THE
RUINS
OF
BALBEC, 
(OTHERWISE 
HELIOPOLIS 
IN
COELOSYRIA)

LONDON
PRINTED IN THE YEAR MDCCLVII



JOURNEY 
FROM 
PALMYRA TO BALBEC. 
THE Specimeneof our Eastern Travels, wh:iclrwe-have already given Introduction, the public in the Ruins of PALMYRA, has met with such a favour.
.
able reception as seems to call for the Sequel. We gratefully accept 
of the extraordinary indulgence fhewn us upon that occasion as an invitation to proceed, and shall therefore produce, from the materials which we have been able to collect in the course of our voyage, what ever we think may in any degree promote real knowledge, or satisfy rational curiosity. 
We confider ourselves as engaged in the fervice of the Re-pub lick of Letters, which knows, or ought to know, neither difi:inB:ion of country. nor feparate in.terefis. We fhall therefore continue to publish our Work, not only in English, but alfo .in the language of a neighbouring Kingdom, whofe candi. judgment of our first production, under the disadvantage of a hafiy and negligent .ranflation, deferves at leaft this acknowledgement. 
Having obferved thatádefcriptions of ruins, without accurate drawings, fel.dom preferve more of their fubject than it's confufion, we iliall, as in the Rums of PALMYRA, refer our reader almofr entirely to the plates; where his informa.tion will be more full and circtimfiantial, as well as lefs tedious and confused, than could be conveyed by the happieft precifion of language. It Jhall alfo, in this, as in the former ulume, he our principal care to produce tbings as we found them, leaving reflections and reafonings upon them toá others. 
This lafi rule we fhall fcrupuloufly obferve in describing the Buildings ;where all criticism on the beauties and faults of the Architecture is left entirely to the reader. If in this preliminary difcourfe we intermix a few obferva.tions of our own, not fo neceifarily conneB:ed with the fubjeB:, it is with a view to throw a little variety into a very dry colleB:ion of faB:s,Jrom which at any rate we can not promife much entertainment. 
Before we had quite finifhed our bufinefs at Palmira our Arabian Escort began Journey from
Palmyra,
to folicit our departure with fame impatience : our fafety in returning was, they faid, much more preprious than in our journey thither; becaufe they had then only accidental dangers to apprehend, whereas they were now to guard againft a pre.meditated furprize from the King of the Bedouins, or wandering Arabs, who 
might have had intelligence of us, and think us a prize worth looking after. We 
a had 
gefordert durch die 
UNIVERSITATS.
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wood 175 7 /0002 
BIBLIOTHEK t 
2 \ J O á: u R N E t -F R Oá M 
had alfo our own reafons for more than ordinary folicitude ; as we were much more anxious about prefervlilg the treafure we'brought from Palmyra than that which we carried thither. 
Having therefore, by their advice, concealed our intended road back, as well as the time we propofed to fet out, we left Palmyra March 2.7th I75 I ; the few miferable inhabitants of that place expreiling the utmoft aftonifhment at a vifit of which th.y could not comprehend the meaning. á 
We returned by the fame tirefome road through the Defart, which we have already described in our journey fo Palmyra*, as far as Sudud; without any alarm except one, which is worth mentioning only as it relates to the manners of-the .
country. 
About four hours before our arrival at-Carietein we discovered a-party-of Arabian horsemen .at a distance; to which, had they been superiour in number, we must have fallen an eaf y prey, in the languid ftate to which both áour men and horfes were reduced, by a march of above twenty hours over the burning fands : but upori our nearer approach they began to retire precipitately, and abandoned fome cattle, which our friends feized, as a matter of courfe, laughing at our remonftrances againft their injufl:ice._ 
At Sudud we left our former road on the right hand, and in five hours, áfrill ' throµgh the fame Defart, arrived at Cara, where we took leave of the greateft part.of our Caravan. We fent the manufcripts and marbles, which we had col.leB:ede, on camels to our fhip at Tripoli; the merchantsá who had joined us for proteB:ion returned to Damafcus with the falt they went to gather at Palmyra; á and our Arabian horfemene, now no longer of ufe, _ returned to their mailer the Aga of Ha.ilia, having demanded a certificate of their vigilance and fidelity, which 
indeed they juftly deferved. á á _ 
eara. áeCara, a village oh the great Caravan-road from Damascus to Aleppo, contains,e
as we wereá informed, near a thoufand fouls, and amongfl: them about twenty Chri., fl:ian families. W f:. had_paifed thro(lghit ábefore in oing from Damafcus toHaffia, fro. the lafl: of which it is difl:ant aboutfix nours, an under die government of the fame Aga. There is one ruined Church to be feen here, and another converted into a fviofque: upon the wall of the latter is a line of Greek, in a bad charaB:er;turned up11de down, in which we could read the words AE>ANAi1oi EI1I.Korro.. 
This village is plea(aritly fituated on a rifing ground. The common mud, formed into the fhape of bricks arid dried in the fun, of which it's houfes are built, has at fome difl:ance the appearance of white fl:one. The fhort duration of fuch materials is not the only objeB:ion to them; for they make the fl:reets dufl:y when there is wind,and dirty when there is rain. Thefe inconveniencies are felt at 
Damafcus, which is rnofrly built in the fame manner. 
After near a month's conftant fatigue in the Defart, particularly at Palmyra, á where every hour was precious, we indulged ourfelves here with_ a day of reft. 
¥ Rui.s of Palmyra page 33. 
Security 
UN!VERSITATS.
gefordert durch die
B!BUOTHEK t http:/ /digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wood 175 7 /0003 HEIDELBERG 
© Universitatsbibliothek Heidelber 
i>FCi 
PALMYRAá To áBALBEC. 
3 
:S.curity and repofe, fucceeding to danger and toil, foon gave both us and our 
people that C?mforting refrefhment, which was fo nece:ffary to prepare us for new 
fatigues. 
We therefore fet out for Balbec March 31. and arrived at Erfale in feven hours. The greatefi: part of this journey was acrofs the barren ridge of hills called Antilibanus : our road was tolerably good, and our courfe a little to the Southward of the W efi:. 
Erfale.
This village' confifling of about thirty poor houses, was the only one we paffed through in .ur road from Cara to Balbec. We found nothing in it worth remarking, except a melancholy inftance of the unhappy government of this áCountry : the houfes were all open, every thing carried off, and not a livingecreature to be feen. We had heard that the governour of Balbec's brother wase
then in open rebellion, ravaging the country with a party of his defperate affociates;
and it feems that when we paffed through Erfale he was encamped in it's neigh¥ebourhood, which made the inhabitar:its choofe to abandon their dwellings, rathere
than expose themselves to such unmerciful contributions as he had raised in other
places.
âWe could not avoid fraying here all night; but, impatient to leave a place of fo much danger, we fet out early the next morning, and in five hours and a half nrrived at Balbec, our courfe turning flil] more foutherly, our road tolerablygood, Iefs mountainous and barren, for the lafi two hours, wheri the plairi of Bocat began to open to us, difcovering on it's oppofite fideá the famed mount 
Libanus, whofe top is always covered with fnow. 
. . 
This city, formerly under the government of :pamafcus, and a few years Balbec, it'¥ fince the refidence of a Bafha, is now commanded by a perfon of no higher rank government, than that of Aga, who, preferring the more honourable title of Emir, which 
he hadá by birth, to that of his ftation, was called Emir Haffein: The 
Arabs have hereditary nobility and family connecrions, contrary to' the policy 
of the Porte, which is defirous of fupprefling all influence that the Sovereign can 
not give and take away at his pleafure. 
Emir Haffein paid the Grand Signor fifty purfes annually, for the taxes of the difrricl: he commanded: he alfo paid fifty purfes yearly for lands, granted in this country as rewards for military fervice, and farmed by him. We wereá told that thofe lands were much more profitable to him thanáto the perfons for whofe b.nefit the grant was original1y intended: the reafon of which is, that it would be inconvenient, and even dangerous, for any manáto pretend to the fame farm againft fo powerful a competitor. He fhould alfo have paid fomething to the Bafha of Damafcus, for lands which he held under him ; but had contrived for fome time to evade it, skreene4 by the protection of the Kiflar Aga *, to whom he was faid to be under private contribution. This reaf on the Bafha of Damafcus gave for refufing us letters to Balhec, which he civil1y granted to all other places where they couldebe of fervice.e
. 
. The Title of the Black Eunuch, who h.s the care of the Grapd Si:.nor"s women. 
b Havio.. 


i>FCi 
JOURNEY.FROM
.4 
Having taken up our l9dging with a Greek, to whom we were recom.mended, we_ waited on the Emir, and found him in a Chiofque in his garden, reclined upon a Sopha near a fountain, and indolently enjoying his pipe. We prefented him with otir Firman from the Grand Signor, and a letter from the Bafha of Tripoli, and were mofr courteoufiy received. A pipe, coffee, fweet.meats, and perfume are fucceffively prefented on thefe occafions, and the lafl: is al.ays underfrood as a hint to finifh the vifit. He applied the Firman refpeB:.
' 
fully to his forehead, and then kiffed it, declaring himfelf the Sultan's flave's Have; told us that the land he commanded, and all in it, was ours; that we were his wel.come guefl:s .as long as we would fray, and might fecurely purfue our bufinefs under his friendly proteB:ion. 
No part of oriental manners fhews thofe people in fo amiable aá light as their difcharge of the duties .of hofpitality: indeed the feverities of Eafiern def potifm have ever been foftened by this virtue, which fo happily flourifhes moft where it is mofr wanted. The great forget the infolence of power to the {l:ranger under their roof, and only preferve a dignity, fo tempered by tendernefs and huma.nity, that it commands no more than that grateful refpeB:, which is otherwife fcarce known in a country where inferiours are fo much oftener taught to fear
á á á á á 
'than to love. 
We had been advifed to difi:rufl: the Emir, whofe charaB:er was infamous, 'and foon had occafion to fee how friendly that caution was. Though we had fent our prefents according to the cuftom of the country, yet new demands were every day made, which for fome time we thought it advifeable to fa.tisfy; but they were fo frequently, and at lafi fo infolently repeated, that it 
became neceffary to give a peremptory refufal. 
Avarice is no doubt as much an Eafiern vice as hof pitality is an Eafl:ern virtue; but we mufr obferve that we found the mofl: fordid infl:ances of the former in men of power and publick employment, while we experienced ámuch generofity in private retired life : we are therefore cautious of charging to the character of a people wllif the namre of-their govcnnnent feems to require. For in the uninterrupted feries of fhamelefs venality, which regulates the difchargeof every publick duty, from the Prime Vizir downwards, and which, in the true fpirit of defpotifm, fl:ops only at the wretch who is too low to make re.prifals, every fubaltern in power mufl: fubmit to that portion of the common profiitution which belongs to his rank, and which feems therefore the vice of the office rather than of the man. 
Frequent negociations produced by this quarrel, in which the Eniir unfuc.cefsfully exerted all his art and villany, ended in an open declaration, on his fide, that we fhould be attacked and cut to pieces in our way from Balbec. When he heard that thofe menaces had not the effect he expected, and that we were prepared to fet out with about twenty armed fervants, he ferit us a civil meffage , defiring that we might interchange prefents and part friends , and allow his people to guard us as far as mount Libanus; to which we agreed. Not long after this he was affailinated by an emiffary of that rebellious brother whom we have mentioned, and who fucq:eded him in the government of Balbec. 
Bocat 



PALMYRA To-BALBEC. 5 
Plain of Bocat.
Bocat might, by a lit.le care, be made_one of the richeil and moil-beau.tiful fpots in Syria : for it is more fertile than the celebrated vale of Damafcus, and bet.er watered than the rich plains of Efdralon áand Rama. In it's prefentnegleB:ed fiate it produces corn, fome good grapes, but very little wood. Thoughihade be fo effential an article of oriental luxury, yet few plantations of trees are feen in Turky; the inhabitants being difcouraged from labours which promife fuch difi:ant and precarious enjoyment, .in a country where even the annual fruits of their indufiry are .ncertain. In Pahdl:ine we have often feen the huf.bandman fowing, accompanied by an armed friend to prevent his being robbed of the feed. 
This plain extends 1n length from Balbec aimoft to the fea; it's direB:ion is from N. E .. b. N. to S. W. by S. and it's breadth, from Libanus toAnti-Libanus, we gue:ffed to be in few places more than follr leagues or lefs than two."' 
The rivers which water itá are theá Litane, rifing from Anti-Libanus a little north of Balbec, which having received great increafe from a fine fountain clofe by the city walls called Rofaleyne,. i. e. the Fountain's-head, and the Bardouni, rifingfrom the foot of Li ban us, near a village called Zakely, about-eight hours S. W-. á of Balbee, foon joins áthe Litane in the plain, a.out an hour from a village called Barrillas. 
_ Thefe fireams augme.ted by feveral confiant rills from the melting fnows of Libanus, which the leafi management might improve to alf the purpofes either of agrkulture or pleafure, fo.rm the Cafimiah, and enter the foa under that áname near Tyre, where we paffed it when we vifited the ruins of that city. 
The mutual advantages which-Tyre,. in it's flourifhing ftate, andá this plain mufi have reape4 from each other are obvious. A rich fea-faring people, confiµed to a very narrow territory, upon the ihore, .muft ¥have greatly enjoyed a fpot like this in their I).eighbourhood ; . and in all probability their caravans from Palmyra and the Eafl: paffed through this plain. 
. Upon a rifing grouµd, near the N. E._ .xtremity of this plain, and .imme.,. diately under Anti:-JAbanus, is pleafantly fituated. the city of J3all3ec., ¥ between Tripoli of Syria and Damefcus., and about-fixteen hours difiant from each, ¥ 
From the heft inform.ti.n we could get W!! concluded th. number of it's inhabitants to be about five thoufand, of which there are a few Greek and Ma.ronite Chrifiians, and fome Jews. The people _are ,poor, withmit trade and manufa&res. The antient female. beauty and profiitucion of this neighbour.hood feem to have declined together, and the modern ladies of Balbec have the charaB:er of being mor:e_ * cruel and lefs fair._ 
Antient 
. _ It appears ftr::gig. that the proper names, Syria and Affyria, fhould be fa Geography
of Syria. 
'indiH:inctly uf.d by the antients, that both are .employed by their heft authors 
" H,e!ipolis, qure propinquat Libano monti, mulieres fpeciofas pafcit, que aput omnes nominmtur Libanotidai I llQi '(?1111ft1Ji magoific; colu(lC: dicunt enifu áeaw ibi habitare, & muiieribus grati¥m formoficatis d.ro, 
C 
. l 


-
B A L.á B E C. 
7 
Balbec .deaft, -f.t ns--to have fcarce any other foundation; whatever claim Pal-.
.o
r á
tnyra * inay have. We have feen that the , choic(! of the latter fituationo
áowas worthy of hi$ wifdom; nor could an Eaftern riio'narch enjoy his favouriteoá pleafures in a more luxurious retirement than amidfi: the fi:reams and fhades ofoBalbec.o
M.ny frories are told there of the manner in which he fpent his hoursoof dalliance iná this retreat; ' a fubjecl: on which the warm imagination of the .oArabs is apt to be too particular.. BHt whether or no this,is the tower of ,Le ..obanono, looking towards Damafcus, mentioned in. his . writings; whether heoábuilt it for the queen of Sheba, or for Pharoah;s daughter; whether he eff'ecl:edothis work in a na!ural way, as the Jews affirm, or was affified by fpirits in theoexecut}on of what_ the Arabs thi_nk beyond human power, with many othero
. opinions equally ridiculous, hath already been too feri×-Ufly-taken notice of bytravellers _:md miffionarie? t. 
Whether the Phct!nicians did not erect: thofe templeso, in the neighbourhood Phaenidan 
So far is hillo,y.
of their capitalo, rrtay perhaps be matter of more reafonable inquiry.
pretty certain, that the fun was worfhipped here; in the flourifhing times of that 
people, when this plain .oft probably made part of their territo.y. á 
'That this city derived both it's name and Worfhip from Heliopolis in Egyptá: áis agreeable to moil:. received opinions of the prog.ers of fuper.ition from thatocountry. á But we are not left to mere prdbci.bility for th_e truth of this fact,ofince we find the following account of it in Macrobius /I; who fays ' That ino< the city called Heliopblis the Affyrians worfhip the .un with great pomp,o' under the name of Heliopo1itan Jove, and that 'the fiatue ofá this god wasoc brought from a city in Egypt alfo called Heliopolis, when Senemur or Sene-.t pas reigned over th. Egyptians, by Opias . ambaffadour from Delebor king
of the Aff yrians, together with fome Egyptian priefis of whom Partemetis waso
' the chief, and that it remained long am.orig áthe Aff yrians before it Was removedo
' to Heliopolis.' The fatne author adds ' that he declines giving the reafon for thiso
' facl:, or telling how the ftatue was afterwards brought to the place where ino
' his time it was WQrfhipped, moreáaccording to the Affjrrian than the Egyptiano
' rites, as circumftances foreign to his purpof e.' -
Though the authoro, by giving the.. name of Aff yrians to the inhabitants ofo
Syria, an inaccuracy which we have obferved to be very common in antiento
writers, bath perplexed this paffage not a litt.e, yet the obfcure piece of hiftory
it contains feems to fhew that the religion of Heliopolis in Syria was in his time ao
mixture of Chald::ean and Egyptian fuperftitiono, in which the former prevailed,o
as the circumftantial manner in which he mentions names leaves no room too
doubt that he had hifiotical authority for thofe facts, which however hath noto
renched us. . 
.o
We fhall then fuppofe, with Macrobius, that our Heliopolis received her ido ..o
latry from the city of the fame name in Egypt, and pract:ifed it with addition;ilo
II Sarnrnal. lib, ,, 
rites 

AN T-"l E 'NT 

rites from Affyria: but, for the fake -of thofe whoá would trace thisámatter higher: we fhall juft obferve, firft, that the Egyptian Heliopolis was fituated ort the con;;. fines of Egypt and Arabia; again, that the moftá antient trading intercourfe we read of was carried on between that city and the Eaft * ; and laftly,that, if we reject the fabulous origin of the Egyptian Heliopolis in Diodorust. and . adopt Pliny's account II , we fhall find the . Sun ,was worfhipped in 
'Arabia before this_ city was built. 
Macrobiusl proceeds toá fhew that the divinity he fpeaks of was bodi Jupiter and the Sun; ' this appears, fays he, _by the rites of the wor.' fhip, and by the attributes of the ftatue, which is of gold, rep ref en ting ::i, ' perfon without_a beard, who holds in his right hand a whip, charioteer." like, and in his left a thunderbolt, together with_ 5_.rs of corn ; all which mar. ' the united powers of Jupiter and the Suri'':'' he adds, ' that the temple ' excells in divination, which belongs to Apollo¥ or the áSun : the fiatue ' of the á gbd, he 'fay., is carried as the ftatues of the gods are in the ' Circenfian Games, generally fupported by the principal perfons of the pro .. ' vince, having their heads fhaven, and being purified by long chaftity ; they' are hurried violently on, -not by their choice, ábt1t by the impulf. of the ' divinity, in the fame manner as the ftatues -of the Two Fortunes at An. ' tium ate tarried to give oracularáanfwers. 
Gr:ecian 
, Perhaps, infl:ead of looking for an account of b1:ildings of the Corinthian
Hillory. 
and Janick order in the Jewifh and Phcxnician hiftory, it may be thought more proper to inquire for them during the time that the Greeks poifeffed this country : but from Alexand_er's conqueft of it till. that of Pompey we ,do not, find them mentioned ; for which reafon we conclude that they muft be works of a later date. 
' 
It may be alledged that the fame period of hifl:ory is alfo filent withe,regard to the buildings of Palmyra ¤ ; though it appears probable, from our account of the antient ftate of.that place., that at this time it was adorned with :works of gre;it magnificence ; and therefore that_ the buildingsá of Heliopoli$ might alfo haVt: thcircxifb: ,-rh1:1ugk...the:y-ef=ped4he,notice ofhiftorians. . ' 
, . ... ¥ -# ¥¥ 1, 
-... 
In al).f wer to this we muft obferve, that, befides the obfcurity in which Palmyra was kept, as long as it remained an independant ftate,' by a moft fin.: gular feparation from the reff of the world, all accounts of that people from their 9wn annals are.loft; except what the infcriptions have preferved; but the hiftory of the Seleucid. is known, and bath recorded lefs important works 
of thofe kin_gs than the buildings of Heliopolis. 
. Th. Roman Hifl:ory frill remain. for our inquiry. The ?Pinion that.
i?:o.; , -.
JuliusCa:far, Hehopohs was made a colony by Julius c.fare{f;ems to ápe fupported by no 
eien. chapá, ááá31-áv;-z-5iá Andáthey-tifc-upá theit eyes-andáIoaked;áand behold a caifipahy of Ifmaelites ácame froni Gilead, with their camels bearing fpicery, and balm, and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt. 
:
t Diodor. lib. 5á 'AKT:S' I Ei) Airin,1011 cl.1rrl .) lxn,n -r)). ¥H;iqJ,roAAll ;.OP,...oph!JY., 0{11"0 'T; wo-.,eJs-!!Hp,no, ,.;p :r.reoa:ri')'oel"'.¥ 
e 
II Pliny lib. 5. cap. 29, Solis quoque oppidum quod non procul Mempbi, in £gyptijitu diximus, Arabas -conditom ha/,erf, 
better¥ 




i>FCi
0 F Bá A L B E C. 
better authority than the reverfes of fome medals in which it 1s called Colo.nia Julia. 
On ,the fame grbtmds it is foppofed that Auguitus fent veterans thither, be-Augu!lus. caufe on coins it is called Colonia Julia Augufta; ilnd that thofe veterans were 
of the fifth and eighth legions, called the Legio Macedonica and the Legio Au.gufta, is gathered from the reverfe of a medal of Philip the elder, on which 
there is this legend; COL. HEL. LEG. V. MACED. VIII. A VG. Colonia Heliopolitana Legionis v. Macedonic. VIII, Auguft.. 
From a medal of Augufius firuck at Berytus we alfo learn that part bf the , fame legions was fent to that city ; and as Strabo mentions two legionsfettled in this country by Agrippa, it has been concluded, upon the concur.ring teftimony of thbfe coins and this. author, that the fifth and eighth legions were divided between Heliopolis and Berytus : and in.eed it appears from thee
_
fame paifage m Strabo *, that the tract of lands extendmg from Berytus to He.Jiopolis, and as far as the fource of the Orantes, was allotted to thofe veterans. 
We have been told that this temple p.etended to divination; a prerogativetlaimed by it's god the Sun, under the different characters of the Heliop6litan á Jove, the Affyrian Belus, and the Delphick Apollo: and we find that it was in fome reputation for it's oracular powers among the Romans, by a ftory re.corded of Trajan t; who at the folicitation of his friends confolted this god Trajan. upon the fuccefs of his intended Parthian expedition. 
'" 
Upon the reverfe of a medal of Adrian,áon which the Two Fortunes are repre-Adrian, fented, we find the legend I:-E G:. H. COL. H. ; ,which by fome is read Legio octava Colonia Heliopolis. However, were this conjecture more probable than it feems to be, we do not find the leaft reafon to fuppofe that this emperour, though a great builder in the provinces, has any title, to the honour of thofe Works. ' á 
Lu.ian, á a native of this country, who appears from fome paifages in his writings to have lived in the time of the Antonines and Cornmodus, mentions II tranfiently, if-the treatife on the Syrian goddefs be his, a great and antient temple in Phrenicia, the rites of whofe worihip were brought from Heliopolis in Egypt. 'This, from his ihort defcription, appears to be .the temple of Bal.bee: but as nothing which we faw ftanding can poilibly be the remains of what 
¥ Bnpu1'i, I} "et1i1r1rr.£iS11 t,A,lv WP Teti.vos-, dn.A..9" J'l uU. wro "Pwp,a,[w,, l,£etp,fv,i IUo -rel')"fJ,tJ.TCt : Ueu\To 'Aref1r1ret, f11TaV.!1'1:, 'til'eolT-9-El, . -ri Mixea-U-. 'm'oAA.v. f1-Exe1 ,,, TWv T; .Oe0m, 'liT7J)'W11. Strab. Lib. XVI. 
t The reader may have this ridiculous ftory in the words of Macrobius: Confulunt hunc deum & abfentes mijjis 
dipl1J>natibus conjignatis: refcribitque ordim ad .ea qu,e confultaJione addita continentltr, Sic & imperator 'l'rajanus init11rus tx ea prO'Uincia Parthiam cum exerciJu conftantij/imte rtligionis itortantibus amicis, qui maxima hujufce numinis ceperant ex. perimenta, ut .de euentu confuleret rei ca;pt-e, egit Romano confilio prius explorando jidem religionis ; ne forte fraus fubef/et humana : & primum mifit./tgnatos codicillos, ad quosfibi reftribi vellet. Deus jujfit afferri chart am, eamque fignari puram & mitti, Jlupentibus facerdotib11s ad ejufmodi fat/um, lgnorabant quipj,e conditionem codicillorum. Hos cum maxima ad.i.ratione 'l'rajanu.s excepit, quod ipfe quoque puris tabulis cum deo egiffet. 'l'unc aliis codicillis, confcriptis fignatifque confuluit, "'" Romam ptrpetrato be/lo redituru, elfetá; vitem centurialem de11, ex mune,'ibu, in ,ede ádedicalis deferri jujfiti, divifamque in' parteS fudario condi ac proinde Jerri. Exilus rei obitu 'l'rajani apparuit off,bu, Romam relatis. Nam fragmentiJ jpecies re.
1011 
q,M A1fu1r1u111. TO E£ lb.. 111,ro.\10. Et 1'1111 Womx11:v "-?r"UUTO¥ EJ't.l P,Ell,fJ,lll 'IIK o1l'r,nr..
li 
11ir1 d1 xa:1 c,,),.Ao <ltom1u" 1eov, OU)t 'Aa-a-J 
x, e
p,f-y:,, di xai -roJ'E, Mctl d a76v fr,. Lucian. de .yria Dea. 
ex 
.E 
,
,: 
m
e 

10 A N T I E .N -T á -S T A T E 
in his time could be called antient, we dare only conjecture that he wrote his treatife before . the prefent temples were built. However , his teftimony fl:rengthens that of Macrobiuse, with regard to the antient worihip of the Sun, and the origin of the rites ufed at this pla.e. 
We now come to the firfl: and only hifl:orical authority we have difcov.rs!d, with regard to the building of thofe temples. Johnt of Antioch, firnamed Ma.
Antoninus 
lala, fays that ' JElius Antoninus Pius built a great temple to Jupiter at Heli_o.
Pius. 
' polis, near Libanus in Phcenicia, which was one of the wonders of the world.' 
áeAs upon this fingle tefl:imony depends all we have been able to learn, witheregard to the builder of the greateft work of antiquity now remaining, it may deferve a more curious examination. 
áe. From the time that Pompey went through Heliopolis to Damafcus , tillethe reign we now fpeak of, this country mufl: have been well known to the Romans : and yet we have unfuccefsfully looked into this part of their hifl:ory, fo remarkable for letters and curiofity, in hopes of finding fome mention of the mofl: furprifing il:ruB:ure in their empire. Can we fuppofe that the writers of thofe times would have taken notice of lefs remarkable buildings in¥ Greece, Afia, and Egypt, with fame degree of admiratione, and that they would have expreifed fuch furprife á at the temple of Diana at Ephefus, and have recorded fuch particulars of the miraculous* architrave of it's middle int.rco.lumnation in front, had the templeá of Heliopolis thená exified, in which we fee the wonders of the former fo far furpaifed ? 
If then there appears no reafon for giving this temple an earlier date than this reign, and we ihall prefently produce authority for believing it exifted in the reign of Caracalla, the time of it's building will be brought within a fmall com.pafs. To,which then of the emperors that lived in áthis interval can we more properly attribute this noble work than to Antoninus Pius? whofe actions are fo little known, that though, by a reign.of-about 21 years he acquired, and has indif putably tranfmitted to pofterity, the general character of one of the beft princes that ever-rukd,-yet 1:he particulars which merited. fuch extraordinary 
' á á 
praife. are quite forgot. 
If we confider that the tafl:e of .he architecture in quefiion does not look unlike that of his time, and add that the above-cited hifl:orian's age, country, or religion, fo far as they are known to use, offer no fufpicious prejudices with áregard to this fa&, which he feems, in his general manner of compiling fromeother writers, to infert tranfiently, as an uncontefi:ed truth in which he hadeno intereft, we think we cannot in jufl:ice refufe him credit, till further dif.coveries produce contradiB:ory proofs.e
t MET. lt T'lv (3u,A1{a,-, Aleia..11´, iCt.£1T{ArufTfJ 'HA,or Arrw11i110, Ilio, --:,.,, fxTiO"U l, 1H>.u,,,,.&Au 'I";;, .oi,{xn, Ti A,Ccin '";-, 
'7; 4,t 14i')"or.v, i'wor. xor.l 11,JT011 tn-"' Ti.iv S-,or.,.,.J.T.,. Joan. Malalre Rift. Chron. Lib. XI. 
¥ Pliny tells us Lib. XXXVI. Cap. XIV. that the_ Architect defpairing of the means to raife fo great a weight, 
was affifted by the Goddefs to whom the temple was dedicated. 
Julius 


0 F á B. A áL B E C. ,. 
Julius Capitolinus, 'tis. true, who writes the life of this emperour, enume¥ rates his buildings; amongft which we do.not. find this mentioned, though fo ,much more confiderable than others of which he takes .notice. 
Had we any regular judicious account of that emperour,s reign, in which the temples of Heliopolis were not to. be found, it would, no doubt, weaken the tefrimony ofMG}ala: but the trifling collection of anecdotes, chofen with..m.judgment7 and pu. together wit.out any order by the author we are fpeak¥ tng of, fcarce deferves theáname of hdlory. 
Heliopolis having b_eenáeonfl:it.ut.d a colony by Julius Crefar, according .:;.!;.¥ to fomet, and having received part of the veterans of the fifth and the eighthlegion fromAugufrus, was made Juris Italici by Septimius Severus; as we are inform. by Ulpian II, a native of this country: and we accordingly find it's temple, fgr the firft time, on the reverfe of this emperour's coins. 
At the fame time that we meet with Heliopolis on the coins of Julia JuliaDomna Domna and Camcalla, vows in favour of that emperour and emprefs are re-calla. 
corded in the two following i.pe!:¤_cl: infcriptions, copie.rom the pedefrals ofo
_
the columns of the great-porn-co-; whicn a e.-eprefented in plateJy. letter G. 
M DIIS HELIVPOI áPROSAL_ 
AN.TONIN IP/I fflAYCIIJYJ/MAYCJM TR \fDNWTI\SINAT PA 11\ á--__________o________________ 
COLYMNAI\VMDYMf l\lNMYltOI Nl.M INA5VAPHYNli\f X ´OTO L A S á,--------. I. 
II. 
M DUS HILIVP_________________________ ___ ___________ _ 
D/\11S D)(ANTONINlfllll/AYUrtYIIAIAV(MAf 15 DN(AS________________________________ 
TONJNIANJ[(Af/rAC0JVMNMWMDYM£\\-VROWlVM .NATASVA £C _____________ 
t; 
-. Magnis Diis Heliupolitanis pro falute 
--Antonini Pii FelicisAugufl:i etJulireAuguftreMatris Domini Noftri cafirorum 
columnarum dum erant in muro inluminata fua pecunia ex voro libenti
.._____animo folvit. 
-. II. . , 
Magnis. Diis Heliupolitanis -.._-, _ 
. ¥------oriis Dotnini Noil:riAntonini Pii FelicisAugufl:i & Julire ,Auguftre Matris 
Domini Noftri cafl:rorum -,.á_ -á 
.,..____ toninianre capitacolumnarum dum erant in muro inluminata fuapecunia.-.
¥ 
á áá á 

á.¥ . 
11 E)I et Hellopolitana, qu,e a Divofroero per Be!fi. ,ivi/is occ,;Jionem Ita/i,e colon/,e re,npublfram acr:epil, Ulpianus Lib, I 
¥ uhon comparing our copies of thefc infcriptions with thofe taken by the Rev. Mr. Thomas Crofts, who has viJitecl
p
Balbee fince we ,were there, we found his were moft fa\isfaccory, and we ,acknowledge ourfelvci obliged áto tha; entleman for the liberty he gave us ta make ufe of them,
gh' ' f Weo

r;f" A N T ,r If -N: .'f._ 'á._s ;-T A. T E. 
.,_.,.. 
Conftantino, 
Theodofius. 
ThoKhalift. 
W; ar. at a iofs about 'ih. fenfe of iapita columnirum dun/ erant.i.; inuro ihlu11tinata á: perhaP,S_ thofe WC>1:'.d. imply _the carY.ing or finifhingof the capitals,: which was generally done after the columns were fixed. It was common, among . the antierits,á for particular perfohs 'to contribute to public;k buildings, by.exe.cuting fome part at their private expence ; and fuch benefactions were gene.' tally recorded by an infcription, of which we have many. 
The heathen .o.fhip' p;e;.iled.in th.fe te.pl.s a greaát while, notwith-. .flanding the progrefs o(.the.Chrifl:ianáreligiqn;_twhich_long 111-et__with violent oppofitfoná at Heliopolisá, though firft openly preached and received in it's 
neighbourhood. 
á._ á In thofe violent contefl:s, between expi.ing idolatry and prevailing Chri.fl:ianity,the temples fuffered much;á their fl:atues were broken. and their orna;.1 áments defaced .t
Abu:lfaragius* fays thae .' Confiantine built a -temple here;' . an"d addst
thatt. l:il!a.oliilie<l-?, fuftom o. this place, .pe1'1J1ittin,g-the promifcuous ufe ofrt
_
' w.ves.'t
But we learn from the Chronicon Pafchale t that ' Confl:antine only fhutt' 'up the temples of the Paga.s ; while Theodofius deflroyed fome, and con.
. verted the great and famous temple of Heliopolis into a Chriftiari church.'t
In this paifage two barbarous words occur, which.have been ftrangely tor.ftted to different meanings. We adopt without ¥ hefitation the op.nion oftHolfl:enius, who thinks the word Bcc7'.aviou relates to Baal, the idol of thettemple ; but .we cannot agree with Reinefius in changing the word T.i7'.,0ov intot,r;/01w0gui\r,_nrov, as we think the three immenfe fl:ones of the fubaifement are evi.&ntly fignified by the former. All travellers have taken notice of thofe fl:ones;tfome indeed of fcarc. any thihg áelfe : nor is it furprifing that after the declinetcf tafl:e, when more attention was paid to mere tnagnitudS! than beauty, thisttemple fhould be ehiefly noted for the largefi fiones which perhaps were evert
i 
einployed in any building.t
It is in vain to:go lower for inf.rmation' worth producing, with regardto áthoie buildingsá:" Church Hifiory affords little more than the names oftfame Bifhops and Martyrs of Heliopolis;_ and, when Mahometanifm prevail.d,ttbis part of the country fell under the government of that branch of the Kha.tlifs called the Ommiades ; an ignorant and incurious race, during whofe timestwe find áonly that !rB:ilbec. was a confiderable city .t
¥ ''1',mplum tliam [,;.,u.it] in urhe Baal-hec, tlljUJ in,o/,e uxoru babebanl i:o.munes,' a.eo ut nemini de jiirpe faa tonfiartl';' a quo [fatlo] ipfa probibente abfiinuerunt . Greg. Abul-Pharajii Rift.Compend. Dyn.fr. p. 85: 
. 
, + .. Kw11;1:t11-rivo, 0 'doil,p.r;r ,. .ii.1Arf.ar. T. i¥e. (1,011011 lXArnrn1, xa} ToU, 11.0., TW11 EAA;11w11á oZTor O 0Eol0rr,or xal Xi:tTf>..uoán. 
. ,:
Ka:1 T,o ireO, Hiu,1rO>..,ta1r, '.r-0 'T; Bxi\owlou, .;" /",,,,. xcil, 1.Tie,,o,,T011, Xlilll 'Tr ;,r>.,3'011, xÇl i1rof11a'u iuT; ExxA,ia-{"11 Xe1s-u,.;,.á Chron. Pafch. 01YMP.áccixxiox. p. 303, á ᥠ
n Herbelot Bibliotheque Orientale, 
From 

13
0 F BAL BEC. 
After the commencement of their-power we fuppofe the name Heliopolis was entirely difofed, and that of Balbec took place ; which we cannot but ttl.ink the moft antient as well as the modern name of this city, always ufed by the natives of the country. 
The firft cqnverfion of the temple into a fortrefs looks like a work of thofe K.halifs; though fome repair$ have a more m9dern appearance, and are, no doubte, pofteriour to the conqueft of this country by Selim, having probably been made in the wars between the Grand Emir and the Turks. 
In this effay, for the defects of which we can make no other apology than it's being the firft attempt towards a hifiory of thofe buildings, the authori.ties to which we have ,had recourfe take notice of one temple only. To which then of the two great ruins, . that we are to defcribe, fhall we apply the infor. mations here collected ? 
We do not think it ea[y to give a dire& an[ wer to this queftion; and £hall 
tip.ly venture to produce a few obfervations, which m;iy aflift the readerto decide 
for himfel£ á 
á If our criticifm upon the word, r.sA,9ov be juft, as it is applicable to the 
greateft temple onl}_',. we muft conclude that to have been the fame which Anto.
ninus built, and which. Theodofius converted into a Chrifl:ian church. 
We meet with the temple of Heliopolitan Jove on antient coins; which are not always exact with regard to the form of the_ building they mean to reprefent; as will probably appear in the following inftances. 
On the reverfe of a medal of Septimius Severus we find a temple, in form like the great temple of Balbec, and having, like it, ten columns in front, with 
.helegendCOL. HEL. I. 0. M. H.ColoniaHeliopolitanaJoviOptimoMaximo Heliopolitano. 
But on the reverfe of another medal of the fame emperour, with the fame legend, we fee a temple in perfpecl:ive, having indeed the fame form with both the great and the moft entire temple of Balbec ; but having fix columns only in front, which is the number of neither. The fame is repeated on the reverfe of 
On the reverfes of fome medals of Philip the Elder. and his wife Ottacilia we find the fame legend, with a temple of a different fize and-áform, bearing no refemblance to any of the temples of Balbec'. 
. Upcn the reverfe of another m.dal of the fame Philip we find a fourth temple, which feems to belong to Heliopolis by the legend . 0 L. IV L. AV G. FE L. 
.EL. Colonia Julia Augufia Fcelix Hieliopolitana. A flair of many fteps leadse
á 
á to
g 


to an area, in which is a 'temple, of the form-of the great temple.of Balbec: 
This is, iná all probability, an aukward reprefentation of that great temple,t
_
with 'the courts, -portico, and great ftairs leading to it. 
In our defcription of the great temple, we fhall give fome reafons which have convinced us tha. it never was compleatly finifhed, 
In the entablature of the temples there is a more than accidental fimilitude;which nothing .ut_ imitation c:ould pr_oduce. 
, Thofe_ temples difcovered to us no marks of very different antiquity; and 
the leaft entire feemed to owe it's more ruinous fl:ate rather to violence than to 
dec;ay. á á á 
Under what.ver name the antient divinity of this temple was invoked, whe.ther the Baal of facred, or the Belus of profane hifiory, whether called Jupiter or Apollo, it is certain the object of worfhip was the Sun; the firucl:ure of whofe temples at áPalmyra and Heliopolis differs from that of all others we have feen, in fome .particulars which may be the fubjecl: of a fepara.te enquiry into the Syrian mythology. 
At prefent we £halláonly obfe.ve, .as travellers throygh thofe antient feats of idolatry, that we imagined we co4ld difcover, in many of the deviations from the true obj.B: of_ worfhip, . fomething in the climate, foil,. or fituation of each country, which had great influence in. efiablHhing it's particular mode of fuper. ftitidn, 
,. ¥ ' ' ¥ á, I 
If we apply this áobfervation to the country and religion of Syria; and_exa: mine the wodhip of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, called in fcripture Baal, Afia: roth, :;i.nd the Hofi of Heayen, we .ay perhaps not,only fee how that .arly fu.p.rftition, which mifled the inhabitants of a flat country, enjoying a confiant ferenity of sky; was naturally produced ; but we may alfo obferve fomething of the origin and progrefs of that error, in a ácertain connection between thofo objects of worfhi copfi.ered phyfically, and .their characters as.divinities. 
it
átThus, the p.mp and .agnifce.ce with which the Sun was worfhipped ii1 Sy:tria and Chalda:-a, á the name of J?aal, which, in the Eafi:ern language, fignifiesLqrd or Mail:er, aIJ.d the human victims facrificed to him, feem .II together to niark an awful reverence paid ratherá to his power than to his beneficence, in a country where the violence of his heat is defiruB:ive to vegetation, as it is in many other ref peers very troublefome to the inhabitants. 
But the deification of the inferiour gods of the á firmament feems to have á taken ifs rife from different principles, in which love feems to. have been more predominant than fear ; at the fame time that their worfhip has fi:rongereharaB:erifiicks of it's Syrian extraction than that of Baal. if the following ob.fi.rvations be well fo1;1nded. 
Not 
q
j
g 
,, 
fe 
li 
,, 
 

0 F B A L B E' C. 
Not only the extenfive plains and unclouded sky, already mentioned, have been long fince obferved to point this out, but we imagine that the manner in Which the inhabitants of this country live, and which is as uniform as their, tlilllate or their foil, hath gre.itly contributed to direct their :tttention to t.efe objecrs. 
It has ever been a cuitotn with thetri, equally conneB::ed with health and plea-.fure, to pafs the nights in fummer upon the houfe-tops, which for this veryPurpofe are made flat, and divided from each other by .alls. We found this lvay of fleeping extremely agreeable; as we thereby enjoyed the cool air, above . the reach of gnats and vapours, without any otherá covering than the canopy of the heavens, which unavoidably prefents itfelf, in different pleating forms, llpon every interruption of refl:, when filence and folitude frrongly .dif pofet
á átlie mind to contemplation. 
No where could we difcover in the' face -of the heavens more beauties, nor _on the earth fewer, than in our n_ight-travels through the defarts of Arabia; Where it is impoilible not to be fi:ruck with this contrail-: a boundlefs, dreary Wafte, áwithout tree or Water, mountain or valley, or the. leaft variety of .co¥ l?urs, offers a tedious famenefs to the .earied traveller; who is . agreeably re teved by looking up to that chearful moving picture, which meafures his time, directs his courfe, and lights up hisway. 
The warm fancy of the Arab foon felt the tranfition froth wild admiration to fuperfritious _ ref pe8:, and the paflions were engaged before the judgment
.as confulted., The Jews in their paffage through this wildernefs (where we a.re told in the fcriptures * they carried the fiar of their god, ythich St. Jerom fuppofes to have been Lucifer, worfhipped in the fame country in his time)feem to haye caught the infecl:ion in the fame manner, and "their hearts+ went '' after their idols." This bewitching enthufiaf m, by which they were fo fre.quently foduced, áis fl:ill more fl:rongly characrei;-ized in the fame expreffiv. lan¥ guage of holy writ, which telJs tis that " their eyes went a whoring afrer '' their idols¤:" and an antient native of this country, _a man of real piety, feems to acknowle,dge the danger of contemplating fuch beauties, and to difown 
.
his havingátyielded to the temptation, in the following words /I : " If I be.,, held the fun when he 1hined, or the moon walking in her brightnefa, and my '' heart bath been fecretly enticed, or my mouth have kiffedá my hand; this '' were an iniquity, &c. 
However unconnected the natural hifiory of a country and it's mythologylnay fee1:1, yetttheir r.lation might bear a more minute examination, withoutt
_.
tunnmg rnto wild conJectures. Even Egypt had fome objects of divine wor.
ᥠAmos.v. z6. ¤ Ezek. vi. 9. 
t Ezek. xx. iii. I Job, xxxi. ?.r.. 
h ihip 

iJFCi
16 
ANTIENT S T A' T E &,. 
fhip: fo peculiarly the.growth of that foil, that tµeyá could never bear tranf.pla:nting, notwithfrandmg the complaifance of antiquity for her abfordities. 
As fuperfl:ition travelled northward, ihe changed her garb with her country, and the picl:urefque mixture of hill, vale, grove, and water, in Greece, gavebirth to Oreades, Dryades, and Naiades, with all the varieties of that fanciful mythology,á which only fuch a poet as Homer,á in fuch a country as Greece, ácould have conneB:ed into that form and fyftem, which poetry has ever fine<?e
We may add, as a further confirmatipn of our opinion, that this fameemythology, ex:imined on the .pot wher. Homer wrote, has feveral plaufibleand confiftent circumftances, which are entirely local.. Should health and leifureepermit us to give the public that more clailical part of our travels, throughthofe countries which are moil remarkable as the fcenes of antient fable we
á ' 
may illuftrate by fame inftances what is here only hinted at.e
, Having now finiihed _ this Second Volume, I beg leave to. feparate myfelfea moment from my fellow-traveller, to acknowledge, as editor of this work,ethat I alone :;irn accountable for the delay of it's publication.e
When called from my country by other duties, my neceifary abfence re.tarded, in fome meafure, it's progrefs. Mr. Dawkins, with the fame generousefpfrit, which had fo indefatigably furmounted the various obfl:acles of' ourevoyage, continued carefully to protect the fruits of thofe labours which he hadefo chearfully fhared: : he not only atten?ed to the accuracy of the work, byehaving finifhed drawings made under his own eye by our draughtfman, fromethe sketches and meafures he had t.ken on the fpot, but had the engravings foefar advance. as to b. now ready for the public under our joint inf pecl:ion.e
This declaration I owe in jufiice both to the public and my friend : for whatever, in the G:ate of their accounts, the balance may be in his favour, I mufl: not ungratefully c;onceal how much I am a debtor to both. 
W O O D. 
EXPLANATION 
 

i>F<i
EXPLANATION of .the PLATES. 
p L A T E I. 
Plan of the city of Balbec, fuewing only the fituation of the ancient buildings which remain. 
N. B. This plate' may be ufed as an index to the contents of the work; the principal objects of which are, the great temple with it's courts, the moil: entire temple,á and the circular temple. Views of thofe ruins, in the con.dition we found á them, are intermixed with the reprefentations of the fame buildings, in their fuppofed entire ftate; that it may appear upoi:i what autho.rity fome parts are reftored. 
N. B. The meafures we make ufe of are Englifu feet and inches. 
A. Portico, which formed the grand front to the build.fouth and fouth-well: of it. We did not think the ings A. B. C. D. Jt'is defcribed in plates III, IV, Turki(h buildings worth a place in this plan; but V, VI, VII, VIII, anc\ XI. the reader may fee a view of them in the follow.
B.tHexagonal court, to which the portic'o A leads,' is ing plate. A great de,al of the fpace within the defcribed in plates III, IX, X, XI, and XX. walls is entirely neglected, while a fmall part is 
C. .adrangular court, to which the court B leads, is employed in gardens; a name which the Turks defcribed in plates III, and from XII to XX in.give to any fpot near a town where there is a little clufive. iliade and water. 
D. Great temple, toá which the approach was through H. The city walls, which, like thofe of moll: of thet
the foregoing portico and courts, is defcribed in ,ancient cities of AGa, appear to be the confufedtplates Ill, XXI, and XXII. patch-work of different ages.. The pieces of ea.
E. The moll: entire temple, which fee defcribed from . pitals, broken entablatures, and, in fame places, plate XXIII to plate XLI inclufive. reverfed Greek infcriptions, which we obferved in 
F. The circular temple. See plates XLII, XLIII, walking round them, convinced us that their !all: XLlV, XLV. repairs were made after the decline of tafie, with 
G. A Dorick column, whofe ihaft confiO:s of feveral materials negligently collected as they lay neare!l: pieces, ll:anding fingle on the elevated fouth-well: á to hand, and as hafiily put together for immediate part of the city, where the walls inclofe a little defence. 
of the foot of Antilibanus. We difcovered no.I. The city gates : they correfpond in general with thing, either in the fize, proportions, or work.what we have faid of the walls; but that which ma,nihip of this col.tis on.the north .lide prefents the ruins of áa large
umn, fo .emarkable as a little. bafon on the top of it's capital, w.hich communi.fubaffement, with pedefials and bafes for four co.cates :with a femicircular channel, cut longitudin'a!li _ ,.¥ 'lumris, in a tafie of magnificence and antiquitydown the lide of the {haft, and five or fix inches much fuperiour to that of the other gates.deep. We were told that water had beená for.The ground immediately about the walls is rocky, and merly conveyed from the bafon by this chan-á little advantage is taken of a command of water, nel ; but how the bafon was fupplied we could not which might be much more ufefully employed than learn : as it greatly disfigures the ihaft of the co.it is at prefent in the gardens. Some confufed heaps lumn, we fufpecl: it to be a modern contrivance. of rubbifh, which appear to have belonged to an.
The fmall part of .the city, which is at prefent in.cient buildings, both within and without the walls, habited, is near the circular temple, and to the are too imperfect to deferve notice. 
p L A T E . II. 
View of the city of Balbec from the fouth, fuewing ¥it's antiquities and Turkiih buildings, 
N. B. In .this perf pell:ive view the fame letters mark the fame buildings, of which they marked the plan in the foregoing plate. 
A. Turkifu 

EXPL ANATION 
A. Turkiih towers built on the ruin's of the portico, the fubalfement of the great temple were taken;See plate IV. while the more ornamented parts of thofe build.
B. South-well: wall of the hexagonal court. ings were fupplied from a quarry of coarfe white 
C. South wall of the quadrangular court. marble,.well: of the city, and at a greater di!l:ance. 
D.nNine columns of the peri!l:yle of the great temple In the firll: quarry there are fiill remaining fome on the fouth fide, which ll:ill continue to fupport vafi fiones, cut and ihaped for ufe : that upontheir entablature, notwith!l:anding feveral unfuc.which this letter is marked, appears,. by it's ihape
cefsful attempts of the Turks to defiroy them, in and fize, to have been intended for the fame pur.order to get at the iron employed in firengthening pofe with the three fiones mentioned in plate III, 
the building. letter X. 
E: The moft entire temple. quarry at the bottom. 
We meafured it feparately, 
F.nThe circular temple, now a Greek áchurch. and allowing for a little difagreement in our mea.
G. The Dorick column. See this letter in plate I. fures, owing, we think, to it's not being exacl:ly
H. The city walls. fuaped into a perfecl:ly regular body*, we found it feventy foot long, fourteen broad, and fourteen foot 
K. A minaret or Turk1ih fieeple.
which are not ufed in Turky, a perfon is em.
Infread of bells, 
The fione, according to thefe dimenfions, contains ployed to call the people to prayers from the bal.14,128 cubic feet, and ihould weigh, were it Port.cony, near the top of .this minaret, at the five land fione, about 2,270,000 pounds avoirdupoize, fiated times appointed in every twenty-four hours or about I J 3 5 tons. for divine worihip. M. Part of Antilibanus. 
L. A quarry of free fione, near the city walls, fro'? N. Part of M. Libanus. which probably the immenfe fiones employed in 
p L A T E III. 
Plan of the great temple, and of the portico and courts leading to it. 
N. B. The moft entire parts are difringuifhed in this plan by croffed lines, the leafr entire by fingle lines, and the intermediate fi:ages. of decay are marked by a mixture of both. But the precife degree of ruin in which we found thofe buildings will be more diftincl:Iy feen by the views exhibited in plates IV, IX; XII, XXI, XXIV. 
A. Stair leading to the portico. to teach and converfe upon different parts of li.
B.nPortico. 
terature. Their form, according to Vitruvius and 
Alex. ab Alexandro, refembled much that of the 
buildings to which we give this name,
K. Chambers. Perhaps the prie!l:s were lodged here, 
pilafters. 
tico and quadrangular court, till they met at right There are no remains to ftrengthen this 
L.nNiches. 
M. Palfage from the hexagonal court to the quadran.
angles. 
gular court. 
N. Lateral communications between the fame.
the unfiniihed walls that fomething is wanting; and 0. The quadrangular court. that it is plain from the negligent manner in which P. It's rectangular exedrre, tetra!l:yle.the external walls of the cou.rts are built (which Q,_ It's rectangular exedrre, hexafiyle. fee plate II, letter B and C,) that they were ton
R.nIt's femicircular exedrre. See thofe of Diocletian's 
Baths. 
E. Great door of communication 
between the portico 
S. It's chambers; probably for the priefts. 
and the hexagonal court. 
F.nSmaller fide-doors. 
T. It's great niches; perhaps for 0ololfal fiatues. 
V. Smaller niches, in the femicircular exedrae, and be.
G. The hexagonal court. We think it not improbable tween the pila!l:ers of the quadrangular court. that the particular buildings of this and .he fol.W.nThe great temple of ten columns in front, and lowing court ferved as fchools and lodgmgs for nineteen in flank ; of which nine only are fiand.the prie!l:s of the Sun ; .hofeáhabitations.t Strn.o ing with their entablature The bafes of the others takes notice of his havmg fee11 at Hehopohs m are almoll: all in their piaces and fome of them Egypt. with part of the broken /haft ; but there are no 
H. Palfages between the portico and the hexagonalcourt. bafes to be fee. of a vefiibule, nor any part of the 
I. Exedrre of the hexagonal court. The exedr. of cell left .. This temple is of the peripteros and de.the ancients, _whether in their pala,!l:rre or pnvate ca!l:yle kmd of the Greeks; but it's intercolumna.houfes, were places where philofophers alfembled tion is none of the five forts which Vitruvius 
ᥠThis may be the reafon why that diligent and indefatigable traveller, Dr. Pocock, differs from us in his meafures of this ll:one, which he makes fixty eight feet long, feventeen feet eight inches wide, and thirteen feet ten inches deep. 
t 'fa, J} T; 'H>..,ou11"0.!1 .x, o,:o.t; ,rJofl-E. (-1-tyi>..ou, f11 .r, ,J,fr..1bo11 oi ;tptit;' f,i.Alf(I. rip 1n Tet.Jrr,11 )"tT01x.l"11 ;1pi´11 'Jlf'JIOllf11qu '1J"!Tl 'TO 'Tf(I.¥ ,r..1(111 q,,Aolfl.w11 ..vdpw11 Y.c1:a o;s-p'J11op,1xw11. Strabo, Lib, xvu, p. 806. 
mentions 



i>FCi
0 F THE P L A T E,.S. 
,mentions : a necetrary confequence of the great dia..readth, not including the projection of the mould.meter of the columns, which would not admit mgs of the focle, is' ten feet five inches ; and their even of the pycnoftyle, the fmalleft diftance which height thirteen feet. The fecond ftratum, form.the Greek art of building had prefcribed. ing the greateft _part of the die of this fubatre.
X. Terras, or fubatrement, of the great temple ; if wehment, is feen at the weft end. We could not getcan apply this !aft name to that which fupported to meafure the -height and breadth of the'ftones that no part of the temple. We think it probable that compofe it, which howe:ver appeared to be the fame it was never finilhed, as the expence and trouble á as in the lower row ; but we found the length ofhof carrying away materials of this prodigious fize ¥three of them to make together above a hundred 
,could have anfwered no purpofe. The reader may and ninety feet, and feparntely fixty three feet eight fee, in plate XXIV, letter B, the manner in which inches, fixty four feet, and fixty three feet. We the periftyle was finilhed before the fubalfement. have conjectured (in our account of the ancient By what we fee of it at the weft end, it appears áfiate of thefe buildings) that this temple was called that this fubalfement was to have confifted of three Tpfi.,ffov from thefe three great ftones. To the rows or ftrata of ftones, like that of the entire weft a folid foundation of rough ftones, upon temple; theá loweft forming the mouldings of the which the fubalfement is built, appears about twelve focle with part of the die; the fecond forming the feet above the ground. greateft part of the die ; and the higheft forming The 'buildings in this plan are raifed a confiderable the remaining part, with the mouldings of the height from the ground by very folid arches ; which cimafa. The loweft ftratum is feen in this plan, fee under letter E of the following plate. We have marked the length 'Of the ftones : thek 
p L A T E IV. 
View of the portico m it's prefent ruinous fi:ate. 
A. Modern towers, built upon 'the lateral chamber.. could only difcover by torch-light one of thofe 
Sec plate JU, letter C. heads diftinctly, which had a youthful face with 
B. An Attic, which is carried on through the two courts, horns like a Serapis. We could alfo obferve upon
and feems to have been ornamented with fiatues. the fame /lone fame Romáan characters, but fo in-
C. Entablature, which is the fame on the outfide and diftinct that we found it impoffible to make out 
infide of the portico. See plate VIII. a word. The fame obfcurity and rubbi(h alfo pre.
vented our taking an exact plan of thofe arches.
D. Lateral chambers. See their fo:tions, plates VI and .h
XI. F. Rough wall, which we luppofe was covernd by the 
E. Doors leading to the arches whiol, fopport the por-r ftair, as reprefented in the following plate. 
tico and the two courts. The fections of. thofe G. Pedeftals of the columns of the portico. Upon two of 
arches, in plates X, XI, Xlll and XIV, !hew that them marked with this letter are the infcriptions,
they communicate with one another, and are car-which fee page 11. Thefe columns were ftanding in 
ried on in the fame direction with the walls of the La Roque's time, 1688; if we may at all truft to his 
portico and courts, to which they give both folidity . account, whicli contains fo much ignorant admi.
and elevation. The ruftick manner in which they ration, and fo little intelligible defcription. 
are built, of va!l: unchizzled fiones, would make H. Turki(h wall. 
it feem as if nothing elfe was 'intended by them; I. Great door leading to the hexagonal court. 
and yet fome heads carved in alto relievo upon the K. Smaller lateral doors, with nicpes over them, lead.
key-ftones, which project at regular diftances, made ing to the fame. See plate VII . 
.us fufpect they might alfo have anfwered fame L. Tabernacles for fiatues. The columns of all the 
my!l:erious purpofes of the antient religion of this tabernacles of thefe ruins are taken away, as well 
temple. They are in fome places almoft filled up as all the ftatues, and every thing that was port.
with rubbilh, and very indifferently lighted by the able. 
funnels, which fee plate X, letter F; fo that we M. The fouth-weft part of the city. 
p L A T E V. 
Upright of the portico m it's per(ecl: ftate. 
No ornament feems á wanting to complete this grand front to the whole building, as it is here refi:ored, except the fi:atµes on the Attic and in the tabernacles. How far it may have been farther extended on both fides, be.yond the lateral chambers, can only be conjectured. See plate III, letter D. The doors marked E, in plate IV, are omitted here by a mifi:ake, which was not difcovered till the plate was .oograved. 
Several 
UNlVERSITATS.


EXPLANATION 
Several artifts have obferved a fimilitude between fome European buildingsand fome parts of the ruins of Palmyra and Balbec; from which they have, perhaps too haftily, concluded that the former were copied from the latter. The portico of the Louvre, at Paris has been compared in this light with fame parts of the ruins of Palmyra, as alfo with the portico defcribed in this plate : but we cannot difcover any foundation for inferences fo injurious to the me.mory of the architecl: who built that noble ftruB:ure, which is as juftly ad.mired as it is unaccountably neglecl:ed. 
PLATE VI. 
Longitu?inal fecl:ion of the fame. 
See it's tranverfe feclion plate XI. 
P L A T E VII. 
Smaller door of communication, between the portico and hexagonal court. 
A. The door. C and D. Tabernacles of ,the portlco.
B. Niche over the door, 


P L A T E VIII. 
Order of the portico. 

P L, A T E IX. 
View of the hexagonal court, in it's prefent ruinousá ftate, as youá ap.proach it from the P?rtico defcribea in the foregoing plates. 
A. Exedrre of the hexagonal court on it's fouth-well: C. The moll: entire temple. 
D. Part of the great temple. ,
fide. ,
B. Exedrre of the fame on it's north-well: fide. 
PLATE X. 
Upright of the eaft, fouth-eaft, and north-eaft fides of the fame court. 
A. B, The north-eall: fide. F. Secl:ion of one of_ the arches on which the building 
B. C. The eall: fide. is fupported; with a funnel for the admittance of 
C. D. The fouth-eaf\: fide. 
light and air. 
E. Secl:ion of the irregular chambers, which form the G: Section of another not lighted, northern and fouthern angles c,f the hexagon, 
See 
PLATE 


iJF<i
O F T. H E P L -A T E S. 2I 
p L A T E XI. 
Secl:ion of the fi:air, portico, and hexagonal court. 
_ 
A.eThe fiair. E. F. South-well: fide of the fame. 
B. C. The portico. F. G. South fide of the paifage from the hexagonal to 
C. D. Vefiibule between the portico and the hexagonal the quadrangular court. court. See plate III, letter I. H. Arches fupporting the whole building. 
.D. E. South-eafi fide of the hexagonal court. 
p L A T E XII. 
View of the quadrangular court, in it's prefent fiate, as it 1s feen from the paffage between it and the hexagonal court. 
A. The fouth fide of the court. D.eThe great temple. 
B.eThe north fide of the fame, Mount Libanus appears i. this view as in plate IX. 
C. The moll: entire temple. 
p L A T E XIII. 
Upright of half the eafl: fide of the quadrangular court, to which the other half is perfeB:ly fimilar. See plate III. 
A.eNiches, with tabernacles above them, between the D. Exedrre. pilall:ers. See plate XVIII, XIX, and XLV. E. Door of one of the chambers. -See,plate .III, let. 
B. Door ofá the lateral communication between the two ter G. courts. See plate III, letter N. ¥ F. Arch fupporting the building.
C. Great niche. See plate III, letter _T. 
p L A T E XIV. 
Upright of the north :fide of the quadrangular court, fimilar to the fouth fide. 
A.eNiches anrl tabernacles. D.eSemicircular exedrre. 
B. Door of one of the chambers. See plate III, let-E. Rectangular, exedrre, hexa!l:yle. ter S. F. Door of one of the chambers. See plate III, letter S.e
,C. Rectangular exedrre, tetrall:yle. G.eArch fupporting the building. 
p L A T E xv. 
Longitudinal fection of one of the recl:angular exedrre of the quadran.gular court. 
A. B. Tabernacles of the exedrre. in the court. See plate .X. 
áC. Entablature, which is the fame in the exedrre and D. Arched foffit. 
I PLATE 

i>F<i 
E X P Lá A N A T I O N 
p L 
E XVI. 
Tranfverfe fe8ion and plan of the fame. 
;A. Plan of the columns in the front of the exedrre : B. Plan of the tabernacles of the exedrre in front. . fame remaini(ig .fr.gments /hew they wer.ee of.one C ¥.Plan of the .lateral tabernacles of .the fame. piece of _gra1\ite. 
p L A T E XVII. 
Plan and upright of the femicircular exedrre. 
_tA. Niche. See plate XVIII. C. Entablature. See plate XX. 
.B. Tabernacle above it. See plate XIX. .D. Arched foffit . 

p L A T E XVIII. 
Upright of th. niche in th. femicircular exedrre, and_ betwe.n the pi1afrers in the quadrangular .court, with ,part of the tabernacle above 1t. 
A. Back of the niche, See it's .depth plate XLV, the height of the compofite capitals of the pilafters.
B. It's pila!l:er, of the compofite order, ornamented with E. Shell forming the top of the niche. oak leaves. F. Pedeflal for a ftatue.e
C. Great pilafler of the court. See it's entire order, G. Columns of the tabernacle above the niche. 
plate XX. ' H. Recefs cut in the wall, to give the tabernacle a pro-
D. Frieze within the niche, having it's breadth equal to per depth. 
p L A T E XIX. 
Plan and ,upright of the tabernacle, above the niche defcribed m the laft plate. 
D: Plan of it's compofite columns. 
A. Plan of the tabernacle. E. Plan of the pilaf\:er of the courts. Plate 'l(X Jhews 
B. C. It's depth in the wall it's order. 
p L A T E. XX. 
Order of the two courts. 
. The £hafts of thofe columns were of one piece of granite ; the bafes and capitals were of the fame materials with the reft of the building. 
_ 
p L A T E XXI. 
Views of both temples, in their prefent fiate, from the weft. 
C. The Turk\!h towers, built upon the ruins of the 
great portico: 
D, .The 






0 F THE P L A T E S. 
D. The great niches of the quadrangular court. F. A d.or leading to thofe arche5 already defcribed, 
E. Great door kading to the portico. which fupport the building. 
p L A T E XXIt 
Order of the great temple. 
The {hafts of thefe columns confift of three pieces, joined mofi exaa-Iy without cement, ( which is ufed in no part of thefe buildings ) and fl:rengthened by iron pins received into a focket worked in each frone. Mofi of the bafes had two fuch fo..ets, one circular and another fquare, cor.refponding to two others of áthe fame fhape anq dimenfions in the under part of the fhaft. By meafuring fome of the largefi of thofe which were circular, we found the iron pin which they received mufi have been a foot long, and above a foot diameter. When we obferved, by finding fuch fockets in all the fallen fragments of this temple, that eas:h fione had probably been firengthened in this manner, we were lefs furprifed at the quantities of iron faid to be carried away by the Bafhas of Damafcus, at different times, fr9m thefe ruins, on which they had left mofi evident marks of their violent, though un.fuccefsful, attempts to get at the iron of the columns which are franding. How muc. this method .ontributes to the firength -of the building is remarkably feen in the mofi entire t.mple, pla.e XXIV; where. column hase-fallen againfte
_
the wall ofá the cell, with fuch v10lence as to beat m the fl:one 1t fell againfl:, and break part of the {haft, while the joinings of the fame fhaft have not been in the leall opened by the fhock. 
p L A T E XXIII. 
Plan of the moil entire temp!e. 
This temple is irregularly placed with regard to the former, and is alfo built upon a much lower horizontal plan ; fee plate XXIV: and yet on the fouth fide it appears that it's fubaffement is raifed confiderably from the ground by a very folid foundation, in the fame manner as that of the great temple. 
N. B. The c'.offed li11es mark what is franding, the fingJe lines what 1s ruinous, and the outline what is entirely deftroyed. 
A. Stair, now defl:royed, which was fl:anding in La infide of this temple, in it's prefent fl:ate, plateRoques time. The number of fl:eps is deter.XXXV, letter F. mined by the height of the fubaffement. F.hThe wefl: end of the temple, which is divided from 
B. Perifl:y,le, of eight columns in front, áand fifteen inhthe body of the ácell. See plate XXXVI; where flank. it-appears how much the pavement of this part
C. Vefl:ibule; in which the ácolumns are of a lefs dia.is raifed above that of the cell, from which there meter than tho(e of the perifl:yle. was a flair to it: and on each fide of this flair wash
D.-Door of the temple. On each fide of it is a fl:air, another to de(cend from the cell toátwo vaults,. by which we got up to the top of the cell, and which are under the raifed pavement of this weft could walk round it. end. We examined thofe vaults by torch-light, 
E. The body of the cell ; in which we have thought and found them pretty much choaked up with proper to omit two walls parallel to the north and rl!bbi(h; but, as far as we could fee, unornamented. 
á fouth walls of the cell, as evidently of a more The middle of this rai(ed part had a feparate arched modern confl:rucrion than the refl: of the temple. á foffit belonging to it, under which the golden fta.See the remains of thofe walls in the view of the tue of the God defcribed by Macrobius * was pro-
m bably
* See pag. 8 preceding. 


i>F<i 
E X P LAN A T I-O N 
:bably ,placed, This f.rt of throne we lhall call i(TJti¥,ri;a,, fA'>..' E\ d.v7fo. cl,1ra. fva7f'f.ir?a,rtx,iá ef fG.V 
the Thalamus, as it anfwers exactly to that fa.811 TOIi p,e7.. uno11t?rct.TE;/ rnregxo.TÇi ¥¥ ;,; detTO.
I ,~ ,
cred part of the temple of the Syrian Goddefa f,,.>..Ç1-1-,ov o, ip;e,; rgvov. . f;EII 1'01t'7TCG.TE,; 'P!E,;, .)._).._.
,
at Hieropolis, to which Lucian gives this name ;o: r,.A,£""Ç. ÇJ'xiS-s., 7,e e,t,, ,.>!:; -r?:0-1 wa.. e,; T?,t
1
i.? t.e followi.g .af!agy = ,,, "Ev.o.9ev dE .f v,id;, OuiGt,potfuAe-ra: .epre71:,? 1:. detTt:JJet.,aTa! ;'" edea, }
at>..o@,, .rt, aAA. .ev a.Tlf .a.af'Of c1.I\A@.,,t.e.TI: Htpn, ""' 'T' ctUTOJ A,a. eov7a .ETEPlf 11vop,a?, .An,.
w,t,,
;,;ro,nrcu, avoJoq X"-' e; THTOV oA,y't}, .9-u.f''IJO"I _ df ouz t.<TJ. dt,<pw dE x,pU (TEOl T.f eicnt., y; cl,p,cpw ero11-rci:,.
p 
p L A T E XXIV. 
View of both temples, in their prefent ftate, from the fouth. 
A. The mofi entire temple. hid by a fubaifement like that on the weft and 
B. Nine columns of the periftyle of the great temple. north ; which fee plate III, letter X. 
Here we may obferve that the rough foundation, C; Turki01 additions, to conv,ert the temple into a for.which fupports thofe columns, was to have been tification. 
D.tHoufes now inhabited. 
p L A T E XXV. 
Upright of the front of the entire temple, in it's perfect fiate. In this and the following plate we fee the different dimenfions of the orders of the periftyle and veHibule ; the capital of the álatter being on a level with the frieze and architrave of the former ; which is more diftincl:ly obferved in plates XXVIII and XXXVI. 
The authority for the frieze m the pediment may be feen in plate XXI, letter B. 
p L A T E XXVI. 
Upright of the flank of the fame. 
p L A T E XXVII. 
Order of the periftyle of the fame. 
The fhafts of thefe columns are moft of them of three pieces, though a few confift of two pieces only. We have obferved, in our account of the an.cient ftate of thefe buildings, that there is a likenefs between this entablature and that of the , great temple which could not be accidental ; and we think every body will conclude, from an evident repetition of the fame fingularities, that the one is almoft an e.aa copy of the otµer. 

p L 
E XXVIIL 
TI"anfverfe fecl:ion of the veftibule. 
N. B. The fhaded part only is fi:anding. 
A. Profile 




i>F<i
0 F T H E áp. L A T E s. 
A. :Profile of the entablature of the foregoing plate : D. Profile of the entablature of the vefl:ibule. 
it is compofed of two pieces? one forrnin. the cor-E. Part of the arched foffit of the vefl:ibule which re-
B. Tranfverfe fecl:ion of the 
F. Projecl:ion which is carried quite round the cell, from 
lacunari; /hewing th.ir . one of the anta, to the other, hut is not continued 
in the vefiibule ,
curve, and the manner in which they ;ire fupported, fee plate XXX. 
on one fide, by the external corniche of the cell, G. Secl:ion of the fubaifemenf; /hewing it's projection
and; on the other, by the internal architrave of the two feet beyond the ltafes of the .columns it fop.
' 
.¥perifiyle. ports.
C. Profile .of the external entablature of the cell. 
p L A T E XXIX. 
The lacunari. 
A. B. Projecl:ion of the corniche of the cell fopporting ner here /hewn. The rhomboid pannels contain the lacunari on one fide, as we have feen 111 the lafi: heads of Gods, Heroes, and Emperours : the hexa.plaie. gons nlfo contain heads of the fame fubjecl:s, and 
a. 
b. Projecl:ion of the internal architrave of the peri.fometirnes entire figures' relative to antient my.fl:yle, by which the lacunari are fupported on the thology ; as Leda, Ganymede, &c. The great height other fide ; as the !aft plate alfo /hews. at which thefe figures are placed, in a narrow por.

A. 
B. b. a. Shews the dirnenfions of one of the pieces tico, added toá the hlacknefs and dufi: contracl:ed by of marble, of which. the lacunari are compofed; fome hundred years neglecl:, made it impollib!e for half of which piece contains all the variety of orna.us Jo difiingui/h the fubjecl:s of the fculpture fuf.ments which áare J"epeated in this foffit round the ficiently to make drawings of them all. temple, and w.ich confifis of an alternate fuc.C.ePlan.' of the /hafts of the columns of ,the perifiyle, .cellion of one nexagon and four rhombs, inclofing in .their fuperiour contracted diameter ¥ figures and heads in alto relieve, with the inter.D. Soffit of the architrave, mediate triangular fpaces ornamented in the man-


p L A E xxx.á 
.Order of theá antre. 
The ornament, which is here marked five feet and five incl;ies above the bafe, is carried quite round the cell, as we have obferved of the proje&ion above it, marked F, plate XXVIII : this entablature. alfo, as well as the mould.ings of the bafe, is continued round the cell. 
p ..L A T E XXXI. 
Order of the veftibule. 
The ihafts of thefe columns are fame of two and fome of three pieces : the flutings have been begun,. but. are left urffiniihed. 
p L A T E XXXII. 
Upright of 'the door of this temple. 
The fide-architraves ?f this door are of one piec. of marble each; and the 
fuperiour arc.itrave is of .three piec;es, 

p L A T E XXXIII. 
Scroll and architrave of the fame. 
A. The fcroll in front. /hip of this door is fini01ed with greatádelicacy:
B.eProfile of the fame, !hewing it's double volute, the attitudes of the Cupids in the great face are all 
C. Mouldings and plan of the architrave. The flank different ; nor are the fruits and flowers of the fe.of the fide-architrave was fo have been adorned cond face the fame all round : a variety which this withfculpture, as well as it's front; which appears by" : fpecimen could not exprefs, and which we did not a fmall part that was begun, The workman-!hink worth a more particular detail. 
n PLATE 


i>FG
EXPL ANATION 
p L A T E . XXXIV. 
Corniche, frieze, and foffit of the fame. 
\. 
D. The fcro!I. , 
B. The frieze terminated by the fcroll, as well as part 
E. Soflit of the door. The caduceus, which the eagle holds in his claws, is {hut at the top, and has noof the corniche. 
C. C. The fuperiour and tide architrave fhewn in the fnake's.eheads. 
!aft plate, letter C.e
p L A T E XXXV. 
View of the infide of the temple from the door, in it's prefent O:ate. 
A. Wall of the elevated weft end of the cell. The four unfini!hed pilafters feen here are cut out of the fame ftones which form the wall of the cell,and confequently were part of the original plan of the temple; but for wl,i.at ufe they were intended we are at a lofs to guefs. 
á B. North and fouth walls of the cell. 
C. Part of the entablature of the Thalamus, which ftill remains. 
p L A T 
D. E. Pilafters and half-columns, whicl,i. fupported that' 
entablature. , 
F. Foundations of two walls now deftroyed, which, in La Roque's time, fupported columns, dividing the cell into three naves : an addition which was cer.tainly made when the temple was converted into 
a Chriftian church. 
G. Door leading to one of the vaults defcribed in plate XXIII, letter F. See plate XL, letter K. 

E XXXVI. 
Longitudinal fecl:ion of the temple. 
N. R The roof, which 1s defrroyed, is marked only by an out-line. 
A. Wing of the ftair. 
B. Columns of the periftyle. 
C. The lacunari. 
D. Columns of the veftibule. 
E. Arched foffit of the fame, 
F. Side-architrave of the door of the temple.
G. Fluted half-columns of the internal order of the cell. The manner in áwhich the upper parts of their lhafts are flanked by half-pilafters, riling from the bottom of the tabernacles, is_ feen in plate
XXXIX. 
H. Their fubalfement or ftylobat.
I. Niches for ftatues, 
K. Tabernacles for ftatues. 
p t A T 
L. Arched foffit of the temple. 
M. Afcent from the cell to the Thalamus. The flair which was here is deftroyed. 
N. Defcent from the cell to the vaults under the well: end. The ftairs which were here are alfo de.ftroyed.
0, Pilafters and half-columns dividing the body of the cell from the elevated weft end. 
P. Four plain niches _to the north and fouth of the Tha.
lamus. 
Q_ Vault under the Thalamus. 
R. Arched foffit of the Thalamus. 
S. Weft_ wall of the c.cll of the temple. 

E XXXVII. 
Internal order of the cell. ' 
á The ihafts of thefe columns are of feveral pieces; being compofed.of the fame fiones which form the wall of the cell. Their projection from the wall is fomething more than half a diameter ; which occaftons thirteen flutings to be feen,_ out t>f twenty fou'r which the whole circumference would confift of. 

p L A T E XXXVIII. 
Upright of the niches for ftatues, with part of the tabernacles. á 
A, Depth 










i>FCi 
0 F THE P L A TE S. 
fl.. Depth of the niche taken from the wall of' the nacles, The projecl:ion in the middle was for a , ácell. ftatue. 
B. Pilafter of the niche. The ornaments of the im.F, Recefs in the wall, to give fufficient depth to the ta.p.,ll: and arch are the fame. See the foffit of the bernacle. See plate XL VI. arch in plate XL VI. G. Lower part of a half-pilafier forming the fides ofe
C. Fluted half columns of the internal order of the that recefs, whofe capital terminates with the ca.cell. See plate XXXVII. pital of the fluted column; as may be feen in plate 
D. Corni'che above the niche. XL VI, Fig. I, letters G and H. 
E. Pedeftal uponá that corniche, fopporting the taber-H. Point fhewing the direction of the axis of the co.lumn of the tabernacles above. 
p L A T E XXXIX. 
Upright of the tabernacles above the niches of the laft plate, with their plan. 
A. Plan of the projecting part of the pedeftal, which D. Pla:n of the half-pilafier, which is on each fide of 
fupported a ftatue. the recefs formed in the wall, to give the taber-
B. Part of the plan of the half-column. nacle a properá depth.
C. Plan áof the column of the tabernacle. E and F, The depth of that recefs. 
p L A T E XL. 
Tranfverfe fecl:ion of th. temple. 
N. á B. The iliaded part £hews what is fi:anding. 
A. Section of the fubaifement. I.eOperi arches or niches, alfo for ftatues. 
B. Columns of the periftyle. K. Doors to defcend from the cell to the vaults. 
C. The lacunari. L. Half-columns of the internal order of the cell (fee
D. Section of the north and fourh wall of the ceH. plate XXXVII) joined here with pilafters, fepa.
E.eSection of the fubaifement, or ftylobat, of the inter-rating the cell from the more elevated weft end. 
nal order of the cell. M. Weft wall of the cell with the utuiniihed pilafters. 
F. Section of theáecorniche fupporting the tabernacles. See plate XXXV, letter A. 
G. Section of the pediment of the tabernacles. N. Arched foffit of the temple. 
H. Open tabernacles for ftatues, between the cell and O. Arched foffit of the Thalamus. the elevated weft ,end. 
p L A T E XLI. 
Perfpecl:ive view of the temple lafi:. detcribed, in it's prefent. fi:ate; 
p L A T E XLII. 
Plan of the circular temple. 
The order of this temple without is Corinthian, and within both Corin.thian and Ionic. Tht; ihafts of the columns, as well without as within, are of one piece : the lower or Ionic fiory is at prefent converted into a Greek church, and feparated from the higher or Corinthian fi:ory for that purpofe. 
A. The !lair; on the ruins of which now !lands a Turk-C. Plan of the external columns and their ftylobat, 
' 
ilh houfe. See. plate XLIII. D. Plan of their architrave. 
B. Cell of the temple, See it's two orders plate XLV. 
p L.A T E XLIII. 
Front view of th. fame,-m it's prefont fl:ate. 
0 A. Part 
UNIVERSITATS.



i>FG 
28 EXPLANATION 
D.eTabernacle oppofite tQ the door. 
E. Modern addition, by which the door has been w.e. up.
F. Turkilh houfes.
C. The door: 
á;I' t . i  ') : ..  l ',  .  
A  T  E  XLIV.  
Back view of the fame, ,, . ..  m it's prefent ftate.  

fofll.t.' á á E. Fafcia, which is: continued round-theá -temple be.; A. Part of the archede
q: Qrpame.tv of Cupids, ' 
tween the pilafiers. 
á 
F. Wall of the cell. 
?
áholaing fell:o.s .( fruits and 
D. Niche; in which remains the pedefial for a fiatue, 
G. Stylobat.
H. Turki(h,houfes. 
. ,.  T  E  XLV.  
Tranfverfe feclion of the fame.  
A. Part of the arched foffit.  F. Section of the wall of the cell,  

B. External and internal entablature. C. Secl:ion or profile of the fafda, marked E in the lafi C., Superiour order, Corinthian. plate.
D. Inforiour order, Ionic. B. External fiylobat. 
E. Stylobat of the Ionic order. 
L A t E XLVI. 
Fig. I: ,tabernacles of the platesá .XXXVIII and XXXIX. 

A. Half column of the internal order. 
áe
the columns of the tabernacles areáfupported.
F.eSection of the entablature .and pediment o_f the ta.e
bernacle.
C, Recefs in the 
wall of the cell forming the niche, ,
' -. G. Capital of the pilal1:er, á, 
E: Projection of the corniche above the niche, on which H. Capital of the half column. 
Fig. II. s;cl:ion of .he niches áand tabernacles of plates XVIII and XIX. 
A. Pilafters of the court: E. Section of the pedeftal of the tabernacle. 
B. Pilafier of the niche, of the compofite order ¥. F. Depth of the tabernacle. 
á 
D.eSection of the fuperiour part of tl,e 
G. Secl:ion of the entablature and pediment of the ta. 
bernacle.
nic1!e,
,e
Fig. III. . Two ..orders .of.columns, which are feen in the angles of all the reB:angular exedrre .of both. courts. 
A. Firft order; which is upo. 'a level' with.the niches B. Secon1 order ; upon a level with the tabernacles ofe
.. ¥ , , tQG iJlll)e. , . 
C. A'.ngular pediment.