved up at once to the Guefis. From the' Suggeftum of the Falere, where the Hangings ufually are, the Ducks come forth into the Pond and fwim; whence a little Stream runs into the two Fife Ponds aloveineutiond, and the Fifjes fwim to and fro: Dkewifely the turning of certain Cocks, loth hot Water and cold is convey’d to each of the Guefis, from the wooden Orb and Talle a-bovemention’d. Within, under the Tholus the Star Lucifer by Day, l icf-perus in the Night, make their Revolutions to the lower Part of the Heinifi phere, fo as to few the Hours. In the Middle of the fame Hmijphere, round a Point is the Circle of the eight Winds, as at Athens on the Dial matle by Cypreftes, and then the Hand reaching from the Point to the Orb, is fo moved as to touch the Wind which blows, and notify the fame to thofe that are within.
In the Defcription of all the other Places for Fowls, both in Varro and Columella, it may be obferved, that their whole Care has been how to difpofe Things properly for the breeding young ones, or fattening thofe contain’d in them: But in this, as it was chiefly fill’d with finging Birds, regard was had to Pleafure, not forgetting at the fame Time to make the Reftraint of the Birds as little irkfome as poflible; but it may be ftill obferved, that even here fome Regard was had to
7	Crdcitä.\ As Falere fignify’d the Bed which the Guefts took up with the Breadth of their Bodies, fo Culcita was that Part hehind on which the Waiters flood, or the Guefts walk’d on to their refpedtive Places, and was moftly, as here, upon a Level with the Bed itfelf Varro, lib. 4. de Lingua Latina, calls this Place Culcitra, and fays it was fo call’d, hecaufe on that Part was laid the Mat or Carpet, or any thing that was trodden on, Culcitra heing fo call’d ab inculcando.
* Suggefium was moft commonly ufed to fignify the folid Bank of Earth, or Bed of Stones, on which the General flood when he made an Oration to his Soldiers.in the Camp; and as this was the folid Part of the Falere, it was call’d hy the fame Name, fince it could not he properly call’d the Podium or Stylobata, which always had Pillars or fbmething eile fix’d on them.
Profit,
Profit, for we find Care taken for the bringing up Ducks: And tho’ the Defcription does not in many Rcfpecls anfwer that of the Neojfo-trophion beforemention’d, yet there are fome Parts of it that do, as the Ponds, the Nefts under the Thohis, and the covering of Nets to prevent their Flight. But there are two Things Itill more particular to be oblerved in this Paifage of Varro, viz. the firfh mention of a Parter re by any Roman Author; and what is more worthy our Notice, an elegant Defcription of, perhaps, the firft Clock that was ever made in Italy, that meafur’d the Hours of the Day and Night by an Hand, which was wholly mov'd by Clock-work, as this appears to have been; And 'tis not impoffible but Varro might have been the Inventor of it, he living not long after Scipio Nafica, who Pliny the Naturalift, lib. 7. cap. 60. fays, was the firft Inventor of Clocks that meafur’d the Time by Water, and we find that he kill’d Cains Gracchus in the Year 621. of the City, and our Author wrote about the Time of the firft Triumvirate. The Circle of the eight Winds, and Index that was on the Top of the Hemifphere, was by his Account founded on an Athenian Invention, and feems to have been much admir’d by the Artifts of his Time. For tho’ his Cotemporary Vitruvius calls the Author of it Cyrrheftes, it is plain he fpeaks of the lame Invention, lib. 1. cap. 6. which he thus deferibes. Andronicus Cyrrheftes built a Marble Octogon Tower at Athens, and in every Side of the Oclogon appointed the Image of a Wind to be carved againfl the Points front whence it blew; and upon that Tower made a Marble Cone, whereon he put a brazen Triton, holding a Wand in his Right Hand: And it was fo contrived as to turn with the Wind, and always fand oppofite to the Wind that blew, and hold the pointing Wand trver the Image of that Wind. The feeming Difference that appears in the Account of thefe two Authors in fpeaking of this Inven-_ tion, (viz. that one calls it Horologium and the other Turris) may be thus reconcil’d, if we may be allow’d to fuppofe that this Turris was made a Gnomon to one of thofe Sun-Dials that, as appears by Vitruvius and Pliny the Naturalift, were placed on the Ground in fome publick Place of all the Cities of the Ancients; as that in Rome was in the Campus Martins, whofe Gnomon, which was an Obelisk, I think was not more proper than this, which at the fame Time ferved for the Ufes
before-
± UC t 1 L L a o VJ
74
beforemention’d. The Cone that was on the Top being that Partof the Gnomon, that ferved to point out the Hour. TheBodyof this Building remaining at prefent entire, may be feen in Sir G. Wheeler s Travels. Varro indeed differs very materially from this Invention of Cyrrhefles, in that of his Wind-Fane, making his Index move within the Hemif-phere : But he pretends to no more than that he took from this Grecian the Method of dividing the Quarters of the Heavens into eight Winds, which appears by the foremention d Chapter of Vitruvius to have been at that Time newly invented.
To proceed to the Villa: It is neceffary here to take Notice, that befides the Provilion for Fowls and Beafts, the Romans were not lefs mindful to have near their Villas, where the Situation would allow. Ponds both of frefh and fait Water, preferring ftill the latter, on which they bellowed no fmall Coll, as may be feen by Plutarch’s De-feription of thofe of Lucullus near Mifenum, and may be alfo collected from the Rules given by Varro and Columella for making them, with proper Retirements for the Filh during extream hot or cold Weather.
Nearer the Villa than the Vivarium, and adjoining to the Walls of the Farm-yard, were the Orchard and Kitchen Garden; in or near which it appears by Varro, that it was cuftomary in his Time to have Places allotted for the Prefervation of Snails and Dormice; both which are often mention d by Apicius in his Account of the Roman Cookery; And the Places in which they were kept, call’d Cochleare and Glirarium by Varro, are thus deferib’d by him HI. 3. cap. 14. A proper Place in the open Air is to he provided to preferve Snails in, which you muß encompafs all round with Witer, that you may . find thofe you put there to breed, as well as their young ones; I fay they are to he encompafs d with Water, that they may have no Opportunity of efcaping. That is the moft convenient Place which is not fcorched by the Sun, and yet refrcjh'd by the Dew, as it feldom is in a funny Place: However dont put them too much in the Shade, as under Rocks and Mountains whofe Feet are waflid by Lakes and Rivers; the Place may be made dewy by bringing in a Pipe and putting fmall Cocks into it, which fljdü ejeB the Water fo as to make it fall upon fome Stone and diffufe itfelf widely.
The
V A R R Oj «^OLUMIUA, £W.
75
The Glirarium is managed in a different Manner, hvtdiifi the Place is not furrounded with Water, hut Walls. The whole is cover'd with Stone or Plaifter within to hinder the Dormice front creeping out. There ought to he little Trees in it that may hear Scorns; hut when they don't hear Fruit, you muß throw within the Walls Acorns and Cbefnuts for them to feed upon. Tou muß make large Holes for them to breed in-, there ought to he hut a final! Quantity of Water, hecaufe they don't nfe much and require a dry Place.
The extraordinary Service that Bees were to Mankind, was the Caufe that an Apiary was thought abfolutely neceffary to be near moft of the ancient Villas, and the wonderful Care they took in breeding them may be feen in the feveral Authors de Rehus Ruflicis, who have all fpoken very largely on this Head ; but particularly Columella and Virgil, the firft having thought it worthy of being the Subject of almoft his whole 9th Book; and the latter has employ’d the greateft Part of his 4th Georgic in defcribing the feveral wonderful Qualities of that induftrious Infect, whofe Defcription of the Apiary, as it contains every Thing chat other Authors have wrote on that Head, on Account of its Elegancy I lhall prefer before them, and infert it here as it is tranflated by the Earl of Lauderdale.
Firfl, for your Bees a qtiiet Station find. Debarred Accefs of ih'all infnlting Wind;
Winds hinder them their liquid Sweets to bear, Through ßormy Trails of violent ed Air:
Their Haunts fecure from fporting Kids and Sheep,
Who Morning Hew froht Flow'rs and Bloffbms fweep j
A wanton Heifers, feeding through the Fields, Tread down the Blooms the finding Paßure yields, Mufkins and other Birds infeß the Hive:
Far from your Bees enamel? d Vizards drive:
The Swallows catch them flying, then convey To their expeBing Toung the lufeious Prey.
Let cryßal Fountains all your Hives furround. And living Springs glide thro* the flowry Ground j Or purling Rills creep thro’ the Grafs unfeen, With mojj'y Pools all matted o'er with Green:
Before the Entry let wild Olives fpread.
Or Palms dtffufe around a grateful Shade,
That, tvhen the Kings their new form'd Squci* drons bring.
To tafle the Pleafures of the friendly Spring,
They on the Banks may find a cool Retreat, Sheltered by Leaves from fcorching Phcebus3 Heat.
HTo ether your JVaters ßand in Pools or flow, Acrofs them Stones or willow Branches throw: When Rain o'ertakes them lingering in the Woods, Or Wind hath caß them headlong in the Floods, The Bees will on thefe frequent Bridges fiand\ And to the Sun their gtitfring Wings expand; The verdant Lavender muß there abound,
There Saifry Jhed its pie afant Sweets around $ There Beds of purple Violets floodd bloom,
And fragrant Thyme the ambient Air perfume.
U
Varro,
Varro, to whom we are chiefly indebted for the mäny Lights we have receiv’d for the Difpofition of feveral principal Parts in and about the ancient Villas, has alfö in the beginning of his Work acquainted us with the Mythology of the Homan Husbandmen; where, without mentioning the famous fcare-crow God of the Gardens, he reckons up no lefs than twelve that were properly on feveral Occafions worlhip’d by the Countryman. The two firft were Jupiter and Tellus, that were efteem’d the two great Parents of all Things. The next were Sol and Luna, the Governours of Times and Seafons. Bacchus and Ceres were wor-ihipp’d, becaufe they furnifh’d thofe Fruits that were moft necelfary for the Support of Life. To Roligi.'s they addrefs’d their Prayers to guard their Fruits from Blafts; and to Flora that they may flourifh in Seafon. Minerva was look’d upon as the. Guardian of the Olive Grounds, and Venus of the Gardens. The Goddefs of Waters requir’d to be particularly addrefs’d to, that their Tillage might not fuffer through Droughts; and the God called Bonus Eventus, that their Labours might meet with Succefs. Of thefe twelve Deities, Ihe that was principally worfhipp’d was Ceres, whofe Temple and Statue Were immediately under the Care of the principal Man in each Province, as we may conjecture from the 25th Epiftle of Pliny in the s'6 Book, in which he gives Di reel ions to his Architecl to repair the Temple of that Goddefs; which as it may ferve fomething to illullrate fome Pat fages of their Country Religion, I fhall give it entire: By the Advice of the South-fay ers, I muß rebuild the Temple of Ceres on my Eflate in a letter Maimer, Icing old and very clofe when throng’d on any fet Day: For many People meet there on the Ides of September from all Parts of the Country. Many Affairs are tranfaBed, many Vows are made, and others paid; but there is no Place near for Shelter from the Rain or Sun ■, it will therefore appear loth munificent and religious, if to the Temple which I ßsall build very handfomely I add a Porticus, that for the Ufe of the Goddefs, this for the Service of Man. I would have you therefore, buy four Marble Pillars of what Sort you fljall think left, and alfo Marble to encrufl the Throne and Walls. I will alfo have an Image of the Goddefs either made or bought, becaufe the old one of Wood is in fome Parts decay’d through Age. As to the Porticus there is Occafion to fay nothing more of it, but that you draw out
the
VAR.RO, COLUMELLA, &Ci
77
the Form of it according as the Place allows, only it cannot be Bounds for the Temple, for the Ground on winch that ftands is encompafs'd on one fide with the River and broken Banks, and on the other by a Road There is beyond the Road a large Meadow, in which the Porticus will be fujficiently ma-Jiifefl againft the Temple, wilefs you, who are wont by Art to overcome the Difficulties of Places, can find out a better Expedient.
If the Romans (which with Juftice cannot be believ’d) ever divided Architecture into two Branches, and had feparate Profellbrs for City and Country Buildings; I believe, by what lias been already faid, it does not appear that the Studies of thofe who profefs’d the latter, requir’d lefs Care and Judgment than the former, for it may be obferved, that in the Choice of a Situation for a Villa there was as much Knowledge of Nature requir'd, as in that for a City: And if thofe Buildings that were in Cities rais’d for publick Cdnveniencies, Religion or DiVerfions, were neceiiarily more magnificent, and requir’d the Knowledge of fome particular Things not neceffary to the Country Architect; yet the latter, in the Care he was oblig’d to take in providing for all Things that were dependent on Agriculture, had Certainly as many different Things to look to not needful to be known by the Architect that was wholly employ’d in the Buildings of the City.
In the former Part of this Work I have endeavour’d to fet forth, by the Example of one of Pliny's Villas, the Method obferved by an ancient Architect in the Difpoiition of a Villa Urbana, fituated in Italy on the Mediterranean Sea. In this fecond Part, from the Authority of feveral Roman Authors, I have lhewn the Rules that were obferved When the Farm-houie was contiguous to the Mailer’s Part. There now remains the Tufcan Villa of Pliny to be fpoken of, which fhall be the Subject of the following Part of this Work. But that I may make every Thing I treat of appear as intelligible as poffible, before I proceed any further, I think proper to lhew by a Draught, the Difpoiition of the Villa treated on in this fecond Part with its Environs: Which I have endeavour’d to do from the foregoing Rules, and by placing the Villa in the Manner Varro mentions, in the Beginning of the Defcrip-tion of his Ornithon.
A The
78
A The Prsetofium.
B The Farm-hotife and Buildings adjoining.
C A Canal parting the Farm from the Praätorium.
D Stone Banks to the Qanat.
E Bridges between the Villas.
F The Mufoeum at the Head of the Canal.
G The Fiver Vinius.
H Part of the Ifland furrounded by that Fiver.
I The other Fiver.
a Cornfields.
b Vineyards.
c Olive-Grounds.
d Meadows.
K The Walk on the Bank ofthat Fiver. L The Ornithon ofYa.no.
M The Vivarium.
N Small woody Iflands for Peacocks. O A Place for Turkeys and their Keeper.
P For Geefe and their Keeper.
Q. A Place to preferve Snails in.
R Tor Dormice.
S	The Apiary.
T The Threjhing Floor and Barn.
U The Mill.
W The Temple of Ceres.
e Orchard. f Garden. g Ofier Ground. h i Woods and Coppice.
THE
THE
VILLAS of the ANCIENTS
ILLUSTRATED.
Part III.
The Defcrtption contain'd in the following Epiftle, is of a Villa 0/Pliny’s near a Town call'd Ti-fernum Tiberinum in Tufcany, as he informs us lib, 4. epift. 14. and if it was on the fame Land he mentions lib. 10. epift. 14. it lay near 150 Miles from Rome, or, toufe his own Words, beyond the 150* Stone. This Villa Pliny has taken frequent Occafion to mention m Letters to his Friends, and it may be obferved, that he always writes of it as his principal Seat, and m lib. 3. epift. 19. takes Notice of a large Eftate that lay round it, and doubtlefs had Provifion for all the Conveniencies of Life near him, tho' he negleBs to fpeak of them. In the Account of this Villa there will be Occafion to obferve, that Pliny confiders it in a Manner very different from that of Laurentinum, not only with refpeti to the Situation, but to the Heufe itfelf it being, as he informs us lib. 9. epift. 3 6. hts confront Refidence in the Summer Seafon,
Lib. V. Ep. VI.	Book	V.	Ep.	VI.
C. PImins Apollinari fro, S. Pliny to Apollinaris, Health.
»saagijB M AVI Curam & Sollici- |§|f|S Was pleas'd with the Regard tudinem tuam, c]ui cum	andUneafinefsyouexprefs	d,
111111 audifles me .Eftate Thuf- Mail when you heard I dcfign’d to cos meos petiturum, ne facerem pafs the Summer at my Seat in Tuf-fuafifti, dum putas infalubres. cany, fmce you thought that Country Eft fane gravis & peftilens Ora unhealthy. I acknowledge that the Thufco-	X	Air
Thufcorum, qu£E per Littus ex-tenditur : fed hi procul ä Mari re-ceflerunt, quinetiam Apennino faluberrimo Montium fubjacent. Atque adeo, ut omnem pro me Metum ponas, accipe Temperiem Caeli, Regionis Situm, Villas A-maenitatem, qua: & tibi auditu, & mihi relatu jucunda erunt. Caelum eft Hyeme frigidum Sc gelidum: Myrtos, Oleas, quceque alia affiduo Tepore lsetantur, af-pernatur ac refpuit: Laurum tarnen patitur, atque etiam viridif-fimam profert; interdum fed non fepius quam fub Urbe noftra, necat. Atftatis mira dementia; femper Aer Spiritu aliquo mo-vetur, frequentius tarnen Auras quam Ventos habet : hinc Senes multos videas Avos, Proa-vofque jam Juvenum ; audias Fabulas veteres, Sermonefque Majorum: cumque veneris illo, putes alio te Snculo natum. Regionis Forma pulcherrima: imaginäre Amphitheatrum aliquod immenfum, & quale fola Rerum Natura poffit effingere: lata & diffufa Planities Montibus cingi-tur: Montes fumma fui Parte pro-cera Nemora Sc antiqua habent;
fre-
Jir of the Sea coaft of Tufcany is thick and infeSious: But this Place is far removed from the Sea, and lies even under the mofl healthful of Mountains, the Apennines. But that you may lay afide all Fears for me, let me deferibe to you the Tempe-ratenefs of the Climate, the Situation of the Country, and the Delightful-nefs of my Villa, which will he as a-greedble to you to hear as to me to relate. The Climate is cold and frofty in Winter: fo that the Myrtles, O-lives, and other Trees that require a continual Warmth, will not thrive here: however it admits the Laurel, and produces the mofl green and flou-rifliing, which yet fometimes, tho’ not oftner than about Rome, it deftroys. The Clemency of the Summer is wonderful; and the Air which is always in fame Motion, is more frequently flirred by Breezes than by Winds: hence you fee feveral old Men Grandfires, and great Grand fires to adult Perfons ■, and hear the old Stories, and Sentences of their Forefathers : fo that when you come there, you would think you had your felf been bom in another Age. The Face of the Country is very beautiful: imagine to your felf a vaft Amphitheatre, which only the Hand of Nature her-felf could form; being a wide extended Plain furrounded with Mountains: whofe Tops are cover’d with
lofty
frequens ibi & varii Venatio : inde csdus Sylvs cum iplb Monte c!e-fcendunt : has inter pingues, ter-renique Colies, (neque enim facile ufquam Saxum, etiam ft quaeratur, occurrit,) planiffirnis Campis Fer-tilitate non cedunt; opimamque Meffem ferius tantumy fed non minus percoquunt. Sub his per latus omne Vines porriguntur, u-namque Faciem longe lateque contexunt: quarum ä Fine, imo-que quafi Margine, Arbufta naf-cuntur : Prata inde, Campique. Campi, quos nonnift ingentes Bo-ves & fortiffima Aratra perfrin-gunt: tantis Glebis tenaciflimum Solum, cum primum profecatur, affurgit, ut nono- demum Sulco perdometur. Prata florida & gem-mea, Trifolium,. aliafque Herbas, teneras femper & molles, & quafi novas alunt; cunda enim peren-nibus Rivis nutriuntur : Sed ubi Aqus plurimum, Palus nulla; quia devexa Terra quicquid Li-quoris accepit, nec abforbuit, ef-fundit in Tiberim. Medios ille Agros fecat:	Navium	patiens,
omnefque Fruges devehit in .Urban ;
■b /
lofty ancient Woods ; which give opportunity to frequent and various forts of Hunting. From thence the Under-woods defccmlwith the Mountains: hitermixt with thefeare Jmall Hills, of a ftrong f it Soil', Cand where th o’ fought, a Stone can fcarce-ly he found) and which for Fruitful-nefs do not yield to the mofl level Fields-,their Htrveflis indeedfomc-what later, hut not lefs. Under thefe Hills the Vineyards extend thewf dves on every fule, and together form one long fpacious View : their Extremities and Bottoms, are hounded as it were hy a Border of Shruhs : hclow thefe are Meadows and Fields. The Fields, fuch as require the largcjl Oxen and ftrongeft Ploughs: the fliff Soil, when firfl flirrcd,rifing in fuch clods, that it is not fufficiently broken till it has been plow'd nine times. The Meadows are flowery and budding, producing the Trefoil, and other Herbs, freflj and as it were always fpringing; asbeingnonrifloedby ever-flowing Rivulets : but tho' there be much, there is no flan ding Water ; becaufe as the Ground lies fljclving, whatever Water it receives, and does not imbibe, it throws into the Tiber. This River divides the Land: and in Winter and Spring is navigable,
and
58
bem; | Hyeme duntaxat, & Ve-re : iEftate fummittitur, immen-fique Fluminis Nomen arenti Al-veo deferit, Autumno refundt. Magnam eapies Voluptatem , fi hunc Regionis Situm ex Monte profpexeris; neque enim Terras tibi, fed Tormam aliquam ad ex-imiam Pulchritudinem piftam vi-deberis cernere : ea Varietate, ea Deferiptione, quoeunque ineide-rint Oculi, refieientur. Villa in Colle imo fita profpieit quafi ex fummo, ita leviter & fenfim Clivo fallente confurgit, ut eumafcendere te non putes, fentias afeendiffe. A ter go Apenninum fed longius habet : aceipit ab hoe Auras quam-libet fereno & placido Die, non tarnen aeres & immodicas, fed Spatio ipfo laffas & infraäas. Magna fui Parte Meridiem fpeftat, teftivumque Solem ab Hora fexta, Hybernum aliquanto maturius,qua-fi invitat in Portieum latam, & pro modo longam. Multa in hae Membra ; 1 Atrium etiam ex more V eterum.
and conveys the Provifion oj the Conn■* try to Rome hit in Summer, in a dried tip Chanel lofes the Name of a great River, which yet it refumes in Autumn. Ton would take great De-light, in viewing the Country from the top of a Mountain ; for it would not appear as real Land, hit as an exquifite Painting: thereisthatVa-riety of Landslip wherefoever you caß your Eye. My Villa is placed near the lottom of an Hill, hit has the fame Profpecl as from the top, one is deceived in the Rife by its being fo gradual and eafy, fo that tho you don't perceive you afcend,you will find you have. On the hack hit at a diftance are the Apennines ; from whence in the ealmefl Day, it receives frefij, tho no fijarp and immoderate Airs, the Strength and Violence of which are broken by theDifiance from which they come. The greateft Part of the Honfe is turn'd to the South, and in the Summer from the fixth Hour, but in the Winter fomewhat fooner, does as it were invite the Sun into a fpacious well-proportionedfortlcus. In which arc feveral Parts ; and an 1 Atrium
after
! Atrium ex more Veterum.] To diftinguilh this from the Atrium, or Fore-court of Laurentinum, Pliny gives us to underftand, that this was a Building in the Porticus, and Part of the Honfe it felf; and by what he fays of its being after the manner of the Ancients, it may be fuppofed he fpeaks of one of thofe Atria Defcribed by Vitruvius.
Veterum. Ante Porticum Xyflus concifus in plurimas Species, di-flinctufque Buxo; demiffus inde pronufque Pulvinus, cui Beflia-rum Effigies invicem adverfas Bux-us infcripfit: 1 Acanthus in Plano mollis, & pene dixcrim liquidus. Ambit hunc 3 Ambulatio, preffis varieque tonfis Viridibus inclufa : ab his Geflatio in modum 1 Cir-ci, quse Buxum multiformem, hu-milefque & retentas manu Arbuf-culas circumit :	omnia	Macetia
muniuntur, hanc gradata Buxus operit & abfcondit. Pratum inde non minus Natura, quam fuperi-ora ilia, Arte vifendum: Carnpi deinde, porro multaque alia Pra-ta & Arbufla. A Capite Porticos T riclinium excurrit,V alvis Xy Hum definentem, & protinus Pratum,
mul- 2 3 4
after the antient manner. Before the Porticus is a Xyflus cut in federal Forms, and divided by Box; defending thence is a fleep Slope,on which are the Forms of Beafts fronting the oppofite Box: On the Flat grows the Soft, and I had almofl faid liquid s Acanthus. This is fur rounded by an 3 Ambulatio, which is enclofed by Greens Cut in various Forms : after this is a Geflatio in the form of a I + Circus, which enclofes the many-ßsaped Box, and Dwarf-trees that are rendered fobyHrt: theWhols is fenced in by a Wall, which is over-cafland hid by feveral degrees of Box. From thence you have the View of a Meadow not lefs beautiful by Nature, than thefe the fore-mentioned Works of Art: then you fee Fields, with many other Meadows and Shrubs, from the Head of the Porticus a Triclinium runs out, from whof \ Folding-Doors you have juft a View of the Xyftus, and at a diftance that of Y	the
2.	Acanthus.) Of this Plant there were two forts called by that.Name, one of which had a very large Leaf; but the other, which was called Mollis Acanthus, was that with which they covered their Walks inftead of Turfs, which we ufe at prefent.
3.	Ambulatio.) Vitruvius Ob. 5. Cap. 9. Speaks of thefe Walks or Places of Exercife that they had
near their Theatres, and informs ns that they were bounded’by Greens, and not covered over Head by other Trees. To this walk he alfb gives the Epithet of Hypethrs as he does afterwards to the Xyftus; but that they were not the fame, appears by this Ep. of Pliny, their difference being, that one, visG the Xyflus was open, not only over Head, but on the Sides, and the other had its bounds of Ever-Greens.	.	.
4.	drei.) Thefe were Places chiefly ufed for Publick Chariot-Races in Rome, the Form may be ieen in raoft Authors that have wrote on the Roman Antiquities.
multumque Huris videt Feneftris : hac Latus Xyfti & quod profilit Villx, ac adjacentis Hippodromi Nemus Comafque profpeftat. Contra mediant fere Porticum Dixta Paulum recedit, cingit Areolam, qux quatuor Platanis inumbra-tur : Inter has marmoreo 5 Labro Aqua exundat, circumjeQafque Platanos, & fubjefla Platanis leni Afpergine fovet. Eft in hac Dixta dormitorium Cubiculum, quod Dient, Clamorent, fonumque ex-cludit: junftaque quotidiana ami-corunt Ccenatio. Areolam illam Porticus alia, eademque omnia, qux Porticus afpicit. Eft & aliud Cubiculum a proxima Platano, viride & umbrofum, Marmore ex-fculptum 6 Podio tenus: nec cedit
Gratix
the Meadows, hit from the Window 's a large Profpeä of the Country: this way you behold one fide of tbeYL yftus, the Jcttings-out of the Villa, and the jbady Wood of the adjacent Hippodrome. Oppofite almoft to the middle of the Porticus a Dixta feems a little to retire, and furronnds a j:mall A-rea, that is Jljaded by four Plane Trees : Between thefe the Witer flows front amarble sBafon, and by its gentle Sprinkling noitrijhes both the Planes and what grows under them. In this Dixta is my Dormitorium Cubiculum, from whence the Light and allmanner of Noife is excluded: adjoining to it is my conftant private Ccenatio. Another Porticus has alfo a view of this little Area, and every thing elfe with the former. There is alfo another Cubiculum clofe to the firfl Plane-tree, which makes it very fltady , this is adorned with Marble as high as its 6 Podium :
5.	Labrum.~\ This Bowl or Part of the Fountain, was fo called from having its Edges made rounding and turning down, like the lower Lip of a Man.
6.	Podium. By Vitruvius, feems * ■ - ^dgikl^^itiQued- __th^_who!e length of a Building, and
Gratis Marmoris, Ramos, infiden-tefque Ramis Aves imitata Pic-tura; cui fubeft Fonticulus, in hoc Fonte Crater, circa Siphunculi plures mifcent jucundiflimtim Murmur. In Cornu Porticus am-pliffimum Cubiculum a Triclinio occurrit: aliis Feneftris Xyftum, aliis defpicit Pratum, fed ante 7 Pifcinam, qute Feneftris fervit ac fubjacet, Strepitu Vifuque ju-cunda: nam ex Edito defiliens Aqua, fufcepta Marmore albefcit. Idem Cubiculum Hyeme tepidif-fimum, quia plurimo foie per-funditur: Cohatret Hypocauftum, Sc fi Dies nubilus, immiffo Va-pore, Solis vicem fupplet. Inde Apodyterium Balinei laxum & hilare, 'excipit Celia frigidaria, in qua Baptifterium amplum atque opacum; fi natare latius aut te-
pidius
Podium: nor does a painting of hirds fitting onTrees, or even thd drees, fall Jbort in Beauty of the Marlle it felf; lencath this is a fmall Fountain, with a Bafin, round which the playing of feveral fmall Pipes makes a mofl agreeable Murmuring. In the corner of the Porticus coining from the Triclinium a very Spacious Cubiculum offers it Self: Some of the Windows look on the Xyftus, ami others on the Meadow, hit thofe in the Front on a large /Pifcina, which lies under them and Delights loth to the Ear and Eye: for the Witer falling from on high, is received in the Bafon and becomes white with Foam. This Cubiculum is exceeding warm inWin-ter, as it has a great deal of Sun: Joined to it is an Hypocauftum, fo that when the Weather is cloudy, ly admitting its Heat, you may Supply the Want of the Sun. elfter this, and a Spacious pleafant Apodyterium to the Baths, is the Celia Frigidaria,/'« which is a large dark Baptifterium; lut if you are inclined to fwim more
at
placed on the Sides of Buildings, fometimes inftead of having the Podium continue the whole Length in one Line, it was made to break forward under every Pillar, which Parc fo advancing was called the Stylobata, and that which was betwixt the Pillars under the Wall was the Podium.
By this palfage of Pliny, it appears that the Podium was ufed within Doors round the Walls of their Rooms.
7* Pifcina. j This word here fignifies the Bafon of a Fountain.
pidius velis, in Area Pifcina eft, in proximo Puteus, ex quo poffis rurfus aftringi, ft poeniteat Tepo-ris. Frigidarix Cellx conneäitur media, cui fol benigniffime prxfto eft, caldarix magis; pro-minet enim; in hac tres Defcen_ fiones, dux in Sole, tertia ä Sole longius, ä Luce non longius. Apodyterio fuperpofitum eftSphx-rifterium, quod plura genera Ex-ercitationis, plurefque Circulos ca-pit. Nec procul a Balineo Scalx, qux in Cryptoporticum ferunt, prius ad Dixtas tres; harum alia Areolx illi, in qua Platani qua-tuor, alia Prato, alia Vineis im-minet diverfafque Coeli Partes, ac Profpeftus habet. In fumma Cryp-toporticu Cubiculum, ex ipfa Cryptoporticu excifum, quod Hip-podromum, Vineas, Montes intu-etur. Jungitur Cubiculum ob-vium Soli maxime hyberno. Hinc oritur Dixta, qux Villx Hippo-dromum
at large or warm, in the Area is a Pifcina, and near it a Conveyance of Water, from whence you may again clofe the Pores, when you think the Heat too great. To the Celia Frigi-daria adjoins a middle one, to which the Sun is very liberally pre/ent, but is more fo to the Celia Caldaria ; be-caufe it extends out further: In this are three Divifions of feveral Degrees of Heat, two of which are ex-pofed to the Sun, the third tho' farther front its Heat, is not fo from its Light. Over the Apodyterium is the Sphxrifterium, which contains Con- \ veniencies for-feveral forts of Ex-ercife. Not far from the Bath are Stairs that lead to the Cryptoporti-cus, after you have paff id three Di-xtx; one of which looks into the little Area, with Plane-trees, another to ■the Meadows, and the other has a Profpectof theVineyards,and feveral other Parts of the Country. At the top of the Cryptoporticus is a Cubiculum , cut off from the very Cryptoporticus, which has a Pro-fpeB of the Hippodrome, Vineyards and Mountains. Joining to this is a Cubiculum that is much expofed to the Sun in Winter. Here begins the Dixta that joinstheViMitotheHippodrome
dromum adneftit Haec Facies, hie Vifus a Fronte : a Latere, aefti-va Cryptoporticus in edito pofita, quae non afpicere Vineas, fed tangere videtur. In media Triclinium faluberrimum afflatum ex Apenninis Vallibus recipit: poll latiilimis Feneftris vineas, Val-vis xque Vineas, fed per Cryp-toporticum quafi admittit: ä Latere Triclinii, quod Feneftris caret, Scalae Convivio utilia fe-cretiore Ambitu fuggerunt. In Fine Cubiculum, cui non minus jucundum Profpeöum Cryptoporticus ipfa, quam Vineae prae-bent. Subeft Cryptoporticus fub-terraneae fimilis, iEftate inclufo Frigore riget; contentaque Aere fuo nec deftderat Auras nec admittit. Poft utramque Crypto-porticum, unde Triclinium definit, incipit Porticus: ante medium Diem, hyberna; inclinato die, aeftiva: hac adeuntur Diaetae duae, quarum in altera Cubicula quatuor, altera tria, ut circuit Sol,
aut
podrome. This is the Form and Profpeä it has on the Front: on the Side, this Summer Cryptoporticus being placed aloft, does not only fee, but feems to touch the Vineyards. In the middle is a Triclinium that receives moft healthy Air from the Valleys of the Apennines: From behind, the large Windows have a Pro-fpcB of the Vineyards, as have alfo the Folding-Doors, hit that as it mere through the Cryptoporticus: On the fide of the Triclinium, that has no Windows is a winding Stair-cafe, that affords a more private Pa fage for what may be requifite at private Entertainments. At the end of it is a Cubiculum that has not a lefs pleafant ProfpeS of the Cryptoporticus, than of the Vineyards. Under it is a Cryptoporticus built like a Vault, which by being flmt clofe is cold in Summer ; and contented with its own Airs, neither admits nor requires any other. After you have pafs'd both Cryptoporticus, where the Triclinium ends, begins a Porticus: which before Noon, is cold-, but warm, towards the Clofe of the Day: To this are joyrid two Diaetae, one of which contains four, and the other three Cubicula; thefe as the Z	Sun
aut Sole utuntur, aut Umbra. Hane Difpofitionem, Amanita-temque Tectorum longe prsecedit 8 Hippodromus; medius patefeit» ftatimque intrantium Oculis to-tus offertur: Platanis circuitur, ills Hedera veftiuntur, utque fum-mx luis, ita imx alienis Frondi-bus virent: Hedera Truncum & Ramos pererrat, vicinafque PJa-tanos Tranfitu fuo copulat: has Buxus interjacet; exteriores Buxos circumvenit Laurus, Umbraeque Platanorum fuam confer t. Reftus hic Hippodromi Limes in extrema Parte Hemicyclo frangitur, mutatque Faciem; CuprelEs am-bitur, & tegitur, denfiore Umbra opacior, nigriorque: interioribus Circulis (funt enim plures) pu-riflimum Diem recipit; inde eti-am Rofas offert, Umbrarumque Frigus non ingrato Sole diftin-guit Finite vario illo, multipli-
cique
Sun goes round, are ufed either as that, or Shade is requifite. ThisDif-pofition, and Delightfulnefs of the Houfe is far excelled by that of the 8Hippodrome: it is openintheMiddle, and prifents it felf at once to the Eyes of thofe that enter it: It is fur-rounded with Plane-Trees, which are cover'd with Ivy, and as the Tops are with their own, the Bottoms are green with foreign Leaves: the Ivy runs ftragling over'the Trunks and Branches, and in its Paffage joyns together the neighbouring Plane-Trees : between which are Box-Trees; the outermoft of which are encom-paffed with Lawrel, which affifts the Plane-Trees in can fing a Shade. The firaight Bounds of the Hippodrome at the further End being broken into a Semicircle, change their Form, and are fleaded and furroundedwith Cyprefs-Trees, which give a darker, and blacker Caft to the Place: yet in the innermoft Circles (for there are feveral) it receives a mofi clear Light and is forthat Rcafon produBive of Rof ;s,fo that thecoolnefs of the Shade is agreeably mixt with the Pleafures of the Sun. Having finiflfd this courfe.
__________________________________________________________________________________________  by
Z.Hippodromus.] As the Circi were in Rome, fo in fetera! Grecian Cities this was the Plac f Horfe-Races. By the Account we have of the Hippodromus, it feems in all Refpefts to h t™1 like the Circus, except that inftead of having Seats all round, it was furrounded by a PorticuT'
cique Curvamine, reQo Limit! red- by many and various Windings, it re-ditur, nec huic uni; nam Vix turns again to the ftraight Bounds of plures intercedentibus Buxis di- the Hippodrome, yet not the fame viduntur. Alibi Pratulum, alibi ivay; for there are many Patbsdivid-ipfa Buxus intervenit in Formas ed from one another by Rows of Box. mille defcripta; Literis interdum, InonePlacetsalittleMeadow,inano-qux modo Nomen Domini dicunt, tier the Box defcribes a thoufand modo Artificis : alternis Metulse different Forms; fometimes in Let-furgunt, alternis inferta funt Po- ters which tell the Name of the ma: & in Opere urbaniflimo, fu- Mafter, fometimes that of the Arti-bita velut illati Ruris Imitatio, fie er: in fame Places they grow like medium in Spatium brevioribus Cones, and in other Globular : and utrinque Platanis adornatur. Poft after a mofl elegant Tafle, a fudden has. Acanthus hinc inde lubricus Imitation of the Country feems acci-& flexuofus, deinde plures Figu- dent illy introduced in the Middle, rx, pluraque Nomina. In Capite and is adorned on each Side with 9 Stibadium candido Marmore, fiort Plane-Trees. Behind thefe, is Vite protegitur ; Vitem quatuor a Wall of theflippery winding Acan-Columellte Caryftise fubeunt: e thus; and then more Figures, and Stibadio Aqua, velut expreffa cu- more Names. At the head of this is a bantium Pondere, Sipunculis ef- 9 Stibadium of white Marble, cover-fluit, cavatoLapide fufeipitur, gra- ed with Fines; which are fupported cili Marmore continetur, atque by four Pillars of Cary Ilian Marble. ita occulte temperatur, ut im- Out of the Stibadium, the Water pleat, nec redundet. 10 Guftato- flows from feveral f nail Pipes, as if
rium Preffed out h We Weight of what lies on it, andis receiv dandcontained in aBafonJo artfully orderd, thattho fall, it does not run over. The 10 Guf-__________________________________________________________________ tatorium
S.Stiludu m.) Signified originally a fixed Seat, or Bed of Earth, covered with Grafs or Boughs, which Name,^ as by this Palfage appears, was afterwards given to thefe that were made of Mar-ble : Their Ufe was to He on when they eat abroad in their Gardens.
id. Guflatorium.) It was the Cuftom of the Romans to eat .but two Meals in the Day, the firfi
riuin graviorque Coenatio Mar-gini imponitur, levior Navicula-rum & Avium Figuris Innatans circuit. Contra Fonsegerit Aquam & recipit, nam expulfa in Al— turn in fe cadit, junflifque Flia-tibus & abforbetur & tollitur. E Regione Stibadii adverfum Cubi-culum tantum Stibadio reddit Ornatus, quantum accipit ab il-lo : a Marmore fplendet, Valvis in Viridia prominet, & exit: alia Viridia fuperioribus inferioribuf-que Feneftris fufpicit, defpicit-que. Mox Zothecula refugit qua-fi in Cubiculum idem atque aliud; Leflulus hie & undique Feneftrte, & tarnen Lumen obfeurum Umbra premente: nam lajtiflima Vitis per omne Teöum in Culmen nititur & afeendit. Non fecus ibi, quam in Nemore jaceas; Imbrem tantum t^nquam in Nemore non fentias :
hie
CUM.
tatorinnv«A'/ heavierforts of Ccena-tio arc plac'd on the Margin, but the lighter fwim about in the Form of fmall Ships and Birds. Over againfl the Stibadium is a Fountain that caftsforth and receivesWater,which being play’d up to a great height falls into it again, and runs off through Drains that are join'd to it. Oppofite to the Stibadium is a Cubiculum, which returns as great Grace to the Stibadium as it receives from it. Splendid it is with Marble, its Folding-Doors jutt out and open into Places fill'd with Greens, and has different BrofpeRs of other Greens both from upper and lowerWindows-.beyond this a Zothecula flies back, and is as it were the fame Cubiculum with this as well as another, and has in it a Bed, and Windows on every Side, yet ftill has a dim Light occafiond by the Shade: for a very beautiful Vine climbs up and covers the whole Building to the Top. Nor do you lie otherwife here, than ina Wood; only you arc not fo fenfibleof Rains as you
would
of which they took very fparingly, and only as it were rafted of their Vifluals, from whence it was called Gufiatorium ; and the latter, which was after Mid-day, was called the Cana, and from thele two Meals, thofe Difties on which the Meat was ferved up at each, took their Names; the Gufiatorium, by Pliny s Account of it, feems to have been larger than thofe Dilhes called Cccnat tones, and might probably have been fo, becaufe at that Repaft all the feveral things of which they eat were brought in at once, but the other Yeffels which were for their greater Meal were changed at every Courfe.
hie quoque Fons nafeitur, fimul-que fubducitur. Sunt Locis plu-ribus difpofita Sedilia e Marmore, qute Ambulatione feffos, ut Cubi-culum ipfum juvant: Fonticuli Sedilibus adjacent, per totumHip-podromum induflis Fiftulis ftre-punt Pvivi, & qua Manus duxit, fequuntur. His nunc ilia Viridia, nunc hate, interdum fimul omnia lavantur. Vitaffem jamdudum, ne viderer argutior, nil! propofuif-fem omnes Angulos tecum Epif-tola circumire. Neque enim ve-rebar, ne laboriofum effet legend tibi, quod vifenti non fuiflet: prarfertim cum interquiefeere fi liberet, de politaque Epiftola, quafi refidere fatpius poffes. Prat-terea indulli Amori meo; amo enim, quat maxima ex Parte ipfe inchoavi, aut inchoata percolui. In fumma (cur enim non aperi-am tibi vel Judicium meum vel Errorem?) primum ego Officium Scriptoris exiftimo, ut Titulum
fuum
world be there: here alfo a Fountain firings up and prefently difappears. Difpofed in Several Places are marble Seats, to eafe thofe that are tired with walking, as well as the Cubi-culum itfelf. Near to thefe Seats are fmall Fountains, while gentle Streams brought in by Pipes run murmuring thro the whole Hippodrome, and flow wherefoever thehand direäs; and from them Sometimes TheSe, Sometime ThoSe, and at other times all the Greens are watered together. I had Sooner taken care to avoid being thought talkative, if I had not propofed in my Epiflle to carry you round to every minute Part of my Villa. Nor could I apprehend it would be any Trouble for you to read, what would not be fo to fee: and the more, becaufe whenever weary of reading, you might at any time fit down, as it were, and reft yourfelf, by laying afidethe Epi-ftle. Befides, I have indulged my own Paffion; for I take great Delight in what I have either begun, or finijhed after it was begun. In fine (for why fimld I not Submit to you my Opinion, or perhaps Miftakes?) I think the firft thing an Author fimtld do, is to read over his Title Page, and A a	at
fuum legat, atque indentidem in-terroget fe, quid coeperit fcribere: fciatque, fi Materise trrtmoratur, non efle longum : longiflimum, fi aliquid accerfit atque attrahit. Vides, quot verfibus Moments, quot Virgilitis Arma, hie JEnez, Achillis ille, deferibat: brevis tarnen uterque eft, quia facit quod inftituit. Vides, ut Aratus minu-tiffinia etiam Sidera confeftetur & colligat, modum tarnen fervat. Non enim jExcurfus hie ejus, fed Opus ipfum eft. Similiter nos, ut parva tnagnis conferamus, cum totam Viliam Occulis tuis fubjicere cona-mur, fi nihil induftum & quafi devium loquimur, non Epiftola, quae deferibit, fed Villa, quae de-feribitur magna eft. Verum il-luc, unde coepi ; ne fecundum Legem meant Jure reprehendar, fi longior fuero in hoc, quod ex-cefli. Habes Caufas, cur ego Thuf-cos meos Thufculanis, Tyburcinis, Prseneftinifque meis prsepoitam Nam fuper ilia, qute retuli, altius ibi Otiurn, & pinguius, eoque fe-curius; nulla neceflitasTogx,Nemo
accer-1
at the fame time examine himfelf what it was he propofed to write: he may then he fenfible, that where-cver he may have dwelt upon material Circumflances, he has not leen prolix-, hut extremely tedious where-ever he has introduced any thing far-fetch'd or foreign to the SubjeB. Ton fee, in how many Verfes Homer deferihes the Anns of Achilles, and. Virgil thofe of jEneas : yet loth are toncifc, hecaufe themfelves invented what they deferiled. Ton fee alfo how Aratus fearches after and reckons up the minuteft Stars, yet is not tedious-, for his is not properly a Digrcffton, hut the Work it felf Thus, if we may compare frnall things with great, while I endeavour to bring the whole Villa hfore your Eyes, if I treat of nothing forced or from the Purpnfc, it is not the Epi-ftle, hit the deftrilcd Villa that is large. But to return to where I left off-, left I offend againft mine own. Rule, if I Jhould he longer in this Digreßon. Tou have here the Rea-fons why I prefer my Villa of Tuf-cum to thofe of Tufculum, Tyber and Prtenefte. But hefides thefe which I have related, I there enjoy a mote profound, eafy, and fecure Retirement-, there is no Occafionfor
accerfitor ex proximo; placida omnia & Quiefcentia, quod ipfnm Salubritate Regionis, ut purius Coelum ut Aer liquidior accedit: ibi Animo, ibi Corpore maxime valeo. Nam ftudiis Animum, ve-natu Corpus exerceo. Mei quoque nufquam falubrius degunt, ufque adhuc certe Neminem ex iis, quos eduxeram mecum (venia fit diflo) ibi amifi. Dii modo in pofterum, hoc mihi Gaudium, hanc Gloriam Loco fervent. Vale.
9.?
the Gown, nor am I troulled with Vifitors; all things are pleafant and quiet, which adds to the Health of the Place, as much as the pure and ferene Air: I there enjoy a perfcä Health of Mind and Body, for I exercife my Mind with Study, and my Body with Hunting. My Domeflicks alfo want not their Health: as yet (pardon the Ex-preffwn ) I have not loft one of 1 hem I brought with me. May the Gods for the time to come preferve this Pleafure to me, and Reputation to the Place. Farewel.
( 95 )
R E M A
O N
T U S C U M.
H E Defcription of this Villa, as veil as that of Laurent mum, Pliny has ranged under Three Heads, viz. Tempericm Cceli, Regionis Situm, & Amcenitateni Villa: the two former of which wholly relating to the Situation, he has confidered them widi refpeä to Health, Conveniency, and Pleafure.
Cesium eft Hyeme, &c.] Pliny was in a particular Manner obliged to take Notice of the Healthinefs of the Situation, to defend his Judgment againft the Opinion of his Friend, who had imputed to him the Building in a bad Climate. Vitruvius, Lib. i. Cap. 4. fays, the Ancients ufed to fearch the Livers of Beafts that fed where they defigned to build; which if they found vitiated, they concluded bad Water and Pafturage was the Caufe, and that it would not fire better with tnofe who fhould fettle there, whofe Diet mud; be of thofe Beafts, and were obliged to partake of the fame Water: but here, as our Author was only chargedvith the Unwhole-fomenefs of the Place, as proceeding from another Caufe, viz. bad Air, he was not obliged to fearch for fuch Proofs, and only endeavours to fatisfy his Friend, that on the contrary the Health of the Place was wholly owing to the Goodnefs of the Air, and tho’ cold and frofty in Winter, yet to its temperate Breezes in Summer
B b	(the
(the time he refilled there) he imputes the long Lives bf the Inhabitants.
Rcgionh Forma pulchrrima, &ci The Situation with tefpeff to the Country it felf, is here confidered under three Views. viX. its Pleafures, its Fertility, and the Conveniency of the navigable River. The Rea-fon, that in this Epiftle he takes no Notice of the Neighbourhood of Tifermm, as he does of Oftia in the former, and that he is not fo particular in mentioning feveral other things he fpeaks of in the Situation of l.aarentinum, wasbecaufe he here defcribed a Villa on a large Eftate, where, as it has been before obferved, it may be taken for granted he had within himfelf all Neceffaries of Life. The Defcription he gives of the Face of this Country, fhews there was nothing wanting to make the Prolpeft delightful, there being fuch an agreeable Mixture of Highwoods, Hills covered with Corn, Underwoods, Vineyards, Shrubs, Fields, Meadows, and Water. Befides the Pleafures of this Country to the Eye, there was another the Woods afforded, which was a Supply of feveral forts of Game for Chafe, which he was the more induced to take Notice of here, becaufe it was a Diverfion he extremely delighted in, as may be colleaed from feveral of his Epiftles. By his Account of the Face of this Country, it would feem as if he had no other Defign but to defcribe its Beauties, but if further examined, it will be found that it alfo was laid out according to the niceft Rules of Agriculture, and that it contained almoft all thofe Produds which the Writers on that Science efteemed effential to a compleat Farm; and which Cato, Cap. lfl, divides into nine Branches, viz. Vinea, Hortus irriguus, SaHSum, Oletum, Pratum, Campus fru-mentarius, Sylva ccedua, jirhiflum & Glamlaria Sylva: fix of which, viz. the two fir ft and four laft are mentioned here, and it is not to be fuppofed but the Saliclum and Hortus irriguus were there alfo, fince the Ground was fo proper for them, that the Oletum only was wanting, of which in the former part of this Epiftle he fays the Climate would not admit. The Principal of thefe were difpofed by the flcilful
Huf-
Husbandman, as the Product required more or lefs Heat, for which Varro, Lib. i. Cap. 7. gives thefe Directions: On the higheft Lands, which being the coldeft, were mold unfit for Tillage, he orders the Woods to be planted, and the Vines lower down the Hills, which in that Climate he thought bell: to be in a moderate Heat; and the Corn which, required the flrongefl, to be fowed in the Fields that lay in the Plains; which was the Reafon why Pliny, in this Defcrip-tion takes Notice, that tho’ fome of the Corn-Fields near him were on the Hills, yet they were as fruitful as thofe in the Plain, tho’ the Corn was not fo foon ripe. This is the only Paffage where this Defcription fwerves from the fore-nientioned Rules; and tho’ fome of the Corn-Fields were on the Hills, the greater Part were more properly in the Plain.
Campi quos nonnifi ingentcs, &c.] That thefe Lands were fertile may be concluded from the Account he gives of the Strength of the Soil; and it is well worth noting their extraordinary Diligence in preparing their Land by plowing it nine Times ; which that it was cufto-mary in thofe Parts, may be likewife proved from Pliny the Naturalift, Lib. 1. Cap. 5. Spiftius Solum pier unique in Italia quint 0 Sulco feri melius eft in Tlntfcis vero nono.
Prata florida & Gemmea, &c.] By the Charafler of thefe Meadows it appears they had all Advantages requifite to make them fit for Paf-turage, and pleafant to the Sight; to which the conftant Rivulets very much contributed, as they alfo did to the Health of the Situation, which might not have been fo great, had the Place abounded with Handing Water.
Medios ille Agros, &cf| As the real Face of thefe Lands did in all other Refpefls anfwer that which Columella, Lib. 1. Cap. 7. defcribes, and fays was only tobe wilh’d for ; fo neither did it want the Conveni-ency of a navigable River, which in the fame Author is mentioned as
a material Advantage to a Situation. The Drynefs of this River in Summer was no great Lofs to the Husbandman, fince it appears that the Country was fufficiently fupplied with Water for Ufe, and the Navigation of the River was not wanted till the Harveft was got in ; at which Time (as is here obferved) it again refumed its Courfe, fo that they could then fend their Corn, Wine, &c. by Water to Rome; and it is likely this was the Caufe he takes no Notice of the Roads about this Villa : befides the Conveniencies of this River, when it was filled with Water, it was no fmall Addition to the Beauty of the Valley.
Magnam capies Voluptatcm, &C.] The Defcription of this Country Teems to have been drawn from the Place the Houfe Rood upon, or fomething higher; from whence, as he obferves, the Whole mud appear like one entire beautiful Landskip, the Diftance allowing an Opportunity of feeing all thofe Parts at one View, which he has before deferibed diftinflly.
Villa in Colie imo fita, &c.] From the Form of the Country he proceeds to take Notice of the Place on which the Houfe was feated, which was exaöly conformable to the Rules laid down by thofe who have given Direftions for the Situation of a Villa like This ; who, as has been obferved in the former Part of this Work for feveral Reafons condemn the placing a Houfe on the Top of a Hill, or in the Bottom of a Valley, the middle Site being moft commodious and fecure, as this appears to have been: by which Means, it was not only freed from the Inconveniencies, to which other Situations are fubjeft, but had alfo the Benefit of receiving the cool Airs from the Apennines, which was a Angular Advantage to this Summer Villa, that was not placed fo low, but it could command a Profpeft of the whole Country ; nor fo high, as not to have Water in feveral Parts of the Garden, which it is probable was collefled from Springs in the neighbouring Hills, and conveyed thither by an Aquedufl.
Magna
Magna fui Parte Meridiem fpeBat aftivumqtte Solari ab Hora fexta} hybermira aliquanto maturius, &c.] Vitruvius, Lib. 6. Cap. i. fays thus: In Northern Countries, Houfes fhould have high Roofs, be much en-clofed, not have many Apertures, and turned to the warm Quarters of the Heavens: but on the contrary, in the Regions of the South, where they fuffer through too much Heat, Houfe fhould be made more open, and turned to the North or North Eafl; fo that what is hurtful through natural Caufes, may be correfled by Art. This Rule, which doubtlefs was carefully obferved by the Architefls of his Time, feems but in part to be followed by the Defigner of thefe Villas of Pliny; for tho’ he has made this Summer Villa more open than the other, yet it appears at firft Sight as if he no ways regarded the Rule of placing the Houfe, as the Seafon it was built for required: but if examined into it will be found, that tho’ the Front of his Winter Villa was placed to the North, and that of his Summer which required to be cool, to the South ; yet thofe Fronts ferved moftly for the inferi-our Conveniencies of the Houfes, and to guard the principal Parts in each Villa from what was moll: troublefome. In order the better to underhand the true Difpofition of the Front of this Houfe, it may not be amifs to examine the Method obferved by the Romans in the Meafure of the Day; which by Palladius appears in his Time to have been divided into Eleven Parts; fo that there were Five Hours both before and after the fixth, or middle Hour of the Day. Their Divifions in the Time of Juguftus were marked by the Shade of an Obelisk, that was placed by his Order in the Campus Martins, and which the Elder Pliny fays, was an hundred and fixteen Feet and nine Inches long. The Method of making thefe Sun-dials is defcribed at large by Vitruvius, Lib. 9, Cap. 8. but thefe were only of Ufe in clear Days, and till the Five Hundred ninety fifth Year of the City, as the fame Pliny tells us, Lib. 7. Cap. 60. they had not perfected an Invention to meafure the Hours without the Help of the Sun: Thefe Horologia feem to have meafured the whole Space of Time from Sun-rifing to Sun-rifing, into as many equal Parts as was thought proper ; by which Means, the fixth Hour of
C c
the Day, except at the Time of the AEquinox, never happened when the Sun was full South, it being in Summer before that time, and in ^Winter after; lb that during the Winter the greater Part of the Day was before the fixth Hour, and in Summer after: and it feems as if the Meafure of Time which our Author followed was according to this Rule, otherwife it would be very difficult to reconcile what he fays in this Paffage to Reafon. What has been here obferved, may ferve to prove that this Houfe did not face full South, but was rather turned as Falla-dius Lib. i. Tit. 8. direfts, where he fays, the whole Length of the Front Ihould be fo difpofed as to receive at one Angle the Winter’s rifing Sun, and turn a little from its fetting ; by thefe Means it will admit the Light of the Sun in Winter, and be infenlible of its Heat in Summer: which Rule feems to be founded on the fame Motives that guided Pliny in the placing his Houfe.
Forticum latam, &c.] That they had no fet Form for the Plans of their Villas, but varied them as Conveniency required, appears by thefe two Villas of Pliny; as alfo that as Pleaffire or Necellity direfted, they neglefted to follow the Cuftom Vitruvius, Lib. 6. Cap. 8. fays was obferved in his Time in building Villas, where he fays, that in thofe for Pleafure, the firft thing they entered was a Periftyle, then an Atrium, which had paved Portious's about it that were turned towards the Walks and Palaflra, or Places of Exercife. The Length of Time betwixt Vitruvius and Pliny had fo far altered Cuftoms, that there feems to be but a fmall Refemblance of the more ancient Manner of Building in either of his Villas; and in this of Tufcum, the firft thing that offers it felf inftead of the Periflyle, is the Geftatio, a Part never mentioned by Vitruvius; beyond which indeed, after having paffed two other Places of Exercife, is the Atrium, adjoyning to which is a Portions, and tho’ not in the Manner Vitruvius direfts, yet it is turned to the Amhdatio and Xyftus, which was a Place of Exercife as well as the Palaftra. The Portions here firft mentioned, befides the Exercife of Walking, which was its proper
per Ufe, had this Convenience that by its Breadth it kept off the Heat of the Sun from all thofe Parts that opened into it, and looked South-ward-, befides which, it ferved as it were the better to joyn all thofe Members of the Houfe into one Body. It does not appear by any Paf-fage in Vitruvius, that the Romans had any Rule to govern them in the Proportion of their Portions s, nor indeed was it neceffary that thofe Places, which in their Buildings were made very long for the Sake of Exercife only, lhould have a Breadth proportioned to theit Length; and as this was defigned for that Ufe, it is likely he meant its Breadth and Length bore afeeming, rather than a real Proportion.
Atrium ex more Veterum, &c.] It has been before remarked that in the Manner of defigning this Villa, the Method laid down by Vitruvius was in fome Degree obferved, and among other things, was the old-falhioned Atrium; for the Difpofition of which Vitruvius gives Directions, Lib. 6. Cap. 4. as alfo for the Proportion of the Tahlinum that was joined to it This Atrium, probably one of the largeft Rooms in the Houfe, and not the worft adorned, he takes fo flight a Notice of, becaufe there was a {landing Rule for the making of them ; as alfo becaufe its Office was only for Clients, and thofe'Servants called Atrienfes to wait in, and this and the Portions feem to have been the only Parts of this Villa that were common for all to enter. After the Defcription of which, before he enters upon the more private Parts of the Houfe, he thought proper to mention thofe Works of Art that lay before the Portions; the firfl, or that which lay next it, was the Xyftus, beyond which was the Amhilatio.
Xyftus concifus, &c.] By his Charafter of this Place, it feems to have been deck’d up like the modern Parterres, and it was here that he tells us. Lib. 9. Ep. 36. he ufed to exercife himfelf in Walking, till the Sun or bad Weather obliged him to retire to the Cryptoportious: By feveral Paflages in this Defcription it feems to have been not only in the Front, but alfo on the Sides of the Houfe; and it appears to1
have
have been upon a Ground raifed higher than any other Part that lay before the Villa, which was an Advantage to the Houfe, to which it feemed to ferve for a Bafe, and raifed it out of all Inconveniencies of Wet, and gave it a more graceful View to thofe that faw it from the Bottom, than if it had flood upon a Level with the Road or Entrance of the Avenue. The Slope, which defcended from the Xyftus to the Geftatio, lying upon a Line with the Eyes of thofe who came to the Villa, he thought proper to adorn with that fort of Trees, which might eaficft be cut into any Manner of Form.
'Acanthus in Plano, &c.] The Exercife of walking in the Sun, as already obferved in the Remarks on Laurentinum, was fometimes taken naked and barefoot, for which Reafon it was ndceffary to make thofe Walks as foft as poffible; as this was planted with what he calls the Acanthus; of which there were two forts, in Imitation of the larger and rougher of which the antient Corinthian Capitals were adorned, and the other which he here fpeaks of feems by its Charafler to re-femble Mofs.
Ambit hunc Amlulatio, &c.] The Amlulatio bounded the Xyftus after the Manner mention’d by Vitruvius, who in feveral Paffages places them near the Houfes of the moft principal Romans-, and in Lib. 5- Cap. 9. he fpeaks of publick Ones in the City near their Theatres, which he there calls hypethra Ambulationes, and in the fame Place gives the Reafon for their being uncovered, as alfo for their being bounded with Ever-Greens as this was; the Xyftus, as well as the Amlulatio, was alfo an open Walk, but then it had no Trees or Hedges to bound its Sides, as the other had.
Y
Al his Geftatio in Modum drei, &c.] Further from the Houfe, beyond tht Amlulatio, lay this Place of Exercife, to which he chofe to give the Form of the Circus, becaufe the Exercifes that were ufed in it were like thofe that were ufed in thofe publick Places of Diverfion:
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•which this not dnly refembled in Form, but in Ornaments; with this Difference only, that as the Ornaments of That were of Stone, thofe in This confided of Trees cut in the fame Shapes, and this Geftatio was bounded with Degrees of Box, as the Circus with Seats of Stone for the Speäators: And as the middle Part of That was filled with Obelisks, Altars, Pillars, and Arches, fo This was with Box-Trees and other Shrubs, probably cut into the fame Forms; which Imitation muft have afforded an agreeable View to thofe, who paffed thro’ this Geftatio, that feerns to have been a fort of Avenue to the Houfe.
Pratum inde, &cf] With the Geftatio ended the riling Ground whereon the Houfe flood, at the Bottom of which lay the Meadows and Fields that have been fpolcen of in the Situation, and are here again repeated, to fhew the agreeable Profpect that was enjoyed from the Portions, and thofe other Parts already deferibed.
A Capite Portions Triclinium, &c.] Having done with the Avenue, Walks, and thofe Parts of the Houfe which were open to all, he comes next to fpeak of thofe to which Vitruvius tells us Nobody had Accefs, except the Invited ; the chief of thefe in all Villas was the Triclinium, Which in both Pliny’s is the fir ft Member he takes Notice of. This feems to have had the Preference to the other Members that were in the Portions, and was placed at the Head of it, and muft (as appears by other Parts of the Defcription) have been at the Weft End, fo that the Front of it faced Eaftward. It has been obferved, that from all their Eating-Rooms they were defiroüs of having as pleafant a Profpect as they could ; and as the beft and moft extenfive Profpc£t from this Villa lay South of it, in this Summer Eating-Room they Could not have fo conveniently enjoyed it without being incommoded by Heat, had not this Room been made to advance out beyond the other Parts of the Houfe, as upon feveral Accounts it appears to have done; by which Means at the fame time that it had an agreeable Profpect on both Sides, the Heat of the Sun was allay’d by the Breezes that he be-
D d	fore
XV JE, J.YJL ZI IV Xv O UH
104
fore obferved conftantly blew in the Summer from the North; and it does not appear to have had any opening Wefterly, where the Sun was oppofite to it at the time of theirEating in that Seafon. As Pliny has not told the Form of this Triclinium, and as Vitruvius has proved, that that built after the Egyptian Manner was moll: proper to avoid the Heat, and at the fame time enjoy the Light of the Sun : in the Plan is drawn a Triclinium after that Manner, only with this Difference, that for the Sake of a Profpeä, inftead of having the lower Part quite Ihut up, there are here Doors and Windows which might have been Ihut or opened at Pleafure. To the Eaft this Triclinium had only a View of the Porticus, but from its Sides enjoyed at once the two moll: agreeable Profpeäs of the Country, which no one Room defcribed did befide this. On the South it had a Profpeä: of the Area of that natural Amphitheatre which has been defcribed, and Northward were thofe Woods which covered the Tops of the Hills that bounded it.
Contra mediant fere Porticum, Sic.] If there were no more Rooms in this Diata than thofe here mentioned, they could not without the Affiftance of the Porticus and Atrium be well contrived to bound three Sides of this Areola, though it is likely there might have been more Rooms than the three that are named. The Procoeton, which was in moll: Appartments, is not mentioned in any Part of this Villa, Pliny being not fo particular in this Defcription as in that of Laurentinum.
Eft in hac Diata Dormitoriwn, &c.] The following Rooms in this Defcription, as well as thofe Rooms that follow the Triclinium of the other Villa, feem to have been fet afide for the Mailers proper Ap-partment; and Pliny no where elfe mentions Dormitorium or Ciibicu-lum noil is; he only takes Notice, that this Chamber had the fame Qualifications with thofe that were in his Garden Diata of Laurentinum, except the Hypocaufton, which this Summer Room did not want.
JunBaque
Junäaqnc quotidiana Amicorum Coenatiob] This private Eating-Room, which in this Place only is mentioned as part of a Dial a, aS well as the forementioned Triclinium, was conveniently placed for the Baths, from the Ufe of which they immediately came to it. Its Difpofition on the Side of this Court was very proper for Summer; being by the Buildings that furrounded the Areola fheltered from all Parts but the North, to which Point Vitruvius dircfls their Summer Eating-Rooms to be turned, it being fo placed as to have no other Benefit from the North, but its cool Airs; the Juttings out of the Building taking off all other Profpeffs, there is no mention made of any but the Areola, whofe Ornaments feem to have been the principal One it had. This Ccenatio was called quotidiana Amicorum, to diftin-guifhit from the Triclinium, that in Lib. i. Ep. 3. he ftiles populäre, where larger Entertainments were made for many Guefts, and not fo conftantly ufed.
Areolam illatn Porticus alia, &c.] This Porticus Handing North and South as in the Plan, muff have been a conftant cool Place for walking in, when the greater Porticus which flanked to the South, may have been too warm. And it is probable its Difpofition was the fame as the others; and fince it is faid to have the fame Profpcct with the greater Porticus, it muff have opened into itj otherwife it could not have anfwered that and other Parts of the Defcription. The Advantages of this leffcr Porticus were feveral, as it ferved for a Paffage to the Areola, and to the Stairs that were by the Bath, and fupported one of the three Diceta that furrounded the Court above Stairs.
Efl & aliud Cubiciihim, &c.] The Areola, which by its Fountain^ Verdure, and Shades, afforded an agreeable Refrefhment to all the Rooms on the Ground Floor that looked into it, muff have been in a more particular Manner beneficial to this Culiculum, which feems to have been a Room for Day Sleep, and made as cool as Art and
the
JL Ul)
iv	xrjL	ii	iv	iv	u
the Place could admit ,of; and to make it the more fo, befides the Fountain that was without, there was alfo another within, whofe murmuring Noife added to the Pleafure of the Room. This is the only Room in either Villa, of whofe Ornaments he has given any Account, and this was adorned according to the niceft Judgment. The Podium, which has been explained in the Notes on this Epiftle, if the Height of the Room allowed of it, reached as high as the Bottom of the Windows, which being on a Ground Floor, and made damp by the Fountain that was in it, the Plaiftering muft have been damaged, had it been continued down to the Pavement; to remedy which it was encrufted fo high with Marble, from whence to the Ceilingitwas probably cover’d with Stucco, as the Rooms of the Antients moftly were, whofe Sides they defigned to paint, forReafons, as Vitruvius, Lib. 7. Cap. 3. gives usin thefe Words, Colours well laid upon wet Plaiftcr dont fade, but continue frefls for ever. The fame Author, who thought it neceffary that, an Architect fliould be a Judge of thofe other Arts, with which Archi-teSure ufed to be adorned, in the 5th Chap, of the Gmc Book, has ventured to pafs a Cenfure upon thofe Painters of his Time, who were,, addifled to what at prclent are called Gothick Ornaments, condemning all Imitations that do not refemble the Truth, or at leaft the Veri-fimilitude; and in the fame Place feems to hint as if there weie particular Paintings proper to particular Rooms. Pliny, who in feveral of his Epiftles proves himfelf an excellent Judge in this Art, has made choice of the moft limple and natural Manner of dcfigning to adorn this Room; preferring here that Manner which only pleafed the Eye by Colours, to that which moved the Paflions, as Hiftory Pieces, which perhaps he thought more proper for larger and more publick Rooms, fuch as the Atrium, Triclinium, and the like. The Carving that was on- the flat Part of the Podium, though not defcribed, Ice may eafily believe was of a Piece with the Painting, and perhaps only confifted of a Mixture of Leaves and Fruit, as are to be feen upon feveral ancient Pieces of Marble,
In
In Cornu Porticus amplißmum Ciibiculum, &c.] The Rule which Vitruvius lays down, Lib. i. Cap. i. for the Symmetry to be obferved in proportioning Parts of a Building to the Whole, feems to have been obferved by the Defigner of thefe two Villas of Pliny : For the Cubiculum that was next the Triclinium in that fmaller Villa of Laurentinum, and was for the fame End with this, was only Riled Amplum, but in this Amplißmum. From the Windows of this Room which looked Weft-ward, there is no Mention of any other Profped but the Xyftus, and to make the South Profped of this vary from that of the Triclinium, before the Windows was a Fountain, which Pliny commends as pleating both the Eye and Ear. Tho’ this Room was turned to the South, the Breadth of the Porticus that was before it kept it fhady in Summer, when the Sun was oppofite to it: Befides thefe Conveniencies, this is the only Room in this Villa where Provifion was made for the Winter by an Hypocaufion, which even in his other Villa is no where mentioned except in the Baths and Bed-Chambers; and ’tis not improbable that he made ufe of this for an Hylernaculum, which Vitruvius direds to be turned to the Winter’s fetting Sun, as fome of the Windows of this Room were; and the Sun, at its Winter Meridian being low enough to call: its Rays under the Roof of the Porticus, warm’d it till almoft Mid-day. By fome Palfages we may colled that he fometimes palfed the Beginning of the Winter at this Seat, for which Reafon he made fuch Provifion in this Room; and had, as will afterwards appear, feveral other Rooms in this Villa proper to that Seafon, as he had as providently taken care for Summer Rooms in the other Villa.
Inde Apodyterium Balinei, &c.] Tho’ there were Rules for varying the Difpofition of other Rooms according to the Seafons in which they were defigned to be ufed, yet as has been obferved in the Remarks on Laurentinum, the Baths, whether they were built for Winter or Summer Ufe, were always placed on the Weft Side of the Floufe, fo as from thence to have a Profped of the fetting Sun in the Winter’s Sol-
E e
ftice, which Rule is followed in the placing thefe Baths. In thofe of his leffer Villa, where he is more particular in his Defcription, there are more Members defcribed than in this, tho’ the Apodyterium, which was the principal One, is mentioned only in this. The Reafon for this Rooms being fo large, as he obferves, may probably be upon Account of its Office, it being the Place where all thofe that bathed undrefs’d, and returned to after their bathing, fweating, and Exercife of the Ball; and commodioufly to contain at once all thofe that were before feperately employ’d in other Rooms. The Character of bilare, which he gives to this Room, as well as to the Cavadiinn of Laurentinnm, feems to have been chofen, becaufe the Walls were adorned with Ornaments of Architecture, Painting, or Sculpture ; and not for its having been well lighted, which would have been a need-lefs Commendation to a Court that had few Buildings about it higher than one Story to ffiade it.
Celia Frigidaria in qua, &c.] This, as well as the Apodyterium, mull certainly have been a very fpacious Room, containing a Baptiflerhmt large enough to fwim in, and a larger Baffin in its Area, round which (according to the Directions of Vitruvius) mull have been a Place feveral Feet wide to Hand on. The Baptifterium, which feems to have been a Member common to all Celia Frigidaria, is here commended upon the Account of its Darknefs ; a Quality perhaps elleemed proper for a cold Bath, or as it rendred it more private; the Pifcina being more publick, and for more than one to bathe in at a time.
Frigidaria Celia conncBitur Media, &c(] This which he calls the middle Cell, was that of the middle Degree of Heat, betwixt the Caldaria and Frigidaria, and was called the Celia tepidaria. Tho’ he mentions no other Heat than that of the Sun either in this or the hot Cell, we may fuppofe, fince in the midll of Summer they could not have Heat enough from his Body to caufe the Perfpiration required, they had other Afllflance from the Hypocaufton, that heated
the
the Water; and the Sun is only mentioned to fhew, that when the Seafon permitted, they drew all the Heat they could from it; preferring that to the Heat of the Fire, from which they received as little Afliftance as they could.
Caldaria magis prnminet enim, &c.] This Celia having Occafion for more Heat than the other, is further advanced to the Weft, fo that by its Projeftion it opportunely faced the Sun when nearer its Meridian, and confequently was more warm’d by it than the fore-mentioned Celia. By the Defcription of this Celia, it feems as if divided into three Parts, like three Rooms; two of which looked Southward, and faced the Sun before the Time of tiling them, and barr’d the third, which lay to the North, from the Benefit of the Sun at that time of the Day, by which Means that Divifion was obliged to make the greater Ufe of other Heat, and tho’ farther from the Sun, was perhaps as warm or warmer than the other Two: And he obferves it did not fuffer the Inconveniency of being dark, though removed farther from the Heat of the Sun. To thefe Members of the Bath mentioned by our Author, in the Plan are added others that were common to all Baths: the firft of which, ■viz. the Propnigeon is placed fo as to communicate the Heat properly co all the Sweating-Rooms, efpecially when they could receive no Afliftance from the Sun, the Hypocaufton, that heated the Water as well as the Propnigeon, is placed clofe to them; over which are three Veffels as Vitruvius direfts, from whence the Pifcina that was on the Area of the Celia Frigidaria might not have been inconveniently fupplied with Water: On the other Side near the Hypocaufton is placed the UnBuariitm, fo as (for Reafons before given) to have a Communication with the Celia tepidaria and Apodyterium, and to be the neareft Part of tire Baths to the Sphareftterimn.
Apodyterio fuperpofitum eft Spharefteriitm, &c(] The Exercife that was ufed in this Room requiring it to be very large, it was proper
W
to place it over the largefl: Member of the Baths; neither here nor in the Villa of Laurentinum, does he take Notice of any particular Qualities belonging to this Room, by which it appears that thefe Rooms were generally made after one common Method, and thofe Circles for feve-ral kinds of Exercife that were ufed in this Spbarefterium were probably no other than particular Marks that were made on the Floor; the Succefs of their Play depending on the Ball’s lighting in fuch a Circle after it had been ftruck, which was the Adverfaries Bufinefs to prevent; and the many forts of Exercife that this Room was made for, might be diverfified by Lines or Circles on the Walls or Floor, each Game having its particular Marks or Boundaries for the Ball, like the Game of Tennis, which tho’ it takes up one entire Room, the fame Place by making different Lines, may ferve for feveral Games of the like Nature.
Nec procul a Balineo, Scala, &c.] Hitherto this Description, like the greater Part of Laurentinum, has been on the Ground Floor, but now he afeends, by Stairs which probably led to the Spbarefterium as well as the Cryptoport tens; before he could reach to the latter there were three Diata, which by his Account had nothing remarkable, except that each had a particular Profpeff. The firft feems to have been over the leffer Portions, and looked Eaflcvard, having the Spbarefterium on its Back, and its Windows had no other View but the Buildings that furrounded the Court, and the Areola it felf. The Second, which faced Southward, feems defigned for a Winter Apartment by its warm Dif-pofition, and had the fame Profpecl of the Meadows and Fields that the forementioned Triclinium had. The Laft, which lay in the direft Way from the Stairs to the Cryptoporticus, looked Northward, and wasmoft properly difpofed for a Summer Diata: Befides an agreeable Profpeft of the Vineyards that lay almofl: oppofite to it, .ic had alfo the other Profpects that the Hills afforded, but the Juttings of the Houfe hindered the View of the Hippodrome-
In
In fimima Cryptoporticus Cubiculum, &c.] From thefe Diata, before he proceeds in his Defcription, he paffes through the Cryptoporticus ; at the Head or moft Northern Part of which was a Cubiculum, probably as wide as the Cryptoporticus itfelf, being faid to be cut off from it: The Difpofition of it fhews it wholly to be defigned for a Summer Room, thofe Profpefts from it that are mentioned lying North of the Villa.
Jungitur Cubiculum obvium, &c.j] The Office of the foregoing Room feems likely to have been a Place of Retirement when fatigu’d with walking in the Cryptoporticus, and that there might not be a Room wanting for the fame Ufe in a colder Seafon, this Room was provided, whofe Windows looking contrary to the other, and by its jutting out caufing an Angle, muft have been warmed, during moft of the Winter after Mid-day
Hinc oritur Diata, &c.] This Dint a that joyns the Villa to the Hippodrome can’t be faid to do fo, if upon the fame Floor with the Cryptoporticus ; therefore we may reafonably conclude, though being not mentioned, he here defcends in his Defcription. By its Difpofition it muft have been very pleafant in Summer, and being joyn’d to the Hippodrome muft have had a thorough Profpefl: of it, which he has not thought fit to take much Notice of, becaufe he is afterwards very particular in the Defcription of that Piece of Art; and it may be obferved that Pliny is no where fo particular in mentioning artificial as natural Profpefts: And where both are feen, he neglefts to take Notice of the former, as perhaps not thinking them fo beautiful as the other. The Stairs, which in the Plan lead to the Dint a, anfwer the Cubiculum laft mentioned.
Hac Facies hie Vifus a Fronte, &c.] This Front was that part of the Houfe that lay moft Northward, and which he has juft deferibed, and was the Garden Front of the Houfe, or rather the Front of tnat
p f	Part
Part of it that lay neareft to the Garden. This Cryptoporticus is here ftyled aftiva, becaufe it was placed in that part of the Villa that was moll agreeable in Summer, and bell defended from the Sun, as was that which lay from the South to the North, and the Windows opened to the Eafl and Weft, as thefe of the Cryptoporticus did; fo that the Sun in its Meridian only flione on its Roof, and when lower, was in a great Meafure kept off by the moll Southern Parts of the Houfe, and was altogether cool at the Time it was wanted, which was rather before than after Mid-day.
In Edito pofita, &c.] As the lall Rooms were below Stairs, Pliny would now have us underlland that this Room he is about to fpeak of was upon the Floor from which he had juft defcended to take Notice of that Di&ta, and the lofty Situation of this Cryptoporticus was the Reafon he took fuch particular Notice of the Profpedt of the Vineyards from it, which could be feen over whatever obftrudted that View in the Rooms that lay lower than this, which had only a Profpeft of what grew on the Hills above the Vines; but this commanded the lower Parts of thofe Hills, and had fuch a full View of them, that to thofe' that walked in it, they feemed to have been very near.
In media Triclinium, &c.] In the Difpofition of the former Triclinium, there was fo much Regard had to the Profpects, that tho’ all the Means that Art could invent were made ufe of to prevent its being at particular Times rather too hot, it could no '«'ays be avoided; but that he might not appear lefs provident in this than in his Winter Villa, had fo difpofed this other Room for Entertainments, that it was Ihelter’d to the South by the greater Part of the Houfe, on which Side it appears to have had no Windows, and was quite hid from the Weft cm Sun by the Interpolation of the Cryptoporticus, and on the North lay the Apennines, from the Vallies of which it was cool’d by refrelhing Breezes, which w7as more particularly taken Notice of here,
becaufe
becaufe it was a more than ordinary Advantage to a Room that was in ufe in Summer, before the Heat of the Day was much abated : Being on the fame Floor with the Crypt op art I cus, its ProfpeQs are the fame with That, for the Vineyards were not confined to one Side of the Houfe, but by Pliny's own Account, were one continued Traci at the Bottom of the Hills; fo that from the Windows that lookt one Way, and from the Folding-doors that opened almoft oppofite the Windows of the Cryptoporticus, were prefented two Views of thefe Vineyards.
A Latere Triclinii, &c.] As thofe, that were come to the Triclinium by the Stairs that were near the Baths, were obliged to pafs through feveral Rooms in their Way to it, it was requifite to have others at the fame time without this Inconveniency ; and thefe were for that Realbn placed on the South Side of the Triclinium, which was neareft the Entrance of the Houfe.
In Fine Culiculum, &c.] According to Cuftom, near this Triclinium was a Cubiculum ; the Difpofition of which feems to have made it as proper for Summer as the Triclinium itfelf, and its Profpefts are the fame, for tho’ the Cryptoporticus is only mentioned to be feen from this Room, it mu ft alfo have been fo from the other, though but obliquely.
Sul eft Cryptoporticus Sulterranea, &c.] This Cryptoporticus, that lay under the Triclinium, feems in all Refpefts to have been like what at prefent is called a Grotto, and in Italy is efteemed a neceffary Part for the Pleafure of a Summer Villa: This Place thus guarded from the Sun, might be thought fufficiently cool, without any Affi-ftance from thofe Airs that refrefhed the Triclinium, yet we may imagine that (tho’ not mentioned) the Light was admitted into it, other-wife the Room, tho’ cool, muft have been unpleafant.
Pofl iitramqiie Cryptoporticmn, &c.] Vitruvius s diredions to make Houfes for hot Climates more open than for cold, have been carefully obferved by the Defigner of this Villa ; there being no lefs than three Porticus proper for walking in, mentioned in this Villa, and in Lauren-tinum there was but one, and that well guarded from the Wind and the Weather. This laft Porticus feems to have been of Angular Ufe, for ftanding from South to North as the Cryptoporticus did which it fupported, it gave a thorough Paffage to all Airs that blew from the cooleft Quarters, and confequently muft caufe great Refrefh-ment to the Rooms that lay below, efpecially thofe that lay Weft of it; which otherwife by confining the Rays of the Sun, muft, towards the Declenfion of the Day in Summer, have been much warmer. The Charader which he gives this Porticus of being Hybcrna ante, &c. muft have been fpoken, with relation to its being warm or cold at thofe Times of the Day, it being cool by its Airs, and being well guarded from the Sun during the Time of Exercife, which was commonly before Midday, fo that its being warm after that Horn' was no great Inconveniency to it.
Hac adeuntur Diata dua, See.] By the Defcription of thefe Appart-ments we may reafonably infer that One was defigned for Summer, and the Other for Winter, as having before obferved He no where in this Villa takes Notice of any Benefit of the Sun, but in Rooms proper for the colder Seafon, or in thofe that required extraordinary Heat, as the Sweating Rooms. The low Difpofition of thefe Diata, and their Views being intercepted by the other Parts of the Houfe, is probably the Reafon why he makes no Mention of any Profped from them.
Plane Difpofitioncm Avuxnitatcinque TcBorum, &c.] As this Defcription began with the Avenue, or thofe Parts that lay on the Front of the Houfe, fo it clofed with the Garden that lay North, or on the Back of it, which confifted of two principal Parts, viz. that which
is
is here ealled the Hippodrome, and that which lay *beyond it. This firll: Part feems to have had its Name from its refembling thofe pub-lick Plaees fo called (the Difference betwixt which and the Circus has been fhewn in the Notes on this Epiftle) rather than from their Exereife of Horfe-raeing; for whieh the Geftatio might as well have ferved as for that of the Coaeh, unlefs perhaps this may have been fometimes ufed upon the Aeeount of Shade, whieh the other had not, nor did much want, fince the Vebicula were covered at Top, and their Sides enelofed by Curtains. The Circus and Hippodrome had this in common, that they had both the Middle of their Areas filled up with fmall Buildings, Arches, Obelisks, Altars, or the like; but this lying next the Houfe, and its Beauties eonfifting in the Ornaments of the Boundaries, it was thought proper to omit thofe Repre-fentations of Buildings that he had in the Geftatio, which here would have intercepted the ProfpeG from thofe Rooms that lay next the Hippodrome, whieh feems to be what , he means by Medius patefeit. The Planes that were the principal Trees with which this Place was bounded, were in moll of the Gardens of the antient Romans, and trere valued upon the Aeeount of their extraordinary Shade. That thefe might not only pleafe by their Shade and Leaves, their Codies were made Supporters to Ivy, that was planted about them, which eovered not only the Trunks, but alfo the Boughs, and as he obferves, join’d the Trees as it were into one Body; by which Means the Shade mull have been inereafed, and the Sun kept off as much as by the Roof of a Portions, to whofe Pillars their Trunks bore a Refemblance: Befides, as the principal Rooms look’d towards this p]aee, and as it has been obferved he fometimes Raid at this Villa a fmall Part of the Winter, at that Seafon the Leaves from the Planes were the lefs miffed, finee the Laurel, Box, and Cyprefs-Trees (that ' helped to fenee and fhade this Hippodrome) at all Seafons afforded an agreeable Profpeft, whieh was inereafed by the different Degrees of Colour that were between thefe forementioned Ever-greens.
G g
ReQus
Hechts Inc nippoaromi Limes, &c.j before any Notice be taken or that Part that lay beyond the Hippodrome, which is the only Roman Garden whofe Defcription is come down to us, it may not be improper to enquire into the firft Rife of Gardens, and of what they at firft confilled, by which a Judgment maybe the better paffed on this before us. The Invention of this Art feems to have been owing to the firft Builders of Villas, who were naturally led to fearch for the moft beautiful Places in which to build them; but as it was hardly poffible to meet with any, that within the Compafs defigned for the Pleafure of the Villa, fhou Id contain everything that was compleatly agreeable, it was neceffary to fupply by Care and Induflry whatever was wanting in the natural Face of the Cbuntry: but at firft they aimed at nothing further than the Difpofition of their Plantations, for by the fmall Knowledge we can arrive at, in the Gardens of the firft Ages, they feem to have been no more than feleft, well-water’d Spots of Ground, irregularly producing all forts of Plants and Trees, grateful either to the Sight, Smell, or Tafte, and refrefhed by Shade and Water: Their whole Art confifting in little more than in making thofe Parts next their Villas as it were accidentally produce thechoiceft Trees, the Growth of various Soils, the Face of the Ground fuffering little or no Alteration; the Intent of Gardens being within a fixt Compafs of Ground, to enjoy all that Fancy could invent moft agreeable to the Senfes. But this rough Manner, not appearing fufficiently beautiful to thofe of a more regular and exaft Tafte, fet them upon inventing a Manner of laying out the Ground and Plantations of Gardens by the Rule and Line, and to trim them up by an Art that was vifible in every Part of the Defign. By the Accounts we have of the prefent Manner of Defigning in China, it feems as if from the two former Manners a Third had been formed, whofe Beauty confifted in a clofe Imitation of Nature ; where, tho’ the Parts are difpofed with the greateft Art, the Irregularity is ftill preferved; fo that their Manner may not improperly be faid to be an artful Confufion, where there is no Appearance of that Skill which is made ufe of, their Rocks,
Cafcades,
Cafcaäa, andTrees bearing'their natural Forms. In the Difpofition of Phny s Garden, the Defigner of it Ihews that he was not unacquainted with thefe feveral Manners, and the Whole feems to have been a Mixture of them all Three. In the Pratulum Nature appears in her plaineft and moft fimple Drefs; fuch as the firft Builders were con tented with about their Villas, when the Face of the Ground it felf happened to be naturally beautiful. By the Care ufed in regulating the turning and winding Walks, and cutting the Trees and Hedges into various Forms, is Ihewn the Manner of the more regular Gardens ; and in the Imtatio Ruris, he feems to hint at the third Manner, where, under the Form of a beautiful Country, Hills, Rocks, Cafcades, Rivulets, Woods, Buildings, &c. were poffibly thrown into' fuch an agreeable Diforder, as to have pleafed the Eye from feveral Views, like fo many beautiful Landskips; and at the fame time have afforded at leaft all the Plcafures that could be enjoy'd in the moft regular Gardens. The main Body of this Garden was difpofed after the Second of thefe three Manners; through its winding Paths One as it were accidentally fell upon thofc Pieces of a rougher Tafte, that feem to have been made with a Defign to furprize thofe that arrived at them, through fuch a Scene of Regularities, which (in the Opinion of fome) might appear more beautiful by being near thofe plain Imitations of Nature, as Lights in Painting are heightened by Shades. The Intent of this Garden (befides pleafing the Eye, being to afford Shade
and Coolnefs in the hotter Seafon of the Year) required it to be well ftockt with Trees and Water; which laft we may fuppofe took its feeming natural Courfe through the rougher Parts of the Garden, and in the regular appeared in a more artful Difpofition ; as did alfo the Trees, which both here and in thofe Parts on the South Side, or Front of the Villa, were cut into unwarrantable Forms, if the Ornaments of Gardens arc allow’d to be only Imitations of Natures' Pro-duffions ; for it cannot be fuppofed that Nature ever did or will produce Trees in the Form of Beafts, or Letters, or any Refemblance of Embroidery, which Imitations rather belong to the Statuary, and
Workers'
Workers with the Needle than the Archited; and tho’ pleafing in thofe Arts, appear monftrous in this. Tho’ it is plain that this Manner of adorning Gardens was not at that Time a new Invention, fince as has been obferved in the former Part of this Work, Varro in his Defcription of his Ornithon, mentions the Parterre that lay near it: And this Cuftom wa^ got to fuch a Head in the Time of Pliny, that the Gardeners, from clipping and laying out every thing by the Line, and turning Trees and Hedges into various Forms, were called Topiarii-, and it is. eafy to think that in Compliance to the Fafhion, the Archited of this Villa, tho’ we fee he knew better, was induced to make ufe of thofe Ornaments. As to the feveral Names, which were formed by the Box-Hedges of this Garden, we cannot be certain of any but One; which was that of the Mailer. The Liberty that is taken of naming Muflius in the Plan as his Archited, is becaufe it appears by the 36th Ep. of the Ninth Book of Pliny, that he did fome .Work for him near this Villa.
Pofl has Acanthus, &c.] Betwixt this Garden and the Garden Buildings lay a Walk, made foft to the Feet (as the Cuftom then was) with the Acanthus, which therefore gives Name to a Part that he could not have properly called a Xyftus or Amlmlaticr, as, foraRea-fon of the fame Nature, the Walk in Laurentinum is called Vineet, from its being covered with Vines.
In Capite Stihadium, &c(] The South Side of this Garden was bounded by Cyprefs-Trees for the Sake of their Shade, and on the North flood a fixed Bed of Marble, from whence as they lay at their Meals, they could perhaps command the Profped of the greater Part of the Garden: To keep the Heat of the Sun from this Place, there was a fort of open Roof to it, covered only with Vine Branches and Leaves, and fupported by four Marble Pillars; fo that no Air was kept out, nor any Profpeft interrupted. Under this Covert all ne-ceffary Care feems to have been taken for eating in a very cool Man-
ner
ner, for from the Bed they lay on the Water flow'd out; inftead of a Table, their Food fwam about in a Bafon, which was filled by the Water that came from the Stibaiiunr, and that it was their Cuftom to lye higher, or at lead: as high as their Tables may be feen, by the following Draught of an antique Baß Re-letve, which that noble Encourager of Arts the Earl of Pembroke preferves in his ineftimable Colleftion of Antiquities at Wilton.
The Drf-nefs of the Manner of Defigning, inftead of making it lefs valuable, ferves to prove its Antiquity, which may be confirmed by the Figure of Hebe, who was feigned to be difcarded from waiting on Jupiter about the Time of the Trojan War. This Piece, which is about three Feet in Length, and two Feet in Height, is at prefent as entire as in the Drawing, where may be feen that nothing is wanting but the right Arm of Minerva, which probably was raifed higher than the reft of the Work, and held her Spear, as the other Hand did her Shield. The Reafon Pliny takes Notice of this Bafons being
H h	con-
continually full, was to fhew itsUfe, which being that of a Table, it was requifite its Superficies fhould be always at a fixt Height, which was eafily brought about by thofe Conveyances, that carried off the Water which lay lower than the Margin, to prevent the Water’s flowing over. What the Guflatorium & Ccenatio were, have been explain’d in the Notes on this Epiffle, where they are fihewn to have been the Veffels on which they ferved up their Viffuals at different Meals ; and that it was cuftomary before Pliny s Time to have feveral Fancies and Devices on their Table Furniture, appears from Petronius s Defcription of the Gatinatio of Trimalcio, that had the twelve Signs of the Zocliack feparately defigned in one Circle, each ferving for a different Dilh: tho’ it is indeed mentioned, and at the fame time ridiculed by him as a fantaftick Invention, yet the Devices on thofe of Pliny feem to be properly enough adapted to the Table, the Figures of Water-Fowls and Boats being Fancies natural enough for fuch a Bafon.
Contra Fons egerit Aquam, &c.] This Fountain that lay before the StibaJium feems to have teen thus difpofed to increafe the Pleafure of the Profpeff, and add to the CoomdPof the Place. The Advantage of a falling Water, which was r.ot wanting about this Villa, fet the Defigner upon contriving feveral Water-works; Five of which Pliny has given fome flight Account of; the Firfl was that in the Areola, refembling an overflowing Bowl: the next was in a Cubiculum, that lookt into the fame Areola, which alfo had its Water falling from a Bowl, tho’ not in the fame Manner as the other: for as the one ran over at the Top, the other by its Defcription feems to have had its Water iffuing through Pipes like Holes in the Sides of the 'Bowl. The Third was that before the Window of the firft-mentioned Cubiculum, and was defigned in Imitation of a Cafcade, the Water only falling from on High. The Fourth, was the Stibadium, from whence the Water flowing out had an agreeable Effeff, and exprefled a Motion very proper to it, which whenever preffed down by any Weight, makes its Paf-fage through the firfl; Opening it finds. By what has been before ob-
ferved

ferved about Gardens, it does not appear there are more than two forts, viz. the Natural, or thofe that are feemingly fo, and the Artificial or Regular: fo neither do we find there can be more than two Manners for defigning Fountains, viz. that wherein Nature is clofely imitated, as in the Cnfcades from Rocks or Hills, or elfe that more artificial Manner, where tho’ all the Ornaments are the vifible Works of Art, yet ftill the Water feems to receive its Motion from a natural Caufe, as in thofe Fountains juft now taken Notice of; and tho’ each fort may without Error be ufed in either Manner of Gardens, yet certainly they are moft properly introduced in thofe whofe Manner they imitate. This feems to have been the Opinion of the Architeft who defigned the Fountains about this Villa, for here the Gardens being for the moft Tart extreamly regular, he could not think proper to introduce any rougher Manner in his Water-works, tho’ he does not feem to have had fo much Regard to Juftnefs in the Defigns themfelves; fince if he had, he mu ft have omitted or altered this that ftood before the Stibadimn (which was the fifth Fountain propofed to be taken Notice of) for {hould it be allowed that Fountains, like other Works of Art, ought to be formed by this Rule, that they fhould imitate the Truth, or at leaft the Verifimilitude, in this Defign he has certainly erred, fince it has little or no Refemblance to any probable Motion of Water, which is feldom feen from a natural Caufe to rife perpendicularly to any Degree of Height, What can be bell: faid in the Defence of this Water-work is, that it is of a Piece with the other forced Fancies in the ornamental Parts of this Garden.
E Regions Stibadii, &c.] In thefe Garden-Buildings there was no Provifion made for the Night, as in that of Läurcntinum ; there being lefs Occafion for it here, where the Houfe it felf was placed (as it were) in the Middle of a Garden : fo that this feems only to have been defigned for the Enjoyment of fome few Hours in greater Retirement. At a final 1 Diftance from the Stibadium there were two Rooms, One of which anfwersthe Defcription of our Summer-Houfes, and the
Other
Other was only a fmall One contiguous to it. This Building was co-’ vered all over with Greens, except the Part next the Stihadium, and that was cafed with Marble ; which it is obfervable Pliny no where omits to mention through his whole Defcription, whenever the leaft Piece is made ufe of: from whence it may be concluded, that the Walls of his Buildings were made of coarfer Stuff, as he very well knew that the Elegance of a Defign did not confift’ in the Richnefs of the Materials. Befides the Covering of the Cuh'tcitlitm, there is nothing material taken Notice of but the two Ranges of Windows ; whofe Number was perhaps increafed for the fame Reafon with thofe in the Cryptoporticus, that when the Sun grew troublefome, the lower Range might have been fhut, and the other opened, to admit the Air and Light that was neceffary.
Mox Zothecula, &c.] This Room muft have been pärted from the Ctibiculum, as the Zotheca of the other Villa was from the Helioca-miiitis, by Glafs Doors and Curtains; which when opened, this little Room became as it were part of the Cubicuhnn, and when fhut, was a Room by it felf. The other Zotheca was large enough to contain a Bed and two Chairs, but This a Bed only; and by the Account he gives of it, mull: have been defigned for the fame Ufe with the other, fince it in all Things refembled it, except the feveral diftant Prof-pefts, this having'no other than that of the neighbouring Greens: but by the Fountain that was in it, we fee Regard was had for Re-frefhment during the Summer. The Profpeft which Pliny hints to have been kept from the Stihadium by the Interpofition of thefe two Rooms, was perhaps nothing elfe, but the Greens that lay beyond it, or it may be thofe Hills and Woods that lay North of the Villa. The following Drawing may ferve to illuftrate the Difpofition and Form of the Stihadium and Buildings laft deferibed.
Sunt
Sunt Locls pluribits äifpofita Ssdilia, &c.] The Seats that were in feveral Parts of this Garden, as well as the Stibadium, were of Marble ; not only becaufe they were expofed to the Weather, but for Coolnefs Sake; to which the fmall Fountains that were near them did not a little contribute, and at the fame time add to the Beauty of the Place. The Plenty of Water, that is mentioned to have been upon fuch a rifing Ground, was very likely brought by Art to one general Refervoir, from whence the Pleafures of the Gardens, and Convenien-cies of the Houfe were fufficiently fupplied; its firft Appearance feems to have been at the Head of the Garden, which if we fuppofe the higheft Ground, from thence it might have eafily fupplied all the other Fountains and Neceffaries both of Houfe and Gardens: and as he obferves in its Paffage have watered the Greens of the Gardens and Hippodrome.
Nifi propofuiffem omnes Angulos tecum Epiflola circumire, &c.] By thefe Words, and what is faid fome few Lines after, one might think Pliny had given a compleat Defcription of every Part in and about this Villa ; but upon Examination it will be found that he only defcri-bed what was for the Ufe and Pleafure of Himfclf and Friends : For in this Villa he has not mentioned any Rooms peculiar to the Servants, as he has in that of Laurentinum, and has omitted the mentioning any thing that lay on the Eafl Side of the Atrium, where very probably he had Offices neceffary to the Villa Urbana, and Lodgings for the proper Servants, as the Atrienfes, Topiarii, Comcedi, &c. Befides which Rooms of inferiour Ufe, thofe which were common to the Houfes of Great Men (as the Bafilica, Bibliotheca, and Pinacothecä') are placed in the Plan according to the Direäions of Vitruvius.
Amo enim qua maxima ex Parte ipfe inchoavi aut inchoata per-
cohii &C.3 If in the Defcription of his Garden he had not mentioned
the Artificer feparate from the Malier of the Villa, this Paffiige might
give fome Caufe to imagine that Pliny wns himfelf the Architect.
&	j	j	Haves
Hales caiifas cur ego Tbtfcos meos Tufculanis, Tylurtinis, Pranefti-nifque meis praponam, &cf] Pliny in his Epiftles has mentioned no lefs than feven of his Villas, and gives us to nnderftand that he had feveral more; and not only the Situations of thofe two he lias de-fcribed, but thofe of the three other Villas here mentioned are efteemed at prefent the fineft of that Conntry ; yet not content with all thefe, he had alfo feveral on the Lake near his native Commit. The Situations of two of which, as defcribed by him Lib. 9. Ep. 7. gave Oc-cafion to take Notice of them in the Remarks on Laurentinum. Thofe Villas of Tttfculum, Tibur and PruneJle being fo near Rome, and in Places of fuch Note, and to which fo luany reforted from the City, when he was there, he was obliged to wear the Habit proper to his Quality, and was not much lefs incommoded, with Bufinefs than at Rome : which (by means of the Diftance that Tufcum lay from the City) he was in-tirely free from, except what happened by his Neighbourhood to the Town of Tifermtm, of which. Lib. 4. Ep. 1. he tells us he was, while very young, chofen Patron. To this Quiet which he enjoyed here, he attributes an additional Health to the Place. The Method of fpend-ing his Time here, befides thofe Hours which were taken up in the neceffary Offices of Life, he wholly employ’d in exercifing his Mind by Study, and his Body by Hunting; both which Inclinations (as appears, Lib. 9. Ep. 3.) he gratified at one and the fame Time; fince he never followed the latter Diverfion without providing for the former, and always carried his Writing Tables with him. As his Application to Study appears in many Places of his Epiftles, fo his Fondnefs for Hunting has caufed him to be rallied by Corn. Tacitus, to whom he therefore wrote his fixth Epiftle of the firft Book, in Defence of this Method of fpending his Time.
This Tt/fcan Villa, not lefs than that of Laurentinum, would de ferve the Cenfure of Varro, had we not (for what has been before obferved concerning the large Eftate he had here) Reafon to believe there was a Farm-Houfe not far removed from the other,
and
and all other Neceffaries of Life; upon this Authority, in the following Plan I have prefumed to add thofe Things omitted by Pliny, conformable to preceeding Rules, and which I flail endeavour to explain. On each Side of the Pleafure-Garden is the Vivarium; one Part of which is allotted to the Ufe of thofe Beads that Varro fays were confined in fuch Enclofures near their Villas, as Hai cs. Deers, wild Soars, See. the other is for thole Fowls that were kept in great Numbers near, tho’ not within the Walls of the Villa, as Geefe, Ducks, Peacocks, &c. and in both are Ponds for fijh. The Plans of fmall Buildings that are in feveral Parts of the Vivarium (except thofe for the Ufe of the forementioned Fowls) are fome de-figned as Pleafure-Houfes, and others for the Ufe of the Keeper, and fuch Servants as were neceffary within the Vivarium, viz. 'Hunters, Fowlers and Fijbermm. On the right Hand of the Avenue, that leads to the Villa Urlana, on the Brow of the fame Hill, and fronting the fame Way, is the Villa Ruflica, containing Conveniences for Man, Beaft, Fowl,&c. that were within the Walls of the Villa itfelf, tho’ fomething different from thofe Manners in the former Part of the Work. Oppofite to the Entrance of the Farm-Houfe, and betwixt the Road and River is the Temple of Ceres, mentioned by Pliny, Lib. 9. Ep. 39. and by the fame Meadow wherein the Temple flood is an Ofier Ground, which was near all their Villas. On the Back of the Villa Ruflica is the Fruit Garden or Pomarium, and betwixt' the Farm Yard and the Avenue of the Villa Urlana, is the Kitchen Garden; oppofite to which, on the other Side of the Avenue (in a Grove planted and cut regularly) is the Apiary, that was commonly furrounded by flowery Shrubs, and with fmall Streams of Water near it; and oppofite to the Apiary, is the Cochleare furrounded by Water. On the other Side of the Apiary is the Glirarium, fill’d with Trees that bear Malt or Acorns, as Varro directs. On that Part of the Plan which is obferv’d by Pliny to be on higher Ground than where the Houfe flood, is an Aqu&dull; which may be prefum’d fupplied his Garden and Villa as he mentions, and which after having palled the Vivarium, and furnifhed all the Offices
of
I2Ö	REMARKS	on
of both Villas, enters the Tiler by a Mill that is placed near the Temple of Ceres. The reft of this Plan, that contains Meadows, Vineyards, Woods, plowed Land, &c. will be found on Examination to anfwer Pliny’s Description: but the whole may be better underftood by the following Index.
A.	Tufcum, the Villa of Pliny.
a.	The Geftatio, or Place for the Exercife of the Chariot.
b.	The Ambulatio, or Walk fur-rounding the Terraces.
c.	The Slope, with the Forms of Beafls cut in Box.
d.	The Xyftus or Terrace-before the Porticus, and on the Sides of the Houfe.
e.	The Hippodrome, or Plain fo called, on the North Side of the Houfe.
f.	Plane Trees on the flraight Bounds of the Plippodrome.
g.	Cyprefs Trees on the Semicircular Bounds of the Hippodrome.
h.	The Stibadium, and other Buildings in the Garden.
B.	The Farm Houfe.
C.	He Vivarium or Park.
D.	The Kitchen Garden.
E.	The Orchard.
F.	The Apiary.
i. Box cut into Names and other Forms.
k.	The Pratulum or little Meadow in the Garden.
l.	The Imitation of the natural Face of fome Country, in the Garden.
m.	The Walk covered with Acanthus or Mofs.
n.	The Meadows that lay before the Geftatio.
o.	The Tops of the Hills covered with aged Trees.
p.	The Underwood on the Decline of the Hills.
q.	' Vineyards below the Underwoods
r.	Cornfields.
f. The River Tyber.
t. The Temple of Geres built by Muftius.
G.	A Place for Snails call'd Cochleare.
H.	The Glirarium or Place to keep Dormice in.
I.	An Ofier Ground.
K. He Aqusdud.
IF in the foregoing Work the Art of building Villas has leen deduced to fome Method, my Labours have not been entirely thrown away; frnce all Writings that contain Rules for any Art whatever, become more or lefs valuable according as thofe Rules are well or ill digefl. ed into order.
The Villa of Laurentinum fijews what the Architeß ought to ob-ferve, that would build a pleafant and convenient Houfe on fuch a Situation, for a Perfon of Pliny’* Tafle and Vitality. In the fecond Part I have endeavour'd to fet forth the feverol Particulars which were ob-fera’d by the Ancients in the Choice of Situations, and by federal Examples to ßew the Difpofition of every Part about the Villa, but more efpecially thofe belonging to the Farm houfe and Places built for Profit and the ConVeniencies of Cattle, Fowls, &c. In the third Part has been feen the fame Architeß which probably built Laurentinum, judicioufly varying the Rules he obferved in that Villa, and adapting theni to an Houfe built upon a very dijferent Situation, and for a different Seafon of the Tear, as if he had endeavoured in the Difpofition of thefe two, to ßew the Rules neceffary to be obferved in building all Country Houfes of Flenfure. And tho’ the Difference of Cu-ftoms and Climates makes fome of them feem of little Ufe in a more Northern Country ■, yet to the judicious Architeß there are few Parts of either Villa of Pliny, that may not one Time or another be of Service even here, particularly of Laurentinum, Tleat, as has been obferved, being built for a Winter Villa; the Riflings and Settings of the Sun' indeed are mark’d in the Plans as proper to the Latitude of thofe Parts of Italy near Rome.
Pliny, whofe Villas are the principal Siibjeß of this Work, was [as may appear by his Writings) a Perfon of excellent Judgment in all the polite Arts, and as he lived under Trajan had an Opportunity of feeing the Performances of, and advifing with Apollodorus, one of the greatefl Architeßs that any Age produced; but whether this Artift, or Muftius that was fometimes employ’d by Pliny, or Pliny himfelf de-
K fc	figu’d
fign’d tiefe Villas, is not to he determind; hit this is certain, that the Defcriptions of them ly Pliny Jhew that He was perfeBly acquainted with the whole that was neceffary to he underftood in their Situation and Difpofition.
INDEX.
INDEX.
ACanthus, 83.
Achilles, 92.
iEneas, 92.
Africus, 21, 4t.
Altitudine ./Eftivum, 30. Ambulatio, 41, 83. Amcenitatem Villa?, 95. Amnis, 70.
Ampbitbalamus, 7.
Andrem, 13.
Andronicns Cyrrheftes, 73. Anticceton, 8.
Antithalamus, 8.
Apennini, 8 <5.'
Apiarium, 75, 125.
Apicius, 74.
Apodyterium, 32, 8 y, 107. Apotheca, 9, 41, 62. Aquilo, 22.
Aratus, 92.
Arbuftum, 96.
Area, 3, 23.
Atrium, 3, 23.
——■ ex more veterum, 5 8, 101.
-----Publicum, 3.
Atrienles, 3, 60.
Auguftus, 99.
Aulas, 4.
Aura?, 30.
Aves cohortales, <^4. Aviarium, 64.
Aviarius, 60.
B.
Bacchus, 76.
Baia?, 51.
Balnia? Penfiles, 37.
Balnea blattaria, 37. Baptifterium, 8, 34, 108. Bafilica, 123.
Bibliotheca, 9.
Bonus Eventus, 76. BrunduGum, 70.
C.
Calida Pifcina, 8.
Camera?, 7*
Campus Frumentarius, 96.
*—— Martius, 73, 99. Carnarium, y 3.
Caflinum, 70.
Catinatio, 120.
Cavjedium, 4.
*—— Diipluviamm, 63.
Cella Olearia, 53.
Vinaria, 53.
Pifcinalis, 32. Frigidaria, 8, 32. Tepidaria, 32. Caldaria, 32, 109. Ceres, 76.
Chalcis, 58.
Chors, 4.
Chenoboicion, 68.
Circus, 83, 10.3.
Cochleare, 74, 12J.
Coecius, 26.
Ccenatio, 7, 29, 90.
-----Quotjdiana, 29, 105.
Cceton, 8.
Cohors, 66.
Comcedi, 123.
Comum, 51, 124. Conclavium, 9.
Corcyra, 57.
Corn. Tacitus, 124.
Cor tin ale, 53, 62.
Cor us, 19.
Coryceum, 32. Cryptoporticus, 11, 44. Cubiculum, 5.
-----Nottis & Somni, 13,48.
Cubicula Nodturna, 28. Culcita, 72.
Culcitra, 72.
Culina, 52.
Currus, 42.
Cypreftes, 72.
D.
Decor, 23, 29.
Dia?ta, 9.
Dormitorium, 7, %7> 84. Draco, 3 6.
E.
Ela?otbeGum, 32.
EllipGs, 3.
Ephebeum, 32.
Equilia, 53.
Ergaftulum, 53, 61. Ergaftularius, 60.
Etefia, 30.
F.
Falere, 71.
Falifca, 63.
Feneftra?, 4.
Flora, 76.
Flumen, 70.
Fluvius, 70.
Fcenile, 54.
Frigida Lavatio, 3 2.
Furnus, 53.
G.
Gallus Cobortalis, 64. Gallinarium, 64.
Garcenum, y8.
Geftatio, 10.
Glandaria Sylra, 96. Glirarium, 74, 125-. Gnomon, 73.
Gratiam Villa?, 20, 49. Guftatorium, 89.
Gymnafiuro, 6, 26.
H.
Habitaculum, 9.
Hebe, 119.
Heliocaminus, 12, 47. Hefperus, 72.
Hippocrates, 57. Hippodromus, 88.
Homerus, 92.
Hortenfius, 67.
Horologium, 73, 99. Horreum, 9, 41.
Hortus irriguus, 96. Hybernaculum, 5.
Hypethra? Ambulationes, 102. Hypocauftum, 8, 32.
I.
Itiuera, 13.
Jupiter
Index.
Jupiter, 76.
L.
Labrum, 34, 84.
Lacouicum, 34.
Laurentia, 70.
Leporarium, 67.
Lignarium, 54.
Littoris (patium, zo, y1. Lucifer, 72.
Luna, 7d.
M.
Mefouls, 4, 14.'
Miliarium, 3 <5.
-----Aureum, 2.
Minerva, 7d.
Milenum, 51.
Mollis Acanthus, 83. Munimentis hybernum, 301 Mufsum, 70.
Muftius, 118.
N.
Neoflbtrophion,
Notarius, 45), do.
Nubilarium, 64.
O.
CEci, 4.
Oletum, 96.
Opportunitatem Loci, 20, 49. Ornithon, 70.
Oftia, 15, 51.
P.
Palarftrs,
Pal us, 70.
Pelvis, 34.
Peridrorhidas, 11. Pcripterium, 3,	*
Periftylia, 3.
Petionius, 120.
Pifcina, 3 y, 8y.
Pinacothcca, 9, 41.
Plums, 71.
Plumuls, 7i-
Plumariorum Textrins, 71. Podium, 72, 84-Pomarium, i2y.
Porticus, 3.
Prsfurnium, 33.
Pramefte, 124.
Prsfepe, 63.
Prsrorium, 2, di, 66. Pratum, 61, 96.
Pratulam, 117.
Procceton, 7.
Procurator, do.
Propnigeon, 8, 33. Pleudourbana, 2, 61. Pulvinus, 83.
R.
Regionis Situm, 95-, Robigus, 76.
S.
Saljdtum, 96.
Scipio Nafica, 73. Seclulorium, dy.
Sol, 76.
Solarium, 12.
Specularibus, 4. Sphsrefterium, 8, 18, no. Scjuams, 71.
Stagnum, 7°-Stibadium, 71, 89. Stylobata, 72, 8y. Suggeftum, 72.
Supernas, 22.
Sufpenlus, 7.
Sylva Csdua, 9d.
T.
Tablinum, 101.
Tabulatus, 7.
Tellus, 7d.
Temperiem Cceli, 95. Teftudines Alveorum, 3y.
Thalamus, 7.
Thebes, 58.
Tbeca, 9.
Theriotrophium, 67-. Thermae, d, 3d.
Thohis, 71.
Tiber, i2y.
Tifernum Tiberinum, 124. Topiarii, do.
Trimalcbio, 120.
Turdus, di.
Turris, 9.
Tufculum, 92, 124. Tufcum, 92.
Tybur, 92, 124.
V.
Valvas, 5.
Valetudinarium, d2.
Varro, 57.
Vehiculum, y2.
Venti, 30.
Venus, 76.
Veftibulum, 3, 10, 23. Villa, 1, do.
Urbana, 1, do. Ruftica, do. Frudtuaria, do. Villicus, do.
Villica, do.
Villuls, id, J2.
Vinea, 96.
Vines, 118.
Vinius, 70«
Virgilius, 92.
Vivarium, 67, i2y. Undtuarium, 8, 33.
X.
Xyftus, 11, 4y, 83.
Z.
Zotheca, 13, 47. Zothecula, 90, 122.
ERRATA.
Page'45. for ante Cryptoporticus, read ante Cryptoporticum. Page 85. for delights to the Ear, read .delights the Ear. Page 60. for were, read was. Page 89. for Siptmulis, read Sipbuneulis. Bele in fome Places one I in the Word Callidus. Page 92. for Indentidim, read Idcntidem, and for Occults, read Oculis.