Approval of Gentlemen of the Royal Academy of architecure.
E x T R A I T D E S R E G I S T R E S of the Royal Academy of Architecture.
Du Lundy 27 June 1728.
ONsIEUR L E Roux, reported to the company
from the review of the book entitled Modern Architecture, or The Art of building well for all strong people. The Academy finds nothing in it that can prevent the Impression of it.
By US fouffsigned Secretary of the Royal Academy of Architecture. F E LI WELL.

L E LIBRA IR E A U L E CTOR. P O U r make this architecture course more complete, on
| - has been proposed to give a third Volume, which should contain five treat: the first fur the five orders of Architecture, the fecond fur the Menuiferie, the third fur the locksmith, the fourth fur the various stairs & the fifth fur the cutting of the Stones 3 with respect to the latter it appears very recently one of the largest by Mr of the Ru�; in a large volume in-folio ; that is why we refer the Le?teur there. He sells to the same bookseller. Compared to the other three treat, in order not to make the Public wait longer, we decided to dif ferer to give them to him next year in a third Volume, fi these two cy have the happiness to please him.
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T A B L E D E S C H A P I T R E.
C H A P I T R E I. Good (7 bad effects qne produc/ent les
eight main winds (9 in the way of orienting. page I CHAP. II. The choice of where to build. CHAP. III. The nature of the waters, their research
niere to gauge them (7 Drive. Chapter IV. Supplies & Stones. I 3 Of The Month. I 6 CHAP. v. of lime, how is it known of the goodness of the differents?
annuities manieres to extinguish it. - 17 CHAP. VI. Sand, cement g7 mortar. - I9 CHAP. VII. Bricks, Ardoifes, tiles, paved gold tiles, 22 CHAP. VIII. From the Latte, counter-Latte (9 from the Cloud. 24 CHAP. IX. plaster. - 26 CHAP. X. of lead, iron (9 of copper. 27 CHAP. XI. Wood supplies, go to the tems where it needs to be

coupe. Twenty nine
CHAP. XII. Rule to find the height go the width, that must have the beams, joists (7 other woods, in proportion of
their lengths. 3I CHAP. XIII. How to plant a building. 33 CHAP. XIV. foundation. 34: Rock, C7 Clay. p. 37 & 38 of the marshy places, O du Pilotis. - P. 43 & 44 How to fill the foundation. 46 CHAP. XV. Walls (9 vaults. p. 47 & fuiv. CHAP. XVI. Cellars (9 of their construction. 53 CHAP. XVII. Wells (9 cisterns. Fifty four

CHAP. XVIII. Der Kitchens (9 Pantries, 56
CHAP. XX. Apartments. / - 59 CHAP. XXI. Crosses. . . . - **6o CHAP. XXII. door. 6I CHAP. XXIII. fireplace. 62 CHAP. XXIV. E / caliers. p. 65 & fuiv.

CHAP. XXV. Heaters of aifances. - 7o CHAP. XXVI. Carpentry (7 of the attic. p. 72 & fuiv, floors. - - - - 75 wood panels & partitions. Seven
Explanation of lumber. p. 79 & fuiv. Repairs (7 parfous-auvre occasions, 82 blankets. - 83 from La Menaiserie. P. 87 et seq. Des Crois�es, - p. 88 & fuiv Des Lambris (7 du Parquet. - P. 9o & suiv, De La Ferrure Des Crois�es & des Portes; p. 93 & fuiv. Printing paint. / - 94 for oil painting on wood, 96
End of Conftru?tion Table,
ARCHITECTURE
A R C H I T E C T U RIE
M O D E R N E or the ART of building well,
P O U R T O UTE KIND OF PEOPLE.
- 1
Traite D E LA CONSTRU C TI 0 n.
C H A P I T R E H.

The good & bad effects of the eight main C9 winds in steering.
F: e little attention that some architects do in the exhibition they give to their buildings, caufe fouvent such a damage to the people who inhabit them, that we thought we had to talk before all chofes names & qualitez winds aufquels buildings can be exposed. . There are four main winds that receive their names from the four parts of the world from which they rummage. These four parts make the South or Midy, the North or SepA
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tentrion, East, or rising, or East, West, or setting,
or West, therefore the wind that comes from the South, Fes
names South, that of the North, is called North, that which
foufle of the East, takes the name of East, & that of West retains
The Name West, of these four main winds refute
twenty-eight collateral winds, which take the names &
quality of their neighbors, as can be seen in
the Fool we gave on purpose. Figure I. Plate Ire.
Without stopping at some property Vitruvius gives
to the winds, as to the north wind, that of curing cough ;
we will simply treat here their qualities cold, hot,
fetish & wet.
Generally speaking, the warm south wind eft & hu-
mide, the Northern one, eft fec & cold, the hot Efteft wind
& FEC., & the one in the West is cold & wet, the parties
from the building open to the North-East, will make youfresh days
summer, those that will be exposed to the Southeast, will be hot
Hyver, & will make own to do Hy bedrooms-
worms, baths, kitchens & Stables, Open Places to the North
to make Galleries, Biblioteques, because this
wind prevents worms from getting into books, Cabi-
summer nets, lounges, blackboard rooms, because the sky of
this side eft more ferain than any other part, Remifes
of Caroffes, to preserve the paint, pantry,
Attics, Cellars & cellars, by the property it has con-
fervent chofes: Chaufes d'aifance & Cloaques, must
be aufli expose to this wind, to caufe of FA cold nature that
remove the bad smells fans that we notice, the
Rooms that we want to hold from a temperate heat, will make
well exposed to the South-West, the places that will make open
North-East will make aufli very clean to preserve the Bleds,
fruits & other supplies to caufe of the freshness of this wind.
The entrance of a house as much as The Architect will make the master,
that is, as much as he will not make embarrassed by some beautiful
Garden or point of v?� confidrable, will make well exposed to the North-West, which proceeding from cold & hot winds holds the middle in between, the open places in this country, to the West ; make absolutely bad-fains.
The fancies of men are interwoven in these various exhibitions, which the architects should absolutely make a study of the knowledge of the winds that are blowing in the countries where they build; because it happens that such a wind which by nature is humid, becomes fec for some countries passing for a lot of land, which makes that the West Wind, is less humid in Germany than in France, because
that France has all the Ocean on the sunset side, it can aufli by the same raifon, happen that the north wind is wet for some countries, furtout when there are many lakes on the side from where it comes.
To properly expose the buildings, we must know how to orient ourselves; we will say here by saying that knowing how to orient oneself is to be able to know & determine the point of the true East ; that is to say, the point in the Sky where the Sun f� leve in the equinoxes, which come to around 21 March & 2 I September, for this purpose the Bouffolle eft of all the instrumens that we can f� f�rvir the plus commodement, it has this property that fon �guille which is magnetized, rotates to�jours a fes extr�mitez to the North , with this difference, however, that it declines sometimes to the East, & sometimes to the West, for example this year 1727. It was recognized at the Observatoire Royal, a �guille two feet perfectly well magnetized, d�clinoit to the North-West of 13 d. 15 m. based on such an experience, we pof� fa Bouffolle as any stable location, it laiffe rest the �guille, and then you have to turn the Bouffolle gently until the Fleur-de-Lys of the �guille f� is stopped on the 13� degrez 15 m which makes the difference with the true North, after which we examine furla Bouffolle the point where he wrote to North, this point is the one that gives all the other direction, since the Bouffolle ainfipof?e,
eft difpof?e & answers dire?tement to all parts of the Sky ; to take advantage of this operation, we mark the points North & South along the paper as which one wants to distribute fon plan, it pursued a line which joins these 2 points, & finally we cut cetteligne in two also at right angles, by this means the paper is oriented, it rotates the building on the side you want, note that it is important to make sure that there is iron near the Bouffolle, because the iron by fon attraction prevents the vraye dire?tion of the �guille.
If we found fans Bouffolle, here's how we could find the Meridian Line, by confequent points
South & North. Fig. 2. foit described for a horifontal plane A, any circumference BB, foit placed in the center C, a eguille or piece of iron straight & perpendicular as the plane , it is necessary to expose this plane to The Sun, & mark before midy a point of Shadow of this eguille as the circumference, & this at such time as one wishes, provided however that one takes the same interval of after-midy tems to mark another point of shadow as this circumference, for example fi it is at 9 o'clock in the morning, that this foit at 3 o'clock after-Midy, Fi at iO O'clock that FOIT at 2. & ainfi of the others, fupposed so that these two points of Shadow are D, & E, it will be necessary to divide the portion of circumference between these two points in half also, the point F, will make the midy, & the point G, the North, if we divide this line in half also at right angles the point H, will make the East & the point I, the West, it would be about repeating this operation one or two times, in order to see if we do not fur the Midy of the
Sun, which fe does by means of the equation of the clock,
as we find tables all dreffees, we do not. Speak point here.

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I must avoid the vicinity of the torrents, & although the
proximity to the grandes Rivieres brings a real plaid AU1X

Houses furtout of country, it is necessary to take care of building
too close, for fear of floods which always cause great damage, & which overthrow the foundations of the buildings, we must avoid some valleys, where it reigns continuously impetuous winds that never change, or almost during the whole course of the year, these strong winds Fe lead between mountains as in canals, & on some sides they drill, unless they do not entirely oppose the direction of the valley,they do the same confidently increase by paffing through refferez places. These winds are prone to caufer diseases. We should not build along the ridges of Mountains which Pabord is difficult, not in the land sterile where you can not have Gardens that make the most enjoyable parts of the houses, & where by confequent the earth nothing can bring what is useful to life ; the places marshy, to caufe diseases that caufent the bro�illards who are aging continuously, are not least to flee, the fommets of
mountains though charmans by the beautiful views,
have the inconvenience of not having water & good ground to make gardens that provide at the same time tems plaifirs & necessities of life, it is therefore necessary to not have been subject to repentance, choose a place where there are good waters, or who affez neighbor to be able to bring in the water.,
because it is a mark that the air of this place is fain,
in addition to the good waters, there are good fruits,
as well as vegetables, & pastures.
Our ancients had so much attention to choose places in vain,
let them never erect a building, let them never fe fuffent aupa-
inform the men who live in the countries where
they wanted to build, were doing well, if they had good
color, if they were not subject to taste, or gra-
velle, if there were many old men among them ; they did-
even open sheep & oxen, in order to exami-
Ner their foyes & bowels, & thereby judging the good
or bad effect that pastures produce.

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Of the waters, of their search, (7 of the manner of gauging them (7 lead.

He waters are usually due to the nature of the Earth through which they pass, those that paffent through Salt mines, make falaea, those that pass through bitumen & Oyster mines, imprint so much, that they have in medicine the properties that one draws from bitumen & Oyster, & by this means heal from several diseases, there are sources of water always hot , others always cold, those that paffent through gold mines, silver, copper, lead & other metals make pernicious to drink. At the raport of Vitruvius, the Trefenians drank Cybdele water that gave them the taste at the feet, unlike the Cydnus River that passes in the city of Tarfe in Cilicia, which tramples of this evil those who wash their legs there; according to the same author, in the part of the Arcadia called Nonacris, it distills from some mountains a very cold water that the Greeks
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breaks all the vessels where it is put, except the FireThe Horn of the foot of a mule, is a very subtle poison, there is in the Alps a water that makes those who drink it fall fubitly, there are auffi fountains whose water which is sour, has the virtue of dissolving the stone in the veffie of those who drink it, as do that of Lynceste, that of Velino in Italy, that of Theano in the Land of toil, & several others. We would not end if we wanted to recall the names of all the fountains that have extraordinary particularitez, of which this famous author speaks in fon eighth book, fans stop at one that is in Paphlagonia, in which it seems U'there is wine, & that enyvre those who drink it, to
those of the city of Equicoli in Italy in the Land of Medulians in the Alps, which make the throat swell to the inhabitants who drink, neither to the one who is near Clitor in Arcadia, who makes hate wine to those who drank water, we will end the difcours of this author by one who eft in the Isle of Chio, which makes lose the mind to those who drink, & by another who eft in Sufe in Perfe, whose malignity is to make falling teeth ; an epigram was put on top of each of these fountains, to warn of their dangerous quality.
There are very clear waters that make nasty to taste & very unhealthy, there are on the contrary that make troubles that we eftime very-beneficial, such as those of the Tiber & Seine 3 the waters that take their origin in careers of plaster make bland to taste, & make the herbal soup fi bitter that it is impossible to eat.
We know the nature of the water by mixing it with tincture of Rofe, or Tournefol 3 because this tincture which eft Violet will become reddish fi water to a little acidity, all doctors agree that the lightest water, is the best & the most sheath to drink ; the ancients propose two ways to know this lightness, the first by far the best.
Fant, & the fecond by the ease she has to warm up. Meffieurs of the Acad�mie des Sciences have examined, by Order Of The King, the waters which are carried to Verfailles from different places, for this purpose they
employerent the two cy-deffus, for the first they fe fervirent of the Aroeom�tre, which is a small phiole of glass into which a little quicksilver, this small bottle, as is shown in Figure 3, the represents, have the neck very long & deli� by report to fa groffeur, this neck of the eft divided into several small equal parts that fervent to do conno�tre how the phiole sinks into the water, the more water eft slight more the phiole sinks in, on the contrary, the more the water is p�fante & under the phiole sinks, this first means may fervir for all strong liquors. For the average bottom these meters adjust two thermometers, so that being immersed in the same tems in two different waters & heated by the same heat, the one that rises more quickly, shows that the water in which it was immersed, was the easiest to warm up, these two examinations made see sensitive differences between these different waters, being compared not only with the well water, the water fal�e & the water bourbeufe which make the most weighty; but even being compared with each other, it was judged beyond that the water of pluye is the most vain, being the lightest; that is why it is preserved very closely in the C1CCII) CS. |One will still know if the water eft good, when after being bo�ilie, it does not laffe at the bottom of the vafe any fable or silt , if one notices that the vegetables cook there promptly, fi being clear & beautiful in fa fource, it does not spoil the places where it paffes by generating mouffe, rushes, or other faletez, finally one will know that it eft light & very-good, if white as milk, which can not happen to the bad waters in which the favon appears only divided into - small, small, white, fluffy parts, the waters of our wells at least those that are in the slapping part of the city,
do not make proper favonner, auffi make them nasty to taste & harmful to the faded.
Water Research.
It is not affez to know the good waters, it is necessary to know the way to find them, because it sometimes finds situations fi advantageously, that the man perright much if he could not take advantage of it for lack of running waters & clean to the neceflity of life, such make several Sea Ports, or one was forced to bring the waters of the roofs in tanks for the use of the inhabitants, by ignorance or one was not able to discover those which were in the neighboring places.
One can be cured that there is water in a place, when one sees there grow naturally quantity of beautiful & green herbs; as well as the trees that seek the aquatic places, as Do The Willows, The Others & others, if these marks do not meet, it is necessary (fur all in the hot tems ) a little before sunrise, Fe sunset fur belly, having Le chin apuyed on the Earth or one seeks water, & look along the countryside; if we see a wet steam rising by waving, it will fo�iller 3 because this does not happen to places that make fans water, if this way does not read, it is right to do this test; having dug the earth of the width of three feet, & of the depth of at least five, one pofera to the fund when the Sun f� layer, a vaf� in such a matter that it considers appropriate, the fave being frot� oil inside & renverf�, we will cover the Pit with cannes & the fe�illes, & enfuite with the earth, fi the next day we found water drops attached to the inside of the faves, it fignifie that this place has the water, or there will be a vale of land that are not cooked in the same Fofie,
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that one will cover as it has been said, when one discovers it if there is water in this place, the vaf� f� will find moist & soggy; if there were some dwellings in the places. where one wants to look for water, one can examine by the Wells what the depth of it is , and judge by this if it can be conducted in the places where it is necessary ; what one will know by leveling. |The happiest location for Les fources, is the amy-c�te controlled by many nearby heights, which will become in this case the sewer of all the waters of pluye & neiges
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it is therefore necessary to have plenty of water when it has been recognized that there is a bed of clay spread all over the coast, because the water flows fans being able to pierce this ground, when water has been found in several places of a mountain, it will be necessary to make wells or Puifarts of diftance in diftance, non-fellement to know the amount of water3. but still to know the depth to the bed of clay or Tuff that holds it, bed that must never be drilled fi we want to preserve the source 3 after which we will make a communication from one well to another, by
stones built with stones, so that the voifines waters can filter through, & finally we will choose a flat place to ramaffer these waters that we will lead by pipes to the places destined. Note that care must be taken that a few ignorans do not
slow drill wells above, & by misfortune drill the .
because this would render useless all the expenditure which would have been made.
In the way of gauging the waters.
We did very exa?te experiments, by which we recognized that an inch of Water provides in a day 534 cubic feet of water, or sixty & fix muids two thirds, to Little chofes
almost, because each muid contains eight cubic feet, as the foot is only one inch of water should provide twenty-two cubic feet & a quarter of water in an hour's time; that is to say, in 36oo fecondes time, & fi, it will reduce all the twenty-two cubic feet & a quarter in p�uces cubes, for an hour-72oo demy fecondes, it will be five inches & a third party to peupr�s for a demy feconde, it will be easy by this experience f�avoir how much a fource aura of inches of water to be provided, f� f�rvant of rule fuivante. For example, fi found that in twenty demy fecondes, the fource has provided 32o cubic inches of water, it will multiply to�jours 5 & a third by the number of demy fecondes, which is here 2o, & the product Io6 two-thirds, fervira divider to the number of inches of water that were found, which are here 32o, the division being made, we will have the quotient 3 fans no rest, who see that the fource to three inches of water.
Water pipe.
The water may be conducted in five ways, or by a channel covered with masonry, or by lead pipes, or by pottery pipes, or by iron pipes, or by pipes of good oak wood, & other wood of a kind to be preserved in the water.
It must be obferved that if one makes masonry channels it must be very leafy, that there must be sharp slope ; that is to say, for at least half a foot fur one hundred feet , that it is necessary that the large aqueducts are covered by vaults, so that the sun does not give fur water, & so that one can recognize if there are not some defects to the pipe : one can make aufli fans Vault 3 but one must cover the pipe with large flat stones , the joints of which are covered to prevent the Earth from paffing, which will save a lot of depenfe.
When there is little water to drive, it can be done in Grease pipes, but it is necessary to take several precautions, to pofer these strong pipes, which make strong fujettes to FE caff�r by the effort of the winds that lock themselves in with
water; when these pipes are to be placed in land that does not
not firm, we first make them a small foundation, or a maffif to cost them, run away we prepare all the pipes we want to fervir, & we warm up little by little
two extremitez with melted putty, & L'on applique les
two ends of the pipes in each other this putty being strong

hot, which is furious the place where you have to pofer the pipes
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trimmed, costenantave� them a few stones on one side & on the other, one must place these pipes with great diligence of
fear that the sealant will refroid, & when the pipes will be refroid, it will be necessary to take care not to stir them because we break them, if we were forced to make some elbows, we would take pipes of Grease-sew, or we would make lead according to the angle; note that the right angle even in the pipes of lead, does not make the work of long duration, because the water finds there so much resistance that it brides them in very-few tems; these pipes being pofez, they will be filled in turn with a thickness affez confidrable good mortar made of lime & cement with pebbles well against each other, which will strengthen these pipes against the stress of water & winds; the putty used to join these pipes, made of a part of Black pitch, another part of raisin pitch & a crushed brick & sifted, or fine plaster, we melt the Black pitch & raifine, & we gradually put the crushed brick by stirring todays, & when the whole eft well mixed, we make big buns to be fervir in the leak by making them remelted ; we must aufli make manholes for the pipes, we put the & the distance they will have between them, will make 1 5o or 2oo toises, ony receives water in a small Baffin of stone or cement made of square figure,
where one can easily gauge the amount of water there is, & one will know by this means if there are some defects to the pipe & the place pretty much where it can be.
C H A P I T R E I V.
Supplies & Stones.

It is necessary before starting the building, to make such a provision of all the chofes that enter it, that the work was always continued, otherwise the one that makes edifiereft dissatisfied with the contractor, & the company never does him so much honor, besides the work in eft best; the stiffon of this eftque when the provisions are made, the stones for example throw some of their bad moisture, the woods have the tems of Fe Fe Fe encher, & the building by confequent eft fujet less accidents.
stone.
There are two species of Stone, one hard, & the other soft, the hard is fans contradicts the one that is most resistant to the burdens & insults of the tems, although it was sometimes seen to tend better refifter jelly. Of the one & of the other there are some which make by big quarters, & that one can carve with what figure one wants, one usually names them stones of size, the others are called mo�lons & libages, which one squares feulement affez grofierement, & that one uses the most open in the works which do not parroiffent as in the foundations, there are hard stones which make fujettes to the jelly ; that is why one does not refer to them only in the places which make covered. In each country there is a special stone species, the quality of which can be known from ancient buildings. One way to know the quality of the stone of a new quarry that has not yet been used, it is to expof�r a few neighborhoods to the jelly for a wet land, if it refifte in this situation we can refine what good eft. There is soft stone which exposed a summer to the air & The Sun, leaves fon humidity, & co�tient very well the burden & the jelly. Even though there are stones of such a nature, they can carry big burdens fans be laid as their bed ; that is to say, in the same way that they are found placed in the Carrieres, however it is necessary as a rule to lay them on their bed for fear of accident. Every land has Stones; when one is obliged to build in a place where one does not know the materials, one must inquire of the people of the place, of the places where one could make good careers, and then test the Stones as it was said above. In the vicinity of Paris, one draws from several species of hard stone, of which the best & the one that most refutes the insults of the tems, is the Pierre d'arc�eil " the firmest bench carries only from 12 to 15 inches of bench or apareil, this stone is almost equally folide by all ;
the false bow that is drawn at the false-bourgSaint Jacques, at
Bagneux & the surrounding area, door high from 15 inches, up to 18 & 2o. it eft contrary to the premiere, fujette aux moies, files, & to have a lot of bunk in fes beds. The Boufin is a soft stone that must be removed to the core of the Stone, fans what the stone to which we would have laiff� Boufin perishes by the flight of the tems, & se r�duireit en poudre , what will become place very detrimental to a building. The most beautiful of all the hard stones of the environs of Paris, eftla Pierre de Liais that one pulls behind the Carthusian monks, auffi uses it- " on only to the confidrable works where one needs firmness & beauty, as for Bafes of Colomnes, Cimaives of entablature, steps , bases, Apuys of stairs, chimneys, cobblestones & other works, where one needs hard & fine Stone, The Stone of which one has just spoken diftinguer of the soft Cork which EFT more tender, & which is used only to the great works of architecture; the Stone that is called Cliquart eft of two strong, one is a lot harder than the other, one draws any two of the Quarries of the Faux-bourg Saint Jacques & de Bagneux ; the Stone debon bench that lfs full & fine, may be mife to the rank of soft Stone, & fe can be used for books conf�quence 3 but covered, because it eft fujette jelly ; it is 18, 2o & 22 inches high: there are still other species of Stones around Paris whom it is not a ufage confiderable, because they are not fi good. Saint Cloud & Meudon provide very beautiful stones for large buildings; we draw from Saint Cloud large neighborhoods to make Colomnes ; but that make what we say fujettes to be spoiled by the moon, & that are filled with moyes & foyes; although the stone of Meudon does not fi frank, we do not laffe to be fervent for confidential works. Saint Leu-fur-Oif�, provides the best soft stone used in Paris. It comes from three species , the first one named St. Leu's fimplement, the Pierre de Troffy fecond because it is pulled to the Village of Troffy near Saint Leu: the Saint Leu & Troffy make a fine & beautiful nature, & are usually employed
to the most beautiful works of Architecture, the troifieme is called Stone of laid, & eft much firmer than the Saint Leu & Troffy, fon grain is not fine fi, this stone is used to the works expofez water, as bridges, Quays & to those who expose to the insults of the tems , the best laid is the one drawn Carrieres of Villers near Saint Leu , & not that drawn from a bench Carrieres of Saint Leu : failing from Saint Leu we use a species of soft stone called lambourde, this stone f� draws from a bench that is in the careers around Paris , like Arc�eil, & of which we have spoken cy-avant, the best is that of Arc�eil, it has the grain a little big & fa eftjaune color ; as it eft fujette to the embarrassed, it must laiffer f�cher f�r La Carriere.
A very beautiful stone is taken from Thunder for works of Architecture & Sculpture.
The Grais refers to the fire, the feraut link to this same quality, generally speaking the stones found in the Open, & which do shortly before in the earth as the rocks, do very hard, & able to refer to all the insults of the air.
Take It Easy.

The goodness of the Moilon usually flees from the goodness of the Stone
the size that we draw from the same careers from which we draw it .
himself, by confequent the Arc�eil is the best; the mo�lon is made of pieces of Stone of size, & a bench that has not affez height, this bench f�rt also for the stone, it must be fe give custody of f� f�rvir of the moilon of plaster, not even in the land ( although this foit the fentiment of many ) because the experience proves that it is not long-term ; & that it is good to make
the stone of the Millstone which is found near Verfailles & in many other places, is of a very hard & strong porous nature ; that is why the mortar attaches to it better than to not another species of Stone : which makes it not to be trusted commonly than others ,efeft the amount of mortar it confuses, which makes the masonry (although better than with all other moles) very difficult to dry.
CHAPTER
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Lime, how one knows how to be so good, or different ways of extinguishing it.
A better eftcelle lime that is made of extremely hard stones; insforte that Lime made with marble & pebbles is much graffe & more gomeufe than that which is made with ordinary stones ; there are some that make Lime with oyster shells, & on eftime that it is very good to build in the places that are close to the Sea. The color does nothing to the goodness of Lime, the lighter is the more eftimate, whenfrape a piece of Good Lime, it must sound like a piece of well-baked earth. It is known that the lime eft well cooked, when it does not fish more than a third of the stone before being mife in the oven, we can know auffi FA goodness by mowing it, gall throws a thick smoke & that it attaches to the plane; it is a mark that it is good. Experience has made it known that the charcoal fire was cleaner than wood to cook limestone. Many refine that the concaffed limestone, makes a better mortar with lime made of the same stone than would make the best fable, even than would make cement. The lime that is in powder is not good, it is necessary to choose the one that is the most groffes & folid Stones.
Way to extinguish Lime.
Except the Marsh waters & the muddy waters, all strong waters are good to extinguish the Lime, the old
do not want to be sea-water fervit, however C
experience has shown that it is good, & that the
mortar in fechoit more viite.
There are several ways to temper the Lime, we must
pay much attention, & take care that workers
put in it the necessary amount of water ; for it happens slit
that it cannot be preserved for lack of a good operation, then-
let the too much water drown it, & let the too little burn it; La ma-
most common niere, eft to put the Stones in a baffin
flat made for the Earth for this purpose, & which must be lined with
Stones & fable, we pour there runs away a little water above,
& as the water Fe drinks from the lime, it is poured into it
on the other, until the lime melts completely, finally one
pour affez with water, so she can finish sogging
stirring it with the plane, & when it is well distrem-
pear, we let her sink in a Foffe made specifically for the
it can be soaked several times, & en
fill the pit, then when the soggy Lime will have taken
a little firmness, we will cover it with fable to keep it,
we'll get away with it when we want, she f� conferve
by this means several years fans lose fa strength.
Ilyen has that sodden the Lime as well as it comes from the oven,
with water & a little fable, & make it a maffe for
keep, then when they want to implement it, they put it-
fable more & grind it back very hard, this way
paffe to be better than the first; but to confer-
lime worm any fa strength & any fa graiffe auffi long-
tems that we want, & for the employee to maintain
the work longer-tems than in any other way, it takes
take her as she strong from the oven, put her in a place
tightly knit, fill this place to the height of 2 or 3 feet,
after quoy it will also be covered by all good fable,
about the height of a foot or two, run away we will throw
an amount of water affez confidrable so that the fable in

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fans fe burn in any way ( if it arrivoit that the fable in fefendant to give passage to the smoke & the steam of the Lime, it faudroitincontinent cover this slot with autrefable,) the fable & the Lime being well mo�illez & soak, all the Stones of the Lime fe turn into a maffe of graiffe, which will fi good as when one would want to fervir at the end of 2, 4, 6, Io, & even 2o years ( since it was v? of the hydrated Lime in this way, fe conferver more than 5o years) it will barely get the plane when the d�trempera to make mortar, it will make for then like cream cheese , which will make it consume a large amount of fable: The Lime thus impregnated can fervir to all the works where Lime is usually used, it eft particularlygood at the incruftations, & it does not change the paintings to fraifque.
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There are so many species of sand that one volume does not suffice to describe all the different qualities. It will be said feulementici that the sand of the Sea is worth nothing to make mortar, although in Palermo it Fez finds a place where it is very good, that the sand so that it can make good mortar must be devoid of parts graffes & terreufes that prevent it from fe bind with lime, for this effect the sand of fast rivers, or torrents eft excellent : it Fez found foiling in the land a sand that is commonly called land, there are many in France & in the other countries, it available in grey, red, yellow & other colours, who do not do anything to the kindness that one knows when handling it makes noise, & that after having
,^ C ij
in the hands, we still feel FA goodness by mopping it & rubbing it as the sheet, or linen, that it should not falir as fereit La fange : we find in the vicinity of Rome & Naples a species of fable that we draw from the earth, & that we call Pofolanne, which eft admirable to make mortar, & whose quality is to harden the bottom of the water : if we want to examine the grains of sand, we will find that that make transparent as DA glass such as our Sablon prints, & the crushed grease,
can not make a good liaifon with lime, it is necessary on the contrary that they are filled with small opaque pebbles like small pieces of Stone ; This is what made Leon-Baptiste Albert say, that the best of all the Sands,
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caffeinated in crumbs.
cement.

We fe fert, usually of Cement in the works of conf�quence, & in those pardeffus which it must paffer of the water, the Cement is chofe as bricks, tuilles & the teffons pots fertilizer concaff�es parts of auffi loosened grains of Sand of poor groffeur ; but care must be taken that there is in the Cement of the bricks & the tuilles rotten, there are those who to make the mortar stronger & more folide, mingle among the Cement of the small scales of iron that fall at the feet of the anvils of Blacksmiths & of the Mar�chaux.
mortar.
He found good sand and Lime, which it is not absolutely possible to determine exactly how much to put one or the other to make good mortar. We usually put two thirds of sand fur tiersn third of lime : when the sand is not good, we put half by half ; there are three different ways of making mortar, the first is to use slaked lime for the field, in which the sand or cement is ground, and which one uses incontinently, the second is to use lime with sand some times after it is extinguished, the third is to make mortar with slaked lime for several years , it is necessary to put very little water in these last two ways of making mortar, because by dint of grind with planes it becomes liquid, & it is better, UE Fi we put a lot of water that rots the Walnut &
prevent it from hardening by leakage. / The mortar will take very quickly, if we put a little urine & water where we have been made to distemper the fuye of
fireplace. when water is mixed in the mortar where armoniac salt has been diffused, it takes aufli preference promptly than plaster, which can be of great use for places where there is no plaster ; note that the mortar must be more liquid with the stones that drink the water
only with those who make nature pebbles. For coatings that are made with the mortar & the Cement, it is necessary to observe the fight in short bursts, as long as they ayent took a confistance folide, & we must enfuite froter the fuperficie with the trowel, & leave it there until the book foit a little fec & kingdom, it should be auff cover the work of a little Sand or a few straw mats to the caufe of the colour, because it is necessary that the mortar is f�che gently, there are those who rub these coated with Linseed oil or Nuts, furtout in the baffins where one must put water, LeonBaptifte Albert, said that if we temper lime with oil, it will make with sand or Cimenrun mortar impenetrable to water : the best mortar to fill the knuckles, small slits or crevaffes, fe made with ash well facee, that we temper with linseed oil or nuts in which we mix a little greens of gray, this mortar becomes fi hard by the flight of the tems, & felie fi well with marble, stone & labrique, that it only makes one stone.
~ C H A P I T R E V I.
Bricks, Ardoifes, Tiles, Quarrels & Cobblestones.

/ E S bricks to be good must be made, De-Earth graffe & fine, fans stones ny small pebbles, it is necessary to mix a part of fine Sablon & thoroughly knead the Earth before forming the brick, & in order to properly bind the Earth, we must mix the stuffing & Ox hair. What makes the Graffiti Earth reject where it finds small pebbles, is that the violence of Fire makes these stones lime, & in the leak when the bricks make mifes in work, moisture penetrates these pieces of lime, diffuses them, & makes break & break the brick in several places ; we put yellow & fine sand, because it Fe melts at a mediocre fire & it makes the brick firmer & more folide, the stuffing we mix prevents the brick to crack & gerfer Fe Fe after it eft formed. The real tems to fetish the bricks as it should, eft Autumn & Spring, because the Great Cold & The Great hot feying only the surface, it remte a moisture in the center that makes them break when we put them on the fire ; this is what makes them look good in the shade when they are molded , what to do until there is again no moisture : for the brick foitbonne & for it to cook well, it should not be that it thickens more than one or two inches at most, those who do not cook well inside, do not laiffent only to be good for the Fortifications, because the barrel is only hole fon ; the bricks are not good for the Fortifications.
ancient Fe fervently of bricks which were not cooked; but feuillement feuded for four or five years, they mingled chopped straw there ; in France even there are places where one fe fert of a daub which joined together affez, the Venetians have built very confidable fortresses with uncooked bricks. When making thick bricks it will be necessary to drill several holes, so that they feire more equally fans fe Cleave. It's made of two strong bricks, they both have eight inches in length & four in width ; but there is one called the whole brick, which has two inches of thickness, unlike the other which is only one inch thick, which is called Chantignole brick: there are countries where one annealing a second time the brick, for then it is called Railway brick, it is only an inch & a half thick, it can when laid field have the same ufage as the Paving Stone. The lightness of the Brick & The Good liaifon she makes with the mortar makes it very eftimer in the buildings ; this is why we should follow the use of Italians who confound their vaults, & make them fireplaces, because they refiftent Fire fans fe slit. This has been said to�chant the Bricks should be understood, for all the works of earth that you used in the Ships ; as, tuilles, quarreaux, &c. It feroit to fouhaiter that the tuilles which are made to be exhibited auxinjures of the air,fuffent of the same quality as the pots fertilizer which f� ferten this Country, for this purpose it is necessary to make choice of good earth & good fablon & well cooked. The negligence of the Workers, or their readiness to give the work that is required of them, eft caufe that the Individual is bad fervi , furtout in quarreaux, because their greed prevents them from corroyer & so the earth as it devroit be, & the fans embarraffer fi their work will last for a long time, they put the quarreaux half f�chez in the Oven, from which they derive fi bad, that many of these f�cheufes experiences have made deal with the Entrepreneurs of dis-honest people, by those who make it appear that these quarrels do not valloy absolutely nothing after fix women or two months. One can grow old from the goodness of bricks, tuilles & quarreaux, if being fufpendus in the air & frapez with some chofes of hard they make a good fon.
keypad.
It is employed in Paris for two strong Paving stones, one large & the other small, the big is not strong for the ru�s & paffages public, & fe pose grinding with Sand, they have 6 to 7-inch-board; the small are of two strong, & do their own Paving Courses; the first high eft of any sample, & is employed at lime & fable; the feconde is more small, square & cut sample, she affied lime & cement, & a 4 to 5-inch board.
The best Ardoife is the one that comes from Angers, it has a foot long & 5 to 7 inches wide, we do not Fe fert prefque more than that of M�zieres, because it is fi beautiful nor fi good than the other.
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Slat counter Slat (7 from the Cloud. | A four-foot-long EFT tile Batten, it is made of
find 5o at the boot, when there are four rafters at the Lath, we make the counter-Lath of the very Lath, if there are only three rafters at the Lath, it is good to put a con
tre-sawing Batten. There
The slat piece is four feet long, it takes 28 or 3o pieces & three counter-Slat toises for a tile cover toise of the large mold; this tile has 13 inches long for 8 wide, it is given 4 inches of Pureau ; it takes only 36 slats for a toife of tile cover of the small mold which has 9 Io inches long as 6 wide, it is given only 3 inches of sample or, Pureau. To use a thousand tiles from the small mold, it takes a cent & demy of slats; but it takes less Battens when the tuille eft of large mould, because it is not necessary to Latter fi close to near ; each Slat application, cloux, to say the least, it is necessary to 14o cloux for Latter a toife square for angle brackets that will space 3 to the Latte, & 18o to the rafters efpacez 4 to the Slat. At the truss of slats with slats it Fe finds 25 slats, they Fe almost touch, being much wider than those at the tile. / The boot can make a roofing toife & demy or about, the counter-Lath EFT fciage & similar to that of the tile, it takes a cent & demy of slats, & ro or 12 toises of counter-slats to use a thousand Ardoifes, it takes ten nails when the Lath is narrow & fifteen when it eft wide, we put two sometimes three nails each
Ardoife, it is not necessary to use, or at least it can Fe slats or counter-slats where it fe will find sapwood.
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E which makes the Plaster of a fi large ufage in the moldings-
mens, is fans contradicts the promptness with which

ilf?che, plaster stone is not found by any, & in
where it is located, it eft of different quality,
indeed there are some who ask for a long cuiffon, other
which is cooked in very few tems, it turns out that becomes
perfectly white after the cuifson, it turns out aufli which
becomes reddish.
It is necessary to use incontinent plaster after fa cuiffon, fans
what fi it is kept a little tems, it no longer takes with
water; the plaster reduced in poufflere very-fine, never makes
fi good work than one that is only mediocrely crushed 3
one should never cook groffes plaster Stones, for example-
what the fuperficie is burned that the heart did not break the ef-
strong fire, so you have to take a mediocre groffeur,
& take all strong precautions to make it affez
baked, & so that it does not overdo it 3 because the plaster that is not
not affez cooked is not good, & whoever eft it too does take
not; it is necessary that the fire of which it is made penetrating & of
United flamingos: this reason causes plaster furnaces to be built
by arcades, so that the fire may have more violence, & that the
flamingos return scattered stones, & touch them ; this
Pierre fe diftingue because it is by small grains of which
furfaces make polite. The defect of EFT plaster from fe tour-
menter a lot 3 because as it receives a large amount
when Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe, which fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe
note affez in the old buildings where we did some
new plaster repairs-

C H A P I T R E X.
Lead, iron, copper.

He lead is usually used for
Mens, tasting chains, Bowls, pipes for conducting water, &c. different lead thicknesses are given according to the different works, the lead of the eaves of the attic, must have at most a line, or a line & Demy of thickness for 18 to 2o inches wide, the lead of the skylights Enfa�temens, must have 15 inches wide for a line of thickness, the Noquets for the
desd. Skylights a line of Hairspray, The Lead of the coating
damoiselle dormers must be very thin in order to be able to more easily form the contours of the mo�lures that one makes there, this thickness must be at least one line; the lead of the eyes of beef to FE f�ten, must have a line & demy of thickness, the lead of the knots, must have a line & demy of thickness fur 15 inches wide, the lead for the chains that one puts fur the Entablemens, a line of thickness fur 18 inches wide ; the lead of the bibs pardefus said chains & entablemens, three quarters of a line of hairstylist. It is necessary to give the chains at least one inch of slope per toife, the lead of the defcentes must have 3 inches of diameter & 2 lines of thickness ; the weight of the funnels or hoods must be at least 5o pounds: one usually bleaches the lead of the chains & defcentes with tin ; when one does not defcente, one puts guns or tastes to throw the water, one makes them of different figures, they have about 5 feet out of the drain, they must always be by a strip of iron ; the thickness of the lead of the aretiers shall make a line ; the thickness of the lead of the limbs & other ornaments of lead of the covers of Ar