COURSE ^ ARCHITECTURE TEACHED IN AC ROYAL ADLMY OF ARCHITECTURE. FIRST PART- WHERE ARE THE TERMS, THE ORIGIN & THE PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE , & THE PRACTICES OF THE FIVE ORDERS FLEATING FROM THE DOCHTRINE OF VIRTUVA & THEIR MAIN SECTORS, & FOLLOWING THAT OF THE THREE MOST SKILLED ARCHITECTS WHO HAVE WRITTEN BETWEEN THE MODERNS , which make Fignole, 'Palladio 8c Scamozzj. DEDICATED TO THE ROY. BY M. FRANÇOIS BLONDEL > Dell Royal Academy of Sciences, ConfeÜler LeBeur & Profejfeur du Roy en Mathematics, Prof ejjèurÇs' DireBeurde l'Academie Royale d! Architecture, Field Marshal of the Armies of Roy, Qp cy-de'vant Maître Mathematics of Monfeigneur le Dauphin. Second Edition, increased & corrected. S IN PARIS, at L'AUTEU R. Et fe Vend AAMSTERDAM, At PIERRE MORTIER. Librarian as Vygendam. . *. ' .... ^', * ”. i- 'î -, • ”•'” v • - “1'-; • • '-H .. ? -: ' ? . v * '•. - '•• it% ) / ? À n • s “V •' u-ir. • ?? [j V'- ' .L .. -.tv.-' •• V '<> - ,. : * -, . ? ,; • 2 ' Digitized by Google I I IN THE KING- / L'v4> chitechfre, which the maiflreffes nations of the Vnt'vers had formerly raised to a fblest degree of Cloirt, has been reiterated i \ Digitized by Google EPISTR E. ? in the flight of time what fury and ignorance of the barbarians provide, who return more and more monastic, have tafed and completely eradicated their memory. Here it ends again, enfivlée in ruins, fi the generosity liberality of François premier, father of j ciences (fi des arts, net had drawn from it. This great Prince's had defietn to put it back in the end, but dead and the domefi wars that fled from it empefehcrent the effect of a noble project. Architecture did not have time to clear, to say the least, of the rust it had contracted in the ground; She had the misfortune to fall into the hands of ignorant Ouvriert, who made her unrecognizable by the ridiculous and capricious ornaments with which they embodied it. , The feins & the depenfi, that the ancestors of Vofire eJXCajefié Henry the Great & Louis the Iuflc used, to restore it, did not have all the fùccez, that they were proposed: As the bad goufi had won the fusel, their work (if their application only firvi to make known that it is much easier to correct the defaults of ignorance without preemption than to remedy those who come from a slender ability. Indeed, S 1 RE, this beautiful eArt, which so many illiterate perfines formerly glorified to profefer, had fallen into extreme contempt by the ferdid avarice of most of those who exercise it. One attributed to the nArcht reading the 'vices & the problems of the Architects or, to put it better, of those who, to have a fiiperficiel tincture of fis precepts, fi difeient masters in the art of Vitruve. But what good luck that FM has at the end deigned to lend it their hand ? who would have liked to make it flourish. mortar (fi of the trowel; & to draw it from a state more deplorable a thousand times than that where it was under the domination of the Barbarians? At the time that FM knew beautez, Architecture, She testified to the impatience to see it bloom again; She conceived for this art the same efiime that the Elders had previously testified to it, & referring to to make it a worthy ornament of Majeflé of reigning end, she complained that fis Subjets are adapted to cultivate. W ere you fain, nevertheless, SIRE, that we have no love for the chofis that we ignore, & qu 'It is necessary that we know what Architecture is worth to lefiimer as much as it lies : In this thought FM made raise all these building Digitized by Google EPISTR E. augufies, whose vein contributes no less to the FinfiruCtion of Architects François that the example of the Greek Buildings had formerly contributed to the infusion of Roman Architects. She sent for the same fetjet several perfenncs in the country where we still see some beautiful refies of these remarkable buildings of antiquity, to make them already exaéls & to communicate them to the public. But as the veiled veil of all these Buildings gives only weak infeructions, if those who do advance, in the knowledge of this art explain their reasons,; EM by a magnificence worthy of her established in Parts the Academy Royale d 'Architecture, to publicly pretend the rules of this art drawn from the doctrine of the greatest Masters & examples of the most beautiful buildings that remind us of antiquity. It is in this Academy that the most skilful Architects of the Kingdom gather to confer & to communicate their knowledge. That is why we refrain from the difficulties encountered every day in the construction of buildings. One cannot, SIRE, employ too much study to conceive some dejfein which answers the greatness of your actions. As they fùrpajfé all that was done in the other times, it would be necessary that their monumens fujf aufii to the dejfus of all those of antiquity. And It is for this fujet that our Architects have defied for a long time that by able to do nothing more than magnificent. Mats can * communicating their lights, they will be able to arrive as a whole in the compofitton of some Work capable of rendering no tire fie cle tllufirc, & joining to the benefit of the brands be- of your victories. Perhaps, I say, that animate, with this ardor that the glory of EM infiltrates them, they will be able in the end to fajrpajfer themselves. So t Architecture working on new ideas will not contribute less to the duration of your name, than those Arts which claim to be the feuding difienfkteurs of Immortality. So F Architecture restored by the François will appear in all fine brilliance & in all pumped up s It will fill your Efiats with so many buildings What a shame I say to those who neglect to end in this magnificent they will attract the admiration of all the wanderings And the Foreigners will come to our house in the future to learn from the precepts of Architecture aufii, although to perfect in the study of other virtues. f EPISTR E. Alais what shame on the François who contemplating these mafes of fuperbs beetles will notice neither the delicatejfe nor the graces? i Who will see the immortal actions of your beautiful life traced out through the marbles of these marvelous Buildings, fans of them knowing the august Jymboles whose Architecture has filled their ornaments? Excellent art, when they will see that Alonfiigneur the 'Dauphin has already made progress in it? : Because this Prince was not satisfied to apply to this part of Architecture which frt has the fury of the EJiats & which must make the main study of the Conqueror: He wanted auft to know that which works with the decoration of ' Temples & Palaces, which are for public convenience To the embellishment of Cities, to plead & to magnificence. It is one of the most pleasant diversions to learn for what stiffness the mature people who make up the Buildings give so much thrill to the eyes of those who look at them di / posed in the proportions of Architecture, & so many when they scrub when they are fried badly cared for by ignorant workers. This fint-there, SIRE, the fruits that France expects from your ends & of your liberality. The good intelligence of Architefes, their application to work & the large number of perfnnes who come to hear with eagerness the lessons of the Academy of Architecture, make us hope that E. AI. will not aim to repent of the marks which it gave at the end of it. It is auft in this wants that I compofày this course of ytrehiteéture ha go up that V. AI. would have done me the honor of committing myself to have the end of the end of the academy, most of the chofs who have been attached to it has been taken from this Work s thought they had to prefer it to V. AI .. Too happy if she looks at it as a mark of my deep obedience & darefpcél with which I was, SIRE, From yours Majeflé, Le ires -humble, trcs-obcïflant,! £ tres-fiddlc fcivitcur & Sujet Blondil ?? i ..i Digitized by Google EFACE And Work having been done to fervor the Royal Academy of Architecture, it is imperative to speak of the intentions of Roy as the establishment of this Academy, before explaining the fujet of the Work itself, whose order we will flee order 8c the most confidable matters. join together to work with the same spirit to perfect it: And fans talk about what we like about antiquity as this lujet, we it has always been the case that smart people yours in some Art fe united the name of Academie avou, in the last fieefo in Rome 8c elsewhere, those Floating schools of painting 8c of sculpture which produced (I great men in these Arts. We have seen again in Florence these illustrious Academies of the Lyncées, de la Crufca, dcs Humoriftes, dclCimcnto 8c pluficurs others, where so many beautiful fc spirits are warmly applied to eloquence, to the recognition of the Italian language, in search of wild focrets , 8c to a thousand other exercises worthy of the fublimity of the clprits of this nation.The Alternons aulfi have usefully worked to purge their lan- Due to the fact that there is a rough 8c of barbarian by 1 etablilfe- of this Academy which they call the Fruitful. Royal Society of England has made a lot of progress in the search for what is most curious in Physics 8c in Mathematics. We have in Paris the Françoife Academy which owes its beginnings to Cardinal Richelieu & fa perfeétion to happiness which it has to have the greatest Roy in the world for protector. It would be hard to find in such a Vni- vers a great number of excellent performances that there are among those who combine it 8c, the doretin 8C the merits of which are greater. She has, so to speak, provoked in di- to places in the Kingdom, where there are many beautiful Digitized by Google PREFACE. efprits fonrçloirc to be crazy there protection & to provide their fa ccnfure productions. The Royal Academy of Painting ôC of Sculpture was at the same time as the Françoife: It owes its first hay institution ÔC to the protcélion of the late Monfeigneur des Noyers Secretary of Eftat 6 C General Superintendent of Buildings . Le Roy brought her to flight in the flourishing state where she was, by her extraordinary liberality. It is aufti to federate the generous inclinations of His Majesty, & to carry the greatness of my name among foreigners that Monfeigneur Colbert Secretary ÔC Miniftre d'Eftat ÔC Super-Intendant General of Architectural Models worked at établiffemcnt a Fertilty only in this Kingdom, but even in foreign countries. for the same Arts. in the city of Rome, where fa Majefté maintains ôc makes inftruirc at its expense the Pupils who parody to have genius, so that they puffer themselves to perfect themselves by the study of the Works of the greatest Masters . . It is still hay Sc to the love that Roy has always had for fcicnces ÔC for the arts that France has the obligation of the establishment of the Royal Academy of Sciences, in which Monfeigneur Colbert fuivaut the orders of fa Maj- fté made the most popular subjects who fled, non- ger, assemble to make them work like what is most rare ÔC more useful in Physics ÔC in Mathemati- ques. Where they have already made discoveries that will attract admiration from all over the world. Finally, as it has not been done, since 1 ctablrffccment of the Monarchy, Buildings fi auguftes, in great number & as many places of the Kingdom, that we have seen to raise them up for the reign of Louis the Great; No matter what this fable Prin- it was concerned that we applied to the search for derchofcs which can help to put the Architecelur in a former ufter, he wanted to facilitate everyone the means of knowing it perfectly. It is for this purpose that Fa Majefté established in Paris as the end of the year millet fix cens foixantc & eleven, the Academy of , to subtract the abuses that ignorance & the prefom- Architeélure, compoféc of a good number of fujets which chosen as the most capable in this Art, both among those Digitized PREFACE. who in fact profeffion than elsewhere, in order to work on the restoration of beautiful Architecture & to make public lessons of it . She therefore wanted firstly that these architects will ap- pliquant ferioufly to .s'aflemblafientvn day Cha- study that femainc to confer & communicate their con- This noilfanccs: His Majesty judging fitting that this eftoit the only way to strip the Archite & urc of the ornaments vi- tion of the Workers had introduced there & to enrich it with these natural beauties & C of these graces which made it recom- mandable by my Elders. It has also fbuhaittc that it was kept regifter of what would have been decided in each of the Conferences, where. the main difficulties! which fe meet in Buildings must be dilucucccs & c refoluës. It is auffi in this Academy where fa Majefté wanted that the most correct and the most regular of the Circumcision fuff publicly bruised two days of each woman , so that he could form a female there, so to say, young Architects. And to give them more courage & paffion for this Art, She ordered that there be from time to time time, propolate prizes for those who will be the best, of which she will shock a good number which she will send flee to fes costs in Rome, so that nothing is lacking fa fa to their perfect, incorporation, & to enable them to fervor in the conduct of fes Bâtiments. However, as it is true, the knowledge of the precepts of the Architecure does not suffice all foliage to make an Archireéle, this quality fuppofoc many other lights ; His Majesty wanted that during the fertile hour of the lessons of the Academy, one should publicly enkindle the other Sciences which make abolutely necessary to the Architects as do those cyja Geometry, Arithmetic, Mechanism that is to say the moving forces, the Hydraulics which deal with the movement of waters, Gnomonics or art to make the Quadrans in the Sun, the Military Architehire of the fortifications, the PcrfpcéHve, the Cup of stones & other mathematical homelands, so the main ones have PREFACE there. already explained by traittez compofêz for this fujec. It was therefore in this manner that the King provided for the establishment of the Academy of Architecture, of which he lapsed the particular conduct of the hay of Monfcigneur the General Superintendent of Buildings ; And it is for Her that I have made up this course of Architeéturc which has already been violated there publicly, see its order & to say the matters which make it limited. divided it into two parts, the first of which was contained in this Volume; It is therefore up to. To dive from it, to make it. It looks purely at practice: for after having said few chofes about its origin & C about the parts of the Architet , most of which is trustworthy that which feeds on the beauty of the Buildings; I come to the explanation of the Orders in general of which I speak alfez fuccirrétcmcnt, pertaining to rationing with fur fur this fujet in the fertilized part which is more Ipeculative. After that I fully endeavor to make clear what the most correct practices which one can fervor do for the employment of the five Orders of Architecture, beginning with those of V itruve; & in the places of this Au- tor where I did not find the chofes aflez explained, I have inferred the ufes of his cast or Imitators like Philander, Daniel Barbaro, Catanco, Serlio, Leon Baptifte Alberti ôC others, in order to make a whole body of precepts. But as it was done, the Vitruvian doetrinc was purely that of the Greek Architects who had preceded it; & c that those who fled from it & the Romans even greatly valued the inventions of the first, they make them go far from the gouft that we notice in the most beautiful relics of the ancient: it did not fully alfujetti Auditors with the rules of this Elder; so I chose between the Modern three Architects who gave us the precepts most conforming to the beauty of these Buildings & which have the most univcrfcllc approval Vignolc, Palladio & Sca- mozzi, in order to mark their resentment as each of the Orders & give easy ways to implement them. it did not change anything in the order that Vignole held for its particular measures, but for those of Palladio & z from Digitized by Google PREFACE. & C of Scamozzi who take the entire diameter of the bottom of the Column for their module, that is to say for the common size of the parts of their Ordinance, I thought it would be better to lervir, for module common in all the orders & Orders of this Book. in all ways, from the demy diameter of the Co- lonne, in imitation of Vignolc 6 C from Vitruvc in the Oral Order , so that the measurement always leaks the same in all Pavois had in mind to reduce the divides of the module whose And because Palladio & Scamozzi C divifent this diameter entire lôixantc parts they call lefquellcs minutes they employent to meafure moldings particuliercs; the ayfup- pofe to conform to their lèntiment the module so I 1st & me who is equal to half theirs, star divided into thirty parts, the ones made by confequent equal to their minutes; & c I, like them, use these parts or minutes to make moldings of their Orders. Vignole fe fert, it is admired to divide it by everything in thirty minutes, instead that it divides it only in twelve parts in the Early can SC in the Dorique & C in eighteen in the last three Orders; But I changed fentimcnc after having reflected that this Architect had worked mainly to adjust the moldings to these mcfurcs, whose numbers by concelence could not have been expressed just by other fans in-law shot fradions inconvenient. Besides the fact that the majority of workers are accustomed to this manner of calculation, it was not necessary to engage them unnecessarily in new work . Pay added a number of small choices in the figures that I put in each of the Orders of these Architedles, in order to make it easier to understand their intentions. There are even faults in their deflins which I have corrected, because, to say the vray, truth Palladio ÔC Scamozzi do not make wild wars ny exaéts in the detail of the muffs of their moldings, the figures of which show little relation to the numbers which they should have by the general rules . The greatest pain I have had has been in reducing those of Scamozzi; Because this Architect produces a ma- Digitized by Google PREFACE. very extraordinary fupputation in order to cover the parts of the ordinances, a fact which, to be too favorable, is by no means convenient for practice; Whatever he looks in some place of his Books that he has found nothing of the wing. Besides that it is easy to explain that it took a lot of application- cation to discover fon myftere & a lot of work for clear it up Ô £ reduce it to the manner of others. Voicydonc what he does. After having determined in my course the height of the Column in each of the Orders 8c that of the bafe ô £ of the marquee, he confirms what proportion this height of the Column must have with those of the foot and the entablature, which he determines by this means the magnitudes, the flowing being divided in a manner, give the particular heights of each of their members such as those of the bafe, of the Decade of the corniche to the foot and those of the Architrave, of the frize 8 C of the cornice at the entablature. Iufques there there is nothing but excellent fie of easy, because by fes settled it is difficult to determine in part of our modulus chaft of the parties or members of its Ordinance. But the cft in the moldings of the particular moldings of each of these members, of which he does not speak in the difeours, fie which in the figures are marked with figures which have some chofè d 'extraordinary. To hear them, it is necessary to know that this Architele, after having determined, as we have said, the height of one of these members, resolves not only the number and the shape of the moldings which must enter it, but even the proportion that they must have between them, they take in each of these members one of the main moldings, in order to bring back all your the others, giving him the number i. for mark of greatness, trust all the others, the number or whole or rom- pu which has such proportion to this number i. that each mold must have that which it has taken as fundamental. But cecy will be understood much better by the examples I have given of it at the beginning of the fourth Chapter of the fifth Book of this first Part of the course of Architedurc, or all cecy cft explained in more detail. the diray whining that to reduce everything, as I Digitized by Google PREFACE. fact, in the parts of our module, it was necessary that in each member I firstly reduced all the numbers of les moldings to crazy costs the same denominator, in order to flee as many set of three as there were molds, the first term of which has always been the woman unwound- your the fraérions contained in each member & reduced to this same denominator, the second term has been provided with the parts of our module which are compressed in the height of the same member, 5 1 the three in each of the rules of three have quoted the particular numbers of each molding reduced in milling for this same denominator. The fourth numbers of all these rules of Three gave me the legs of each of these moldings in parts of our module. Where we can see what work & what pain it took The fruitful part of this Architeelure Course has much more breadth, explaining thoroughly what was only touched to develop the difficulties of so many parties in each of the Orders of this Architecle. paflant in the first, & conferring the fentiments of the Architects among themselves as best examples of the antique. 11 there EFT first traittéde the origin of Columns, the Pilaftres, Pyramids & the obelifks. Then that of the Sc berries of the capitals; the proportion of the Columns to their pedestals; the difference dcsEncablcmcns; the proportion of each other's parts; decrease in Columns; of Can- ncllurcs; dcs Columns torfes; ripples of the buildings on the pilasters Sc on the Columns when they are on the same facade; Orncmcns, where by occafion it is spoken of what way it is necessary to dress the figures in the hiftoires of our time; Then different cfpeccs of Periftyles or Colonnates; Between-columns; proportions of the Orders placed one after the other> • Frontons; doors, windows, niches & other openings; Triumphal Arches & a thousand other particularities which belong to the Theory of Architecture. Either of these parts of the Architectural course is divided into Books & each Book into Chapters. In the text there are a few short words that it is appropriate to do in PREFACE. tender like these mod. it is: to say module or modules; three diameters of the bottom of the Column; if there is p. that is to say part or parts; diam. it was admired diameter or diameters. Amfi if there is for example diam. i '- There must be incen- mod. y. Five modules must be read; So p, 7. mean fept parts, which are the parts or minutes of the module; And mod. xpi ?; make two modules ôc nineteen parts three quarters. And so of the holiday. Finally to give at first some idea of ??the excellence of the Archite & ure & to show how much the more generous Nacions Saws more polished have always cftimcc, have believed it that he (does not think useless, before entering into the explanation of my rules, to add to cctcc preface the speech which I have spoken publicly at the opening of the Academy of Architects, in which I ran away from, spread out fur fon the subject. D1SCOVRS Digitized by Google V SPEECHES DELIVERED BY MR BLONDEL AT THE OPENING OF THE ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE December 31st, 1671 * ESSIEVRSj / / Something that rare spirit, that Nature had put in a completely dijgraciefie body means Efiope, had in a high eflame fi among the Elders, that Socrates fined me, a little before dying, wanting to speak confitl of the end of a familiar demon indulging in P challenge, found nothing more suitable to be put in verse than the Fables of this Phrygian; However, he seems to have apt quite stiff When he said that the Gods did not condemn the 'Tortoise to carry fit maifon fur the back, only for the castle of fit parejfe. Indeed fi we fafines refiexion fur the necefiitê to build where the man efi reduced to fi guarantee evils which surround him, we can say that what Efipe makes paffer in the T ortuê for a punishment, must pluflofi efire well taken for a favor which we would have more fiujet to luj to carry only want to complain. â Digitized by Google T however when I look at all the other goods that Man has made of Nature, (t) particularly this ejjnrit that God lui gave him to fùbvemr to all nccefiitcz, of 'life: I find- ve that he has nothing to complain about fa condition, being able in the end indufirie fi take advantage of the advantages of the Jituation of the places he inhabits, & of the materials he finds there. It is not that men also benefit from this grace, & there is sometimes barbarism in their dwellings aufii although in their manners. We see whole peoples who take refuge, like fierce befies, in dens and in rocks; Others who flock, as well as bees, in the hollow of the trees in the middle of the Forefis. There are some who find in the Discovered Campaigns to imagine nothing better to stay, than to search the land along like Moles g -) Foxes. And I saw Sauva- the shores of the Nort Ocean which have no other purpose that the bellies of the Whales that the violence of the vagites made fail to the dimension. the firois too long fi i wanted to talk to you about all the different ways of staying which make ufage parmy the Natons And I dot be satisfied to say to you that if the necefiite has the first infringéign Architecture to the men, this beautiful art did not come to the fùpreme degree of magnificence & of film of ur where we see it, that by the abundance of the countries & by the politejfe of puffantcs nattons. Indeed we owe the origin of the ttArchiteclurc to those who alart gave themselves first to cultivating the land, & it is among them that this threw the first roots of fa greatness. Because they come in a short time oblige ,, by the abundance of the fruits of their harvests & by the fertility of their moiffons, to enlarge their attic for the confirvation of their grains & to join it thousand au- very rufiic buildings. Their families even profit profit over time, the fans fi housed in the fining of their Fathers, and the parents afiir their mat ends near those of their parents. Cefl so that not only the hamlets and the villages, but even the towns and most of the cities have started? fi are gradually enlarged. Those who settled near rivers or the sea, through which they could conveniently debit their Digitized by Google, came surprised at the short time that certain cities put in become very jlorijfantes, & how little interval there is from their marchandas tt) receive those they had befiin if accru- return much more quickly than the others And there is a subject of first origin to a very great increase. It is useless for me to tell you that these assemblies of peoples made the first laws; Which of them have dealt with, with their wishes for commerce & for public furor; That they established Magiftrats, & gave the first seeds of the three main forts of government. It is necessary that I speak to you of the progress which Architecture has made among us and of the goods which men have received from it. 2s was it not in fact she who built Fûperbcs Temples to honor the Gods? Is it not she who has raised magnificent cultural for hófiques to confirm the memory of those who had well firvi the Republic? She made bridges cross over the rivers & along the paths that the T orrens had made invisible? She has surrounded the city with strong walls & ramparts of? And it is finally her that men make indebted for the beauty of their Palau, their Porticoes, their Theaters & an infinite number of sumptuous Buildings which she will entrust to the glory & ornament of the countries. Indeed, Me flowers, fi we will confide what we owe to this beautiful Art tt) the advantages that we receive from it, we will find that the other goods of nature or fortune fruitless, fi Architecture don't make your joüfi worse trust us & fi it does not provide us trusting it in our maifins by the goodness of their afiettes, fi it did not compel us to raise the water by machines tt) to bring them from afar by aqueducts. It is she who commands the current of the rivers and the winds, and who turns through them these machines which we pride ourselves on in so many different ways. It was she who washes the marshes, which converted uncultivated regions into fertile countryside and delivered them from these malignant vapors which confid- ed diseases every day . It changes: It softens the impetuous course of the great rivers tt) forced them to firvir usefully to the public by the navigation navigation, by repressing the infolence of their overflow by desm.fi of Fiîdes Buildings & referrer their waters in the atj extension of their beds by the construction of the Quays, the Dikes & Heated. If the Sun spoke of the violence of its rays at such an hour from the earth, what has none left to provide for the production of its fruits: Architecture) It learns how to pretend the rivers at the top of their course & to lead channels through the countryside in order to soften them & to give them back this natural fertility, which there angryjj made them lose. It builds Ports & Arfènaux ? It fills the depth of the sea with throwing stones of enormous size: It advances long arms & moles fitr the uncovered beaches so that, as the violence of the waves was broken, the ships could stay there. Cefi die, finally, who taught us how to confirue vai féaux for navigation, which to enrich us with the threfirs of another world has opened up trade for us in countries which were previously unknown to us. & it has, for that reason, given wings to cities to make them work -, And by the end tndufirie of whole peoples have found a way to fie build dwellings afurées fur the very filots of the sea. It is fi by it that you can travel from one country to another. It is to her that we owe the conduct of the colonies & the founding of several vortexes, vortexing them in barbaric regions, & in coasts where Ion nofeit previously approached. But as there is nothing fiilile than large wealthy people in the hands of those who do not take care to be able to keep them: We would have to complain about the goods that the Architecture has procured for us, fi it had not at the same time inflamed us the art of defending & preserving them. It has therefore fortified our cities with great bafiwns, fofez, covered flanks, good outdoors & an enclosure of counter fiarpe far from any dangerous command. And if the enemies make afezj lavish with their fàng to make us want to be infiulte -, She teaches us to make counterprints to discover them in their trenches by the reverse, to ruin their batteries by stoves, to cut their attacks by continual crossings, to house more men tt) of cannons in our flanks, which they would not have cared for against the foothills which watch them & to break all their fans by frequent frequens works Digitized by Google frequent & done so by the way that they run in the end reduced to raise the fiege with shame. . dPtCats fi we want to afiieger them in their strongholds, we only fiçav by Architecture as you have to drive the trenches to not be streaked (t) dtfiofir Us fears & places of arms to be point removed by us over afiieger. the amllerie of the enemies. She is chatting on the covered path; She pierces It is she who traces the circumvallation, who houses the barrel of the bat- ries to knock down Us deffenfés, to break Us flanks (t) to dismantle the counterfiarpei It flies in Us outside; She defied the foffé which she crossed by fis gaUries to attach the Minor to the face of the baflion; It makes them fall short; It ended at the same time in the breach, overturned the entrenchments of the enemies, And when it was necessary to come to grips at the top of the rampart with them. It gives us a means of emponing them by force if they do not return to the mercy of the victors. That Fi t Architecture has so much to do with work, lost & yours, believe. Better, what does it have to the ma- genius of the Triumph. Eli e erected first T rophées furs the chardp of batatlU, which enriches the spoils of enemies. El- it brings together the bones of the citizens who kill while fighting for the fatherland, in order to enclose them in maufiles that they end up reliving their names and their actions by marble and tanned. And to make these monuments more glorious, it still places at their feet the heads of the vanquished nattons, or makes them wear the entablatures in the manner of the Perfans or the Caryatids: It chains Us women G 9 Us children of captive kings, so that 'a fèul Edifice putffc to give an eternal testimony of the recompenfi that deserved the virtue of the Conqueror & of the punishment which owe due to tinfilence. Enfiutte t Architeéfure prepared an entry to the Winner; She makes pafer fius Us fuperbes vaults of triumphal arches which it makes erect has fame & that it fills with admirable figures G) of exquisite ornament, which it fi tmpofiible to Us confidé fans astonishment. A Conqueror sees at the end of the coming industrial machines which the Architeélure has prepared to make fireworks. He finds Images & Statues which has melted frizzled bronzes for the enemies. He 'sees of all kinds of Columns, Pyramids, Obelifaues (0 thousand other glorious marks of victory. Because this fi while Architecture is' & Of magnificent factories: lorfic fortune & victory put in the hands of the victor the wealth of nattons supplied fie s. It is then that there is nothing to adorn a fays of fomftuous building , T emfles, Bafiîliques, T beatres, Cirques, Portiques, Bains & all these other masterpieces which make the Citizen flatfiir tfi the admiration of foreigners. should I say of these Colofifes dcmefaref? of these huge amphitheatres? of these T berrnes over the course of entire cities ? palaces ? lardtns? or of all these flashy Buildings that victorious P swells have built in so many places of the universe four immortal mark of their greatness. of nature, that men had the boldness to raise this For pride and confidence, where they make their mark on the strongest, they defend against God himself. Let’s see what the Egyf did? These P cm f lis monolytes or made of an old piece of marble excavated in distant quarries tfi brought by dint of arms far from unacceptable machines ? The hard end of this frodig Labyrinth, of which there are astonishing refies to the temfs of the Romans? It is an incredible heap of Porticoes, Courtyards, Vefubules, Sales, Bedrooms, Galleries & other accommodation of extraordinary size & confiruits in the middle of a deep artificial lake, the depth of which huge gj the wide aisle made the take pride that this work was strong! other hands than those of the Geans or the Demons. These Bafiimens frodiges, of which the Egyf te was formerly remflic , fajferrent oven of fables & oven of menfiônges, fi we did not yet have these miraculous refies of the Pyramids which farfafil Jint all that one fi imagined of great flus. What shall I say about the fi mfle of Lufiter Amman in Lybia \ tfi of the famous walls of Babylon at home, the AJfynensI auffi although of this T "our de Belus enriched with a multitu- of infinite figures & Columns d an excefiive grandeur? What must we hell about this facility with which Cyrus made Digitized by Google proud of the Euphrates at the end of the year after saying! river in a thousand branches? What shall we say of Xerxes who had a bridge built over the sea (£) who had given the whip to Neptune for having broken the links of the machine by a T empfle? Would you ever hear an incredible entreprifi which could be taken for fable or folly, if not allowed by the general report of the Htfiortens? Listen, what the Architects say, Dtnocrates to Alexandre lorfquil and sees the Maiflre del'T mvers.lt want, he says, great Prince, to cut Mount Athos, (he will give him a figure that resembles you & that wearing fia tefie in the clouds hold in one of their hands a cup in which the waters of the mountain (t) are refreshed in the other a city to trust, large for ten thousand inhabitants. This difiours you Jùrprent fans doubt & the monfirueufi great- Deur of this Colofie, aufii although the horrible noise of the fall of so many rivers in a vaz, e, you wall become impotible: It was 9 however very veritable that Alexander did not doubt the ffc- ccfide this entreprifi (t) that he would have ordered that it was executed if it had not been diverted by the confidant fiule of the penalty that the city would have had to fufify with water fi of the fienltté of the voi Diana that a hundred Rots had taken platfir to enrich with envy of each other. We still see at the entrance of the Port of, Rhodes the batteries -, And it concedes so much eiime for Dtnocrate that it is firm- seen happenfirnent enfiate tt) particularly when in Egypt he pofia the foundations of Alexandria. Ephefi still preserves relies of this miraculous T empl of which drink from bafi to Colofie. And the Majcfiucux Buildings which formerly were in Athens, Corinth, Samos, Larifie, Thefialomque & in a thousand other places of the jfie (B of Greece) are not so much defeated that they were not pleased with us referred to very remarkable veins, which can suffififiamment peruse us that the extraordinary souls wanted to confer their memory by these Works. Do not wait, Elderly, that I speak to you of the Buildings marvelous of the ancient & modern Romans who noblely triumphed in the craftsmanship of their Temples & their Palaces . would become too boring: Especially since you had ib ij i the Me des. On the run they made fun of the Perfis, this advantage of being able to confide among us Baflimens who they resemble them & some even who made them look great and beautiful. It is the same in the Arts & Sciences as in all the other worlds. They finted in perpetual motion & ni. never stop for a long time in the same place. It looks like they take pla made to travel through the various regions of the Universe. They once flourished among the Egyptians, the Afiyrians and the Romans; fi fafiement feugement to see sometimes, as in the hidden in Us other countries with a manner of the rays of the Sun which sometimes shine through the most thickened clouds. Now, Mefitcurs, they crowd in among us t to come there to envy the ceilings & the glory of a Prince who today makes us the delights of his peoples & the astonishment of all the earth. This conquering iliufire never more pleasantly takes care of the hay which occupies it to increase the felicity of its peoples & for fattsfairc to the glory of fine name, than among the innocent ceilings that Architecture provides. He gives him an honorable place in late efirit y 11 fefiime, he loves him, he fills him with his favors. This soul fi grande (t) fi noble brings up on all sides Buildings fi tall, fi rich & fi magnificient which they will erase bicn-toft Us Edifices Us more renown, from antiquity. Nothing could entertain him with these genuinely royal looks, not even in the time of war. The Joins Us fatigues ny, ny greatness beyond dépenfi any request, did not prevent the ordinary course of Architectural Models that Prince erected, if it has not yet done much to advance 1 'ARCHITEC- re . Has he not made it clear to enemy Engineers by U T or impetuous orcent of conquered fis, that they reveal now apply in search of another fortification tt) to give their Bafiions new challenges, if they wanted to reficate to proud attacks. And by confiscate you, Mefiieurs, that he chose between those who make prof e fiton of t Architeéfure as the most capable of giving to this Art the perfeéHon which misses him there Do not you judge well that to answer in some fine to the honor that he trusted you Cf what he expects from you, That there are no Books Digitized by Google Books that deal with this matter that you should not, read more than once, point deffetns de bafitmens antiques ou modernes as you should not, meditate & no time ny of feins that you do not trust, compel, to use to form in your mind the true & perfect idea of ??the Archtteiure. Iarnais perfenne has had great advantages in so many Indeed, Defenders, can we doubt the love that this ways to get there than you do. Le Roy fills your soul with huge vintages (t) big by the size of fies virtues & fis aidions. Its liberality frees you from those unwelcome pretenses that have accustomed to interrupt the continual application that Architecture demands . It provides proffessionally, and through the search for rare materials at a low price, through the work of excellent workers, and through the choice of advantageous fit nations. It spares nothing to put in eflat to immortalifir your feins. Prince takes to [Architecture, when we will confide that in order to have the Bafiimens finished, he shocked this same genius of whom he trust usefully the most important cases of Afiat. What fruit did Architecture not receive from the connoife of this great Man? (the talk of Monfeigneur the J "inn- tendent of the Bafiimens;) & of late application laboneufie to make re ? ect the glorious projects of our invincible Monarque nofire ? o Has anyone ever wanted so much work fi large, fi useful, fi prompt, as so many places & all at the same time? What outpouring & what Art did we not want to use to fortify the frontier places? to contain the rivers in their beds? to build bridges along rivers? to restore the paths through the Provinces? d dig, er des Ports & to advance moles in the sea? What will I say about this favntreprifi more than human, I mean the junction of the seas? in which he has happily fertilized the feins of Roy: from these arsenals of manna to Rochefort, to iBrcfi, to MarfeiUe, to “Toulon & elsewhere? who is not one of those that the Athenians once had in the Port of Piraeus, ny of those that the Romans had of Oftie & in Ravenna, ny even to those that your see prefint in Venizje, in Holland (t) of Confident! nople. Finally, what shall I not say of these prodigious shipbuildings which are confused there in great numbers? c Digitized by Google Can there be anything more vivid, nothing more rich, & more fomptuous than what I do to the royal maifins? did in the admirable construction of this Arc de Triomphe which must fire everything that has ever been done in this manner by the grandeur & magnificence of the Work & by the excellence of the work. The judgment, however, that f ofè to carry on this matter ejl founds a little experience that I had to acquire by the study that I have done with application & for a long time has (Architecture . And by the ease with which the jobs, which have been honored for the fêtvice du Roy in all parts of the (universe), have given me to see and be able to examine prefect all Bajhmans an- modern (s) who have some reputation in our work. So let's work. Me firs, make a fi illuflre proteiïion to deserve the graces which it can procure us with Roy & to make us worthy of the ernploy where fi Majejlé calls us. Contest good faith will enfcmble, and we communicate fincerement our thoughts for fement increased from [Architecture. Puf it eji vray qml did not fit etavoir a mediocre awareness of the rules of this excellent Art to be genuinely Archtteéle And that this quality requires a competition of so many virtues & different knowledge that the whole life did not make pat to acquire it. Let us put the name of t Architeéture in fon former lujtre by n eftre study far noftrc work (t) by a way of weaving it noble, genereufè & of end t in fairy: And faifbns connoifire by our works that cefi with jufiice that this beautiful Art was honored bymy the Ancients or he was in a barely conceivable efiime, until that in the Proud Books,, God, after having made this horrible threat to our people, Qtfil went to punish them with ungodly fis - te z, luy ofler end efprit de fàgeffe (t ) / 'abandon to the girl led , he adds, to make matters worse, that he was going to improve my architects. Digitized by Google tm; "Mîkmîkubj" "J tw" <* jbj tt * v <** & *** "<± * d tt * x wûxuû> T_A ^ B_ ^ L_E BOOKS AND CHAPTERS CONTAINED in the Fifth & last Part of this Architectural Course . Chapter 1. CTTATrii- D book first. Des Tonts, Aqueducts {f Cloaques. Obrine des Ponts fumante Leon.BaptiBe Albert, Dulirmt des Ponts fumante Palladio. P »gg Ch AP. MID. 'Palladio wooden bridges. P- "i * Idem. Stone bridges of Palladio. DoBrine des Ponts smoking Scamoq ^ j. Chap. IV CHA PV uoanne aes roms Juvvant scamoq ^ l. p 6aj . Wood bridge from Scamoqft's invention. p, g, A CHA V. V I. Difionrs d é Scmoïxj fit U Pont Je Rialte i Venifi. pTi + j . Ancient Bridges from Serlio. yp 64 _ . Reflections on the subject of the Tonts, as well as the fuidity of the Buildings & the manner of founding them. p. Ï4, De difpofltion des Terrains. 'P- »Efcdiers day. p. 690 Chap. XIII. Marches des Efcaliers. p. 6ÿi Chap. XIV. Adjusted for the proportion of U height to the width of the steps of Les Efcdiers. p. 695 Chap. XV. Ornaments of Efcaliers. p. 694 Chap. XVI. Adjusted for Star the recasts in the supports of the Efcaliers ramps . p. 696 BOOK QJJ ATRIEM E. Changes that the height or distance can bring to the parts of the ArchiteOure. Chapter I. Chap. 1 1. Chap. III. Chap. IV. C h A p. V. Chap. VI. Chap. VII. Chap. VIII. Chap. IX . Vitruvian Entiments. p. 70} Feeling of the Interprit es of Vitruvius. p. 704 Sentiment of Baldus; Odd ScamiUes from Vitruvius. p. 70 / It is necessary to raise the parts of the building which carry as moldings which have bankrupt, (Efl change their mefurts felon different from their fituations. p. 707 Uiftoire of Phidias <ÿ-