ARTICLE 1. D E L' A G R I C UL T UR E. The government has never been more concerned with ways and means of improving the incentives for agriculture. He ell: more and more penetrated from the great principle of M. de Sully, that the income of !a nation does not make a!You are only in the tanr that the countryside is populated by Rich plowmen; that the gifts of land make the fcuJs inexhaustible goods; & that one bloom only in the agriculture cft in force. The great Colbert had not turned Mfez FCS eyes to this art, & ferubloic have facrified him to the manufaehires. Written exceUens illuminated fa France fur [es true interests; nature has been spied & necked sides where it could be useful. It aims to form more agricultural companies, by Brittany, Normandy, Flanders, Limolin & Pa is, so some have already produced T rl obrervations!s-interior!T'antcs & d'une general usefulnessolc. The best methods of foreigners, & fur-tout of Englishmen, these first cultivators of the world, were appropriate to the culture of our land. Finally, we published the most important research on the different parts of this art, 1C nourishing of all the others. It is impossible to announce these precious discoveries; they deserve to be fofŸle preferably, raifon of their greatest usefulness ; for the happiness of the chim: R J poiO"on d, n, Les foings L cc 4ui J 3.6 ' PROGRESS TABLE founder & to the diltance that we defire, in lefqqclics the grain, falling, eyelash: buried aufiit™r. What is more INRðrefiˆnt in this fyll: me, C'eft the division of fields into boards & squares-strips. Mr Tull wanted two Oo three rows of grains to be sown on each board; that in each row there should be a separation of "" Pt to eight inches; & that the PBTE-bands, that is to say, the efpace vuide that stacks the boards, still have four or five feet in width. More deu: i.: CCNC experiments leaked in different places of the kingdom, demonstrenc that the tcrrein of these flowerbeds, that one could look as lost, contributes on the contrary to increase the harvest; & that it efr UJ1 safe way for the pole / fcurs of Earth to double their income, fans increase their spending. Each grain of &adorn it, instead of two or three pipes that it would have fuivant the culrure regular product ,¥ingc & rrence; of strong, li is able to rŽpaadre these rrcnte ruyaux in the flower beds, the rerre would aufli covered that li we have enfemcncŽe to the ordinary, with a 1a dilfŽrcnce that Žpics are much larger, fuivanr the nouveUe method; from which he fled as a crop in efl: more abundant. J\,\, Patulo has developed us another method for land improvement, which conli!the to repay them by their mlnnnge & La ju!the application of various known fertilizers ; the m1rnc, the fable, chalk h, &C. Li enclorrr propof. the lands in the manner of England; C'e/!- that is, fifteen n thirty arpcns, bordered by foJfŽs five to lix feet wide,&. three or fourres deep, with a living hedge of thorns, oi, he wants to plant, from twenty to twenty feet, along the same line, an oak, an elm, one beech, or other trees that fervent in fortifying this hedge, & provided / make useful Woods. These hedges would produce very co1tfiderable advantages : they guarantee the grains of efpce coure De be!links &:. of beasts there can come palcre, & & ire in the hyver, when the Earth EIL soft, more deg: Lt still with their feet: they prevent entry to the payfans who go, in the fall, deposit.iiUer stubble to the great detriment of the land for which they make W1 excellent fertilizer narurel : in addition, these hedges would heat & change in some strong climate; they garantiroicnt grains,&. the herds that could be parked all year round, from the rigors of the hyver, & Des venrs &oids & dcll: rueteurs du printemps; par-lˆ, the harvests would be less late & more abundant. Eniin, these folTŽs iron viroicnc to detrechcr & to drain the land of rains, & BS cicndroient in condition to be plowed prefqoe in all times. This author still wants to sow half of the land in artificial grass for cattle, & the rule in wheat, barley, excluding feigles, Fallows, oats used for horse food; & rc- D E S A R T S E T S C I E N C E S. 27 it is recommended to feed them preferably with barley, as well as to practice it with fucces in England, Efp3gne & Barbarie, where these animals make the best & bravest in the world. Before cc fyfteme, he saw published an excellent work in the fujet des prairies Arti ficielles (A), where one learns the means of ferrilifcr cerreins inset & 11: Žriles of the different provinces of the kingdom. The author nyanc obferved that all the fecrcc of ragticulture confines to proportioning amendemens bcfoin of lands, & that the worst poorroienc, by this means, become fertile, imagined to make them all fruitful by each other. he proposed first to put the leanest terrcins in the Meadows of fainfoin to have enough to feed the bell: iaux, & to draw fleuitc of these belHaux fertilizers suitable to fertilize the other lands. C'ell: about the fourth part of a farm he wants to use in artificial grasslands; it will provide enough to feed the quantity be!links needed to provide nmen¥ dcmens. The profit which the farmer will derive from the grapes which he will raise in greater numbers, will compensate him with the benefit of the wheat and other grains which this fourth part will bring him back. As it eyelash necelj " rcnouvdler area the five necks fainfoin.or lix years, it will be appropriate to do this renewal: d: ins another quarter of the fennc, & to go ainli by continuing * until we reach the last quarter; by force that in a vjnguino of years or so, the artificial Meadow fe will walk cbn, all the extent of land that we want to put in good ctôturc. Nothing could ever populate the countryside & enrich it, as the agriculcure practiced foivanc this method. 1\1. the marq1ës De Turbilly gave memoirs as the clearers, which excited the attention of the minill: era. The King gave a stop to encourage them in any fan Kingdom, by which he free from run Quail & impofition, pe11dan< the ten-year efpace, all those who will take in the future to clear the Wasteland, & will develop them, in any way cc liver. Several companies have already been formed to undertake joint ventures. ; with the encouragement of agriculture to give it a new lease of life, over time this quantity of fertile land will be DIF-ferenced. uncultivated that Fon notices in many places of the FRðnce. 1\1!. Tillet who discovered the caufc which blackens & corrupts the grains of corn in the Žpics, & rrouvŽ the way to prevent these accidens funell:es to our moiIons, S. M., in which he prŽfenca fa diffortacion , votôut she mtme be dmoin experiences that are reported & charged (a:) Ctt ouvragetft intituU: Ÿ,Pnamua,ri¥ fi, I,llcs, ¥ ¥ L., turu to M. d, á F¥R lu mlJJcns de Ftrtilifrrr l fccfl m:i.in. QmQd on 1uge lt r. ro1in bien 1mbibð dt c. e ut water. on L'ctiro L. t trash ¥ on J, UitrcbtCo cc " 1tr; on f: 1cstcl1cr Le, rain a \.U¥1c1. 011 ð" n:mtic of ccmp,c11, tcmptð\CC 1: n b4ton; on f1t..chllulkr ce1tc caa L rel degree that one p at 1'.Ÿdc dune, hiul11hc, of which on tc1fc foccelli¥ vemetu the eðu boiling fur ccHe that Ell cold. Au bo-et de w, is jo,..m ¥ ciuand LC-t ash do well prtt1pitec1, & 1 water dc\ cnu.c well say. one b (.\ irise au-ddf1, 11 cl-.J. nì \ CA. u det cendre, dan, an iuu t t: ll \ ' 1er, en (uice, fur this uu of lc: IJë \ * E. on jcne a pc-u of dá. u. s ,ite, d:, u" b popor¥ rion pen pri:Jdcdcux ounce, p:sr pint of c11.u. On (air cnc (lre chau.fftt ce < te cu1 for well d10 " < > 0dro C:C: nc ch; u1x. while R110 dl still lukewarm, on hð._ h}ilëC.?ux of grains to 11 faith,; we immerse it d. 1ns l, u,., :ict .0,.1, NIEFF que l'e. tu de leffin ptMue V. cttc (cpn: ne 11.:C: I stir k,: c. tcmcnt L \ ' CC li d ðue (, a qlllnd c, n Le \ wr -; A on COlHënuc la ffl ('mC operern111 for d'.1mre, i;:rcð!. (ib de Rðralsgrcntert n bh, d ns N,N pro,.,in.. this (believe De fa plut g,,.ndo uuh1t. On P,oul'.. roir-c; onferv" a oðe '1ð11N! 4c bkd auffi long, tcmps I one vt1udrn1t, d.11111 A Ir (:.)¥ pc:,it c(pace. the,;.. {11,1 6 - at chnactit; d " a ant que le\cntdbte:I..r, f<.\Ut u111.tich1r the gr11i1u, can kills: N, U. (04t by a moJlin ia uu, F, ir pu Lin nouhn c: n1.Eo.17J6, jc (Y1: IPFC lŽen Diorhme pourc.: onOruirc Grcnolm a fe: mbl..U'11. ,di6tt. J in BS Cout I, ddfcin ,t kt dtntorpcmcns. doot, 1uc: lquct drconfianc * * impn!\eu, arrc-t: ..n.. c: cc-C bi bið c-R to crði:c 'lue. fi I clfon I ble 1 q_U,"its (believe bic.ntvt imitt, p. ir.ccohuac.rrues D r: A R T S and S C J f, N C ES. 21) ploughs with harnesses, because their fathers had had the habit of ripping them at the tail of the chcvaux: they could only be con trained by force. A new perfcehon just given: t the way to grind the " Jcd " will conribe to increase the amount of far1e that we conrnme to wax. M.,l\, lalilfec, Baker of Paris, has just invented a new method of ooudrc Le bled & de le bluttcr, which caufe nu Jlrain a waste less con / idŽrablc, & detaches the Lrine of FA small envelope more by faitment than by the ordinary method. It has been proved that eight muids of fon, bought at the market , which could no longer be good except for babies, had been obtained from the process, and had yet grown from good furin. NGN, he dl: from experience that using cc Baker \ 's soft & blucrer \' s method, b amount of bled fuAifance to feed !ix cent pcrfonnes, product of what cr, feed FCPT cent, fans ri,á11 decrease to fa quality bread. The elfai he's been doing big at our General Hospital for some onn.!es, laffe no doubt fur this new richc (L that provides us with an invention (I inrŽrclˆnte for the people, puif it efl: able to increase throughout the kingdom fa amount of flour a Jixet. One drawer opposite from abroad the gJrcnce, which ell a cfpcc clc: phnrc whose Dyers fonc w1c great confommarion for Jes belts in bright red: The King has 3C-corded taures forces of privileges & exemptions to those who, in the case of waste water from the marshes, replace those suitable for the production of waste water. in different places of con plantations liderables. prodigal him, & fur-all the .King just granted for the All these accril'lemens of agriculture, joined in hurricanes that we the permiflion that free trade in grains, not feulement from province to province, but still cbez abroad, announce the greatest advantages,&: do not fail to put the fill soon to the profpŽl'”cŽ of the first of cousles arcs &: to the happiness of growers. Everything seems to promise us these Happy Days, after lcfquelsfoupiroic the great HENRI ( "). ¥ (a) it was made that , ciuefque tcmpi before').Eu de inonrir, CE bon Pnnce difolt ˆ M. le ducdt Sully: ]t'tu tuð, ava: nt'l ''it f, lt a year 04' ten-luU.t mt1i1ð gw i. l nJ airpaJ ur1 p11.] fan in my r91aiimc 2ui ni: puij / 'e mwre Unt poult da111fa1t por Le ditn3nck (, par-oies rem1rquab1c$, qu¥ dc-..* engraved on the inside, or * engraved on the outside¥ 11 ¥ PROGRESS TABLE I I. D E L ' H O R L O G E R I E. It is very much to be expected that watchmaking fi, c, the last century, in the state :llori / fant where she ell: today ; hardly there were some watchmakers pa!Table. We had to flee the regency of the vI. the Duke of Orleans, to send to London to seek skilled workers, to establish at Verfailles & Saint-Gcnnrun of 111: mufaŽ \ - urcs d'horlogerie. Although these establishments1temens did not fubfill for long, they fervently excited the greatest emulation among the watchmakers of Paris. M. Gaudron Ce di / l: ingua parcicuremcnt, by an ingenious pendulum, whose weight cil remounted by a relfort, & that one : has since imitated in various ways. ll/1. Sully did not hesitate to contribute further to the progress of watchmaking at about the same time : it was he who invented a machine which could crack the teeth of the wheels of clocks, and which retained its name , to caufe of the precifion which it brings in these strong operations. J1ais C'ell: mainly to l\>1. Julien Le Roy that francoif'e watchmaking owes its reputation, by the hay it cll: given to train skillful workers, who were very rare before him. It introduces the most advantageous changemens into the repeating clocks. (a) to make the pieces of their quadrature larger & more folidcs, & to be able to more, easily perceive the flaws, if any, it increased the place of the queðdrature, & in tranfpofa the parts of de / fous the dial, 011 they scratch embarrassed & hidden, fur the platinum of the name, 0,1 they make in sight, & to the aife. By this arrangement, all the parts make become larger, easier to perform; & their D E S A R T S and D E S S C I E N C E S. 3 r to the extent that the chain(horizontal link) has made these HCs,logics expensive, & much easier to execute (a). Independently of this watchmaker, this capital has produced featherseverishly skillful masters, who attach to many theory a very high dexterity of hand. J.\, ll\l. Tbioufr, Bcrcoud & Le Paute, one made of excellens treated fur this art. Cc last, fur-tout, invented a con (!pendulum erges, which corrects more exaŽl:emcnt than costs others elongation or shortcutmcnt caufed by hot & by cold. From the sewn pieces of watchmaking, which one looks like fupericuð for the indufiric & the talent it took to direct the various movements, C'efl the pendulum that one notices in the appartcmens of the King to Vcrfaillcs; which was executed mad the conduct of J\, 1. Palfcmenr, by J, L. Dautbiau. toir fphere She's limp' armillary of one foot in diameter, which slot, with the greatest exael: irude, costs the same of the universe leaked Copernicus. In it we see The Sun in the center; the planets atrached to their orb, making their changes in the heart of it, fleeing the order of the lines, that is, from West to East, in their known periodic times. ll1ercure eyelash: closest to The Sun ; fled Venus ; then the Tccrc with the moon, which rotates around it; after J\1ars; then Jupiter, & finally Saturn. The Zodiac with FOS twelve lines,!'Ecliptic, Ecuador; nothing there dl forget!. All these revolutions of planettcs bring forth, precify, ruh * ant judgment from the Academy of Sciences, in order to be able to deviate from a dt> or three thousand years, fleeing from the calculations of M. Pa([ement ( b ). From pl us, ceccc pendulum cil: repeatedly & fonncrie; it marks the true teinps & the average time, the year, the calendar of the month, that of there moon, Cesphlfes; it even contains a barometer. In a mor, it executes cout what pourroic make a good pendulum that will not auroic a fyfi.: me De planerces ˆ fuire mouvoir. C'eft a cl1cf.of admirable work of indufiric, t-=""""'======= & to .egalifer their inner furfaces perfectly, strong he gave them !a polished & cylindrical shape that suits them, & by confer a folidity that iJ5 do not have. Cerce machine in twenty-four hours can drill a barrel (11). N b E LAAR TT YIPCO LG ER a VP. H 1 E. O T R. E typography has acquired a degree of fuperiority that has no example in any country: not that our founders have made more beautiful caraŽl: rcs than before ; but because we have pierced to this bow a & fa that the Robert Erienne & the Elzevirs Ait: nc I knock to11t the world. Eo 1762, J " nca¥ dtmic Des foiences, bellet-lettt$ & am de l)áon . having propo(ed poJr pdx of uouvcr a me-ilcur pro: lde which does not matter nor lia quality. nl the luRre de B. liver, M. Pepper, which afŽj {) urn long * tcmpt daos Jð lndc.it is claimed that wedfcoaton de( d) should be used in this case.ansldecrcuremcnt. instead of fo1von). It's a new fpcelioo added to our foicric-1 ., of which on Jui sil rcdev: ablci. (11) we attribute the principal beauty of 5 loints to 1'1JJige ¥ non feulement de faire ðrqucc lc.s die the whole annie . but in * core of their rroc: FCL wear in bondance, Lu propriu.: iir-cJ d<1nncnt per year twenty..dnq S It seems that N s workers e: ntendcnt better to melt or their ends to difpofer their tables of rnaniere to favorifer rapiflier. In the past , there has been a marked increase in the number of GL'oenutveradg'eun, epacreortilloainiec upncrfocbŽl: fiuiodn.c iJ\n1v.indceibVleaupcoaunrfopnoauyvaonirt ŽriteŽninevxiŽtŽcuptaer e1n1.clec umnarnqouivsedaeu J\m1Žatriiegrn, y, quˆi, cahuerlciehuerdl'treme oiymemn odbeilerccŽolimfiemr ecesaupinacraovnavnŽtn, iepnesu, cfuut tqeumanpds, il&le pvareulte, s f&oindse dlee OLS.mNpaerielfroanu, ITiqufoi uavveonice qimu'ailgilneedper / ŽirceŽ.demdmepeunits dcee . * puyraiv!p. llueliaded uuncrswheredetrleasdc-cbendutxule-rsePodtacnpstis!F, Treargdicmosncdnsesledh'faoaupltlsoern-aliddcee'a,!1>p1r.lscl\m1.aCrqouyispdeel, Aiexareicgunteye, of SŽvres, does not notice any dif jouLrsa, mfuarhpuafiareŽ'l: Oduetncbdeealuepcfi: ooruccpreeltcaeidnl'leye adpepSliaqxueer& qdueiFerRanuckn eencdaab.lliilenmAelnltemdaegrn1eos, fJoarpmoens. aOgrŽrna belesparales cFoamlcpoonlniteito, nspainr glŽens Ile oufrcsomdemf. urBloa upcohrecdre, ela.L \ pin1aer BJdeus Mr. flowers & animals precious water. When the paste of this porcelain has acquired the degree SavNoonserime an & ufadŽl: 'Auruebsufdoen, ontrricesudeŽgbaleamuevnaits d, esdeactcarpoiislrcdme enpsie, dscodmemlea Ponu ,áicnr 1.the ccordcr l cc.rtc m. 1nuf•1lture * de ti1er de res tmð Je FA terre parearo ˆ telle dont melted, fled donntta to1.EU h * dcrt.rer to. cc fujer, perfettion that one can that of the GDobEelSins, ApaRr L'attesntioen tqu'odnt E, uSffi asppcortieee lNe, pCeuE CSR.s CLI clifp3n9¥ sheets of Abbeville, Sedan, Elbcuf & Carcalfone, make auffi good fabrics than ever. In cour Le Levant, the latter have the pre Ference as all the others of the same quality, in competition with those of the ecraogers. The mottled sheets, the sheets of Flint, & fur-all the sheets rated, which falI " ent to be from Holland, fe coas manufacture in France for a dozen years, with a perfe: ion that where I change to nauon thereð Gazes & Crees make new factories in France, as do cotton velvet manufaelures, which were only established in Rouen in 175 2. To charity-fur-Loire, scll: raised a manu.beaten Iron fuelurc & bleached, in 1759, aufli-although a manufaelure of buttons pincbebeque. Near Li.moges, it was established a manuf.brass or copper tee yellow; compolitional metal which must always be taken previously from Germany. A copper factory was formed in EJfonne, where no mining took place. that copper from the mines of Saint-Bel & De Cheffi, which has been it has been discovered for thirty years in Lyon, which produces iron ore of good quality than that of the mines in Sweden, hence the need for it to be brought in earlier. Without wishing to expand further with all the new establishments which have been made mad this rule, work, moreover, which would be in the hands of my for ces, I will confine myself feuillly to still browse some of the inventions which have the most &ap_pe in our arts. L'arc de la cizelure efi one of those who s'e!l the most perfected. We gave a noavelle tichclfe to our gold jewelry, by varying their external ornaments by dcrfo”ns do taste more sought, in fruits, flowers, group pes, trophies, which have been collected by golds of different colors, yellow, red, blue, " lerd, Gray, & c.; forte que fouvent we double the price of the material by hand--d'oavre. Our jewellery has acquired so much reputa tion that it cll 11. Paris that fe manufactures most of these strong works for all Europe: cc n'ell: not that we do not find among the other nations of skillful workers for all the arts that demand only the m3in ; but none can prevail fur us for the taste, the grace of the dcffcin, the art of making objects always varied & interclfans. He in ell: the same of the jouaillerie that cfl: become a new bow. C'efl: since the discovery of the Brefil mines in I 724, which we surrounded with dia mans katats our brillans: previously, they cntouroit small [ertif . TABLE OF 1 PROGRESS fures on fcuiJlcs d'argent -; what does not their dcnnoit, to many extent,: m so much play &: de grace. the endanc last war, he met a private individual, who in Dear¥ singing a new compoiicion to make fi diamonds.ux, found the fool. gregois, or at least a fire devouring alfez femblable, to which water, instead of extinguishing it, gave a new airiness. One of the courses of the Arfunal of Paris. Our monarch Auguffe, who had been able to Fen¥ir fc, with advantage, of this discovery lost!lreufe fur mer against fees enemies, by a penle way.r which he ordinary efl, do not want us to fic ufage; we rewarded the Author, provided that he would not publish fon-fccrct. there are already only plagues to destroy men. Our arcificiers have invented fufees that can rise to a thousand perpendicular toifes, to give, in this case, DCL fignaux to very distant Di [tanccs. All these Chinese & Italian artifices onr make the ornament of one of our fpec- 1: aclcs for a time, & still make daily the amulemcns of our companies. Nothing is more pleasant than enjoying the table of a small fire of arci6ce, which, although cute, does not !aitre not to have the asrement of the shot We have imagined new fuJils lighter than those made in ulˆge, lcfquels fc charge .C1ns wand in a very indullrieuf way, feverish the cannon that fc brings together with the help of a screw, fans FA Iolidity decrease nothing; which runs so easily, that one can shoot two hundred shots in twenty minutes. The Marshal of Saxony has it, utr. propofe, in fes which he names amufcnes, & which have ábeen executed: cc make efpeccs t1on of Cdhion i11..4¡. in Wmpli of quan1i1ð dcvoit Erre: 'LFT'ct lŽgt: r pour p×u\' Oir fo rouler & (a) CEC ouvrage. dom I n” had pm here. ntcu, of views-no * cJles pour ' perfcdionncr L'an mili.. r.:iirc. l. 11 reform of the h11billemem of the EFL troops e, energy . I., che " eu.x make a WTO: mc1H