THE VILLAS O F T H E AN C I E N T S ILLUSTRATED. B Y Robert Casteel. V IS fapere & folos aio bene vivere, quorum Confpicitur nitidis f undata pecunia Villis. Hor. LONDON: Printed for the AUTHOR. MDCCXXVIII. TO THE right honourable RICHARD EARL o{ BUKL/NG^ON. My LORD, W HEN I confider Your great and univerfal Knowledge in the Belles Arts, it is not Avithout a juft Apprehenfion of my oAvn Defers, that I fubmit this fmall Performance to your Judgment ; but when I again reflet that many Works of Imgo Jones s and Pal- ladios had perilh d but for Your Love to Architecture, I lay afide my Fears, and the rather as this Work is whol- ly founded on the Rules of the Ancients, for Avhom Your Lordlhip has on all Occafions manifefted the great- eft Regard. The Authors Avho furnidi out the Materials for what I here prefent You, Avere, like Your Lordlhip, great Admirers of Arts, and for the fame Reafon too, becaufe they had Skill enough to difcern their Excellencies. ^ DEDICATIO N. I lhall think myfelf Happy, if Avhile I am affifted with the Pieces of Fmro and P/hiy, (two Perfons of eminent Rank in the Roimw State) I may be thought worthy the Patronage of my Lord Burlington, who is of no lefs Eminence in our Own; and I am confident there is no One fo zealoufly devoted to thefe Ancients but will per- mit me to fay. You excel them in this; They cultivated Arts while they yet flourilhÕd in their Glory, but You give them new Life when they languilh, and even refcue them from Decay and Oblivion. 1 am. My LORD, Your Lord/hips mojl obedient and moji humble Servant, Robert Casteli. 3 THE PREFACE. Dcfire I have long entertain d of tranjlating and explaining Vitru- vius, deternmi d me firft to fet about fome inferior Performance in jdrchitcElure, as a neccffary Preparation to my entring on a Work of fo much Labour and Difficulty: And as I thought nothing could be more proper for my Choice than fiich a Branch of the Art as that great Mafter had been leaf Curious to explain, I refolved to take for my SubjeB the Rules that were obfervedin the fituating anddifpofing of the Roman Villas, which he /peaks of only in a curfory Way, lib- 6. cap. lo. and to this End I have been at the Pains toperufe many ancient Authors, who have treated more at large of that Part, not the meaneft of the Architect's Bufinefs. Mofl of the Roman Writers upon Agriculture that are remaining, have thought fit, at the Beginning of their Works, to tell us what were to be con- fiderÕd in the Situation and Difpofition of V illas. Cato, the eldeft of them left the feweft Rules on that Head, and of the Icafi Confcquence ?, but Varro that was the next after him, has been more ample and judicious in his objer. vations, and feems to have laid the Foundation for what Columella, Palla- dius, and thofe feveral Greek Authors mention d by Conftantine, have fince wrote on that Subjed. He has difeoursÕd more fully than any of them on thofe Parts of the Villa that weredefignd as well for the Plcafurcs of a retir'd Life as the Conveniencies and Profits of Agriculture. Pliny the lounger alone has exceeded \'arro in this Particular-, he has left us two Epiftles, containing an exa3 Defeription of his Villas o/Lauren- tinum and Tufeum, and thoÕ we find not in him any direP Rules for the Difpofition of the Villa Urbana or Counliy Houfe of Pleajure, yet he gives us to utiderftand, that thofe Buildings were contriv'd according to the b fir'iPefi The PREFACE. ^IriZcafw rl.1" tkHcmfits. mi for mohrms Ik Ivco,mma,a,s of ÇV 4 of I'll Silmlioo oão,mo l,o,, of ,kfe eJiAo. knihi I, is trmis to robom he ,rro,o mid ml h,t k MMc ,K,,lbcmosloUiom,I.}';ilir.Vsxs.r>'Ô^ÕoÔffÔ^^ wire emolh to tok Thee h, the Citf md Co,mt,j. , _ . . ã ,, I flmidÕl it proper to quote wy Jutliorities at laige, aud cfpccially die two Eviflles of Winy, which the Header hath here loth in Latin and Englifli. alnJ as I attempt only tofxu-theDifrilntionandDifpofitwnoffuchBu^ hiss / hole omitted to draw any Elevations and Sections hut what are ta- bu 'from the exprefs irord, of tk idncients, or arc evidently neceffary to ilk- jlrate the Meaning of fame difficult Fajfages. The veholc work coufifls of three Parts. Tljc firjl contains the Defeription of a Villa Urbana, or Countrey Houfe of Retirenmit near the City, that icas f applied u ith nwfl of the Ncccffaries of Life from a veighlotiring Mar- ket-Town. The fecondfets forth the Rules that were neceffary to he ohferved ly an jirchitcB, who had the Liberty to chafe a Situation, and to make a proper Difribntion of all Things in and about the Villa; but particularly with relation to the Farm Houfe, which in this Sort of Buildings, according to the more ancient ^omixn Manner, was always joinÕd to the Mafler s Houfe, or but very little removÕd from it. In the third Part is fljcwn the Deferip- tion of another Villa Urbana, on a Sit nation very different from the former, with the farm Houfe and its appurtenances fo far remov'd as to he no An- noyance to it, and at the fame Time fo near as to furniflj it conveniently with all Ncccffaries. I THE VILLAS of the ANC lENTS ILLUSTRATED. Part I. Liber II Ep. XVII. Book II. Ep. XVII. C. Plinitts Gallo [no, S. Pliny to Gallus, Health. R A R I S cur me Lauren- tinum, vel (fi ita mavis^ Laurens meum tantopere deledfet: defines mirari, cum cognoveris Gratiam Ô Villic, Op portunitatem Loci, Litoris Spa- tium, 0 U wonder lam fo f/tuch de- lighted with Laurentinum, or, if yon had rather, Lau- rens, Country-Seat : But you mil ceafe to do fo, when you are acquaint- ed with the Beauty of the Ô Villa, the ' Varro, tib. i. cap. 3. tells us from whence this Word is derivÕd. His Words are thefe : yiUa, quod in earn convehiiuliir fruBm, & evehuntur, cum veneunt. A quo rujlici etiam A UUHC 2 L A K. t iS' T I N U Ai- tlum. Deccni 5c fcptem milU- bus railbum ab Urbe lecellic, ut> pcradisqua: agenda fuerinr, lalvo jam 5c compoiito Die poliis ibi ma- nere. Additur non una via ; nam & Laurencina 5c Oltienfis eadem ferunt, led Laurentina = a quarto dccimo Lapide, Oftienfis ab un- dccimo relinquenda eft. Utiin- que excipit Iter aliqua ex parte arenolum, Jumentis paulo gia- vius 5c longius, Equo breve 5c molle. Varia hinc atque inde Pacies; nam modo occurrenti- bus Sylvis Via coarctatur, modo latiffimis Pratis dilFunditur & pa- tefcit: multi GregesOvium, mul- ta ibi Equorum Boumque Ar- menta, the Cotrcmcncy of t he Place, and the SpacionM-^ veiitecn Aides fi'o/// Roincjyo theit, havintr fiwjbedthe Bnjinefs of the Cl ty, one may reach it zeilh I'^afc ninl Safety ly the Clofe of the Day. There arc tuo fPays to it-, for loth the Laurentine and the Ollian Road udl carry yon thither: The firft mnfl le left at the end of the tenth Mile, and the latter at the = thirteenth. Whichever Road yon take is part- ly faady, fomething heavy and te- dious for Carriages, hit fiort and eafy to thofe that ride. The Country on loth Sides affords a great Varie- ty of Views i in fame Places the Profpecl is confin'd ly W lods , in others is extended over large and fpacions Meadows i where many Flocks nunc (fuoque viam Veham appetlain, propier veclurac, & V iUam non V Õllam, quo laehiini mrte I'ehunt. A tilla, according to Columella, confilled of three Parts, I'lZ. Urbana, Rufitca FruSuana. The firft of which was that Part of the Houfe, fet apart for the MaftcrÕs Ufe; the fecond was for the Cattle and Servants that tillÕd the Land, and were employÕd in the more ordi- nary Services of the Houfe; and the laft confifted only of Repofitories for Corn, Wine, Oyl, Sometimes the t'llla Urbana, as this of I .aureninum, was only a Country- Houfe of Pleafiire, built without any regard loxhc Utlla Rujltca, or any thing relating to Agriculture or Pafturage; and though fuch Houfes, according to the Opinion of Varro, lib. 3 . cap. i. did not deferve the Isamc of t'^dlas, yet it appears that in PlinyÕs Time they bore that Appellation : But Palladius who lived after our Author, never ufes that Word but when he fpeaks of that Part of the Houfe peculiarly called Rupka. Martial makes ufe of the Word Pnetorkm, to exprefs the whole FillO) which Fitruvius calls Pfeiido-urbanum, by which he means only a Houfe built in the Country, with all the Members and Ornaments of thofe of the City. *a quariodectmo L.apide.'\ The Miles on the Roman Roads were diftingiiifliÕd by a Pillar, or Stone, fet up at the hnd of each of them, which was markÕd with one or more Figures, fignify- ing how far it was from the Milliarium Aureum, a Pillar in the Forum near the Temple of Saturn, which bad on it the Figure I. fo that the next Pillar to it, which was markÕd 11. was but one Mile from the Standard Pillar, and confequently the XIV and XI Stones were but thirteen and ten Miles from the Forum, i Lauren mcnta, quce, Montibiis Hycmc dc- jnilfa, Herbis &. Tcporc vcrno ni- tefciint. Villa ufibus capax, non fumptuofa Tutela ; ciijus in prima Parte 3 Atrium frtigi, nec tamen fordidum ; dcinde + Porticus in 5 O Literx Similitudincm circtim- aflx, qtiibus parvula fed feftiva * Area includitur: Egregium hx adverfum Tempeftates Recepta- ctiltim ; T I N U iV. 3 t locks of Sheep and Herds of Cattle, that were driven from the Moun- tains ly the Severity of theJFeather, grow fleek and fat ly the returning IF arnith of the Spring, and the Rich- nefs of the Pafturage. My Villa is large enough to afford a convenient, tho'not fu nipt nous. Reception for my Friends: The fir ft thing that offers it fclf is a plain, tho' not mean 3 A- tritim ; from thence you cntera-i'Por- tictis in form like the Letter 5 O, which fur rounds a final I hut plea- fant ^ Area. This is an excellent Retreat 3 Atrium.'] By what Witriiviiis fays, /. 6. c. ic. it plainly appears tint the Atrium was the firfl: Room of the Houfc, and lay juft beyond the Vepibuhm ; and, by tlie Rules he has given us for them, c. 17 . it is manifeft that thoÕ they were fometimes of different Proportions, they had one thing common to them all, which was, that a great Part of them was open at top. In the Coun- try, where they were not ftraitned for Room, rhe Atrium was what we call the Fore-Court, as this of Pliitys appears to have been ; and the Atrium was to be pafsÕd before one could come to the Veflibulum. Ic is not improbable but fome of thefe Fore-CourtsJ'ad Porticus round them, like the Ale of the City Atrium, and were for Clients and thofe Servants to wait in, that were from thence aWÕd Atrienfes. In Rome there were feveral Buildings that were callÕd .itria; as the Atrium Publicum, Atria Libertmis, P'cp.c, Alineru.e, &cc. which very prob,ably were fo callÕd for the Relcmblance they bore to thofe Vitrirviits defcribes, or were Courts before Temples, or other Publick Buildings, ftjr. rounded by Porticus. 4 Porticus.] This was a common Name to all Buildings that had Walks under the Covert of a Roof or Cieling, fupported by Pillars or Pilallers, thoÕ differently callÕd, according to the Difpofition of the Pillars : When placÕd on the Outfide of a Building, as round fome of their dÕemplcs, it was callÕd Peripterium ; when thefe Ranges of Pillars were within a Room, as they were fometimes in their Triclinia, Bafilic.c, Atria, and Temples, the void Space betwixt the Pillars and the fide Walls was called Ale: But when Pillars furrounded Courts, and had Walks betwixt them and the Walls, thefe Ranges of Pillars were called Periflylia, and the Walk betwixt was call'd a Porticus. s O.] It appears by ancient Infcrlptions, that the Romans did not make this Letter exaflly cir- cular, but rather elllpcictd ; the Form of which he therefore thofe, as mort cahly deferibing that of his Porticus : for thoÕ Eilpjis is become a common Word, and is imdcrftood by moft to fignify an oval Form, yet it truly fignifies no more than a Dcfeift, as an Oval was a defeflivc Circle, and wouÕd have requirÕd more Words for its Explanation, than Pliny thought fit to employ. ^ Area.] This Word is derivÕd from arendo, and originally fignify Õd a plain even Space laid out near rhe Farm-Houfe to dry the Corn in the Sun, for. the making of which thofe Ro/.i.tn Authors that have wrote on Agriculture have given Direflions. Ic was afterwards tiled for any Pavement jui dio, and furrounded by Buildings. 4 Lauren culum; ami 7 Specularibus, ac niulto ni.igis imminentibus Tcc- tis nmniuntur. Ell: contra mc- Jijs'Cavsdinm hilarc; mox? Tri- clinium fatis pulchriim, quod in Litus excurrit ; ac fi quando A- frico Mare impuUum eft, fradis jam & novilTimis Fludibus leviter adluitur ; T I N U . M. Rctvciit in had JF cather - icing IJjcl- tcrd by t glaz'd TVindoirs, hit much more fo by thcProjcclionof the Roof, jigainjl the middle of the Porticus is a plcafant * Cavjedium ; beyond rrhich is an handfome ? Triclininmj that advances out upon the Shore ; ' fo that rrhen the Sea is driven in by thcJFind'¡ Africus, its Foundation is 1 S>>{cubril)tist\ The Commentators on this Epiftlc, ^^?ho liave taken notice of this Word, agree that it fignifies a Window made of tranfparent Stone, as perhaps imagining that Glafs was not then put to that Ufe ; but if fo, PMLidiiis certainly would not have given Direflions to his Hulhandman to make Sptcuinria in the Qkarnm: For thoÕ there might probably have been more Plenty of thofc Stones among the Antients than at prtfenr, yet it appears by Pliny the NaturaliftÕs deferibing a Tem- ple built with it as the gteatefl Rarity of his Time, and by the mention Plutarch makes of a Room in Dsmiti.mÕ% Palace which was linÕd with it, that it was not common enough for Hufbandmen to purchafe ; fo that it may be rather conjeflurÕd that Spccuhvii! lignified nothing but Glafs Windows that wanted no Shutters to keep out the Weather, and could always be leen through, as Feneflrx fig- nifyÕd thofe where the Weather was kept out only by Shutters. Columella mentions raifing Cucumbers ¥KiCP Specularia, and Martial takes notice that the Romans IhelterÕd their Rofe-Trees by them, as we at this Day make Green-Koufes to preferve our mold valuable tender Trees. 6 Caiadiuml] To mod of the Roman Cilia's belongÕd three forts of Courts, t/sc, that before the Houfe, which was callÕd the atrium, the Oilice-Cpurt, or Farm-Yard, callÕd Chors, and the Court within the Houle, callÕd Caxadium, or Cava /Edium, being an jired furrounded by the Buildings of the Houfe. The Similitude there was between the City Atrium and the Cav.edium, being both open at top, has occafionÕd feveral to imagine thefe Terms lignifyÕd the fame thing : But they may be fa- tisfyÕd to the contrary, if they will fearth Vitruvius, lib. 6. where he tells us how many forts of Cil J>y the Lift, /pent nml hi'okcn JFnves: On every fide nre t olding-Doors, or Windous as large : So that from the Front, and loth Sides, yon have the View as it were of three fever al Seas-, and lack- wards is fecn the Caviedium, the Porticus, the Area; again the Porticus, then the Atrium, and lajlly , the Woods and diflant Mountains. At the left hand of the Triclinium, 7/of fo far advanced towards the Sea, is a large Ô Ô Cu- biculum; leyond that a lefs, which has one Window to the Rifng, and another to the Setting Sun : From hence the Sea is feen at fomething a greater Dijlance, hit with more Se- curity from its Inclemencies. The Angle that this Cubiculum andFA- clinium make ly their Jettings out, does not only retain, hut add force to,theivarmcftRays of t he Sun. Here is my Hybernaculum, and the B Gynr- 11 CiAiculum.'] This Word in its general Acceptation is taken to fignify nothing but a Bcd-chaiiiber, but is usÕd by rithrvius, and other Authors, as a common Name to all Rooms that were not for fome particularOilice ; fuch as the Ti/c/iWhib, Jtriiim,&:c. fo that hereit feeins to have meant no mote than what at prelent is called a Room, and when a Bed-chamber was intended it was moll: often JillinguilhM as fuch, as appears by ÕPliny in this Epiftle, where lie fays, Cubiculum noftis CJ" jomni, and in the Deferip- tion of his Tiifcm J Hli he calls one Room Djrmitorium Cubiculum. 12 Hybernaculum.'] This Word is ufed by T'itruvius, to fignify that Part of the Houfe which by its Dlfpolition, was moft proper to be inhabited during the Winter, as the other Appartments that were turnÕd to the Eafl and Hurch, were for the Summer ; but here the Word ligni.hes a Place out of the Houfe made warm in Winter by the Sun. 6 U R E N T I N U M. eti.im ÕÕ Gvmnaiium meorum eft ibi omnes iilcnt \ enti, exceptis qui Nubilum inducunt, & fcreniim antequam Ufum Loci eripiunt. Adneditur Angulo Cubiculum in Afpida curvatum, quod Am- bitum Solis Feneftris omnibus fe- quitur ; Pavieti ejus in Bibliothe- cx fpeciem Armarium infertum eft, quod non legendos Libros, fed '3 Gymnafiumo/ wy Fiimily ; nhij} is never iiiconnnoLled ly any Winds, hit tlwfc zchichbriiigin cloudy TFca^ tier, Olid dejlroy the, ot other times, ferenc Situotion of the Place. Join- ing to this Jngle is a Cubiculum, that Jets out in an'^Elliptick Form, fronnvhich gradually at all itsWin- elou s it receives the whole Courfe of the Sun : It has in its Walls Kepo- fitories after the manner of Libra- ries, U Gymnufiiim?^ Pauftmhs informs us, that the Greciam had Places fet apart in every City for pub- lick Exercife, which are by him callÕd Gymnafit, from their exerciling naked in them : By Ihruvius, who "ives the exaft Defeription of one of thefe Places, they are callÕd PaUftm, from the Exercife of the ^11 that was ufed there. In thefe Buildings they not only ufed bodily Exercife, but held Dif- putations in all Parts of polite Learning; and Ôin them there were allotted Parts to the Philofophers and Poets, as well as to the Wreftlers. 'I'he Roman Themx were but Imitations of thefe Grecian Pa- UPr*, and confided of as many and the fame Parts, and, like the other, were defignÕd for publick Exercife. By this Palfage of Pliny it appears, that thefe publick Exercifes were alfo ufed in their pri- vate Houfes, and that "the Place it felf was callÕd by the fame Name the Grecians (from whom they borrowÕd this Cuftom) gave to their Places of Exercife. 14 yffjuVa.] This Word, which is often made ufe of by Pliny the Naturalill:, /. 2 . is an Aflronomical Term, and is at prefent taken for thofe two Points in the Orbit of a Planet, one of which is fartheft from, and the other neareft to the Sun. For inftance : The Elliptick Orbit of the Earth being re- prelented by the Figure ABP D, in one of whofe FocusÕs, 0, is placÕd the Sun; the Points /l,P, are the .kfpides; or thofe two Points in the Orbit of the Earth, one of which, J, is the fartheft from, and the other, P, neareft to the Sun, 0. This is the ftrifl: Meaning of the Word, as ufed at prefent ; but here it feems to fignify the Round the Earth took, according to the Ptolemaick Syftem, about this Planet. 71 18 remarkable that, in the Defeription of the Porticus of this and in this Room where Pliny occafion to meiition a Form which we vulgarly call an Oval, and the Mathematicians an Ellipiis, trom Its being a defcclive Circle and one of the Conick Sechions, he was obligÕd to take the Method be has ÒÒn¨ to explain himfclf, by comparing the former to the Letter O, and this to that imaginary uric in tonomy, before-mention Õd ; For though Hllipfis .and Oval are become at prefent lynoni- riMus erms t^xprels this Curve, the former truly fignilies in it Icif no more than a Defe£l:, and rd. . j ^ takm, means a Form in all refpcfls equal to that of an Egv, and not the Peri- re h?5 bireflionr? ^ ^ ^^ptefs tliis Form, that made T'ilriivius, I. 6. c. y. or the Cie.mg of the Corimhian (Ecos, to fay, Cnrva lacunnria ad Circinum delumbatiU Lauren T I N U M. fed Icflitandos capit. Aclhsret Ô5 Dormitoriiim Membrum, Tran- fitu interjacentc, qiii fufpenfus & tabulatus, conceptum Vaporem falubrt Temperamento hue illuc digerit & miniftrat. Reliqua Pars Lateris hujus Servorum Liberto- rumquc ufibus detinetur, plerif- que tarn mundis, ut accipere Hof- pites polTint. Ex alio latere Cu- biculnm ell: politifllmum : deinde vel Cubiculum grande, vel mo- dica Ô7 CcEnatio; qus plurimo So- le, plurimo Mari lucet. Poft hanc Cubiculum cum Procoetonc, Al- titudine aeflivum, Munimenti? hy- bernum ¥ 7 vies, co7Jt stilling Boohs, rsriher for A- miijcvicnt, than Study. Clofc to this lies n /7;e Dormitoriiim, inV/a only et void Space letwixt , oehich being hoarded and Jlsehing, in a whol- fonie manner tempers the concei- ved Heat, and adminiflers it to all Parts of the lioom. Tl.ie reft of this fide of the Honfe is allotted to my Freemen and Slaves, yet is for the mofl part decent enough to receive my Friends. On the right-hand of the T riclinium is a niofi elegant Cubicu- lum; and another either very large Cuhiculum, or moderate Coenatio; which is mnch enlightened both by the Sun and Sea. After this A Cu- biculum with a Procoetoii ; 'tis for i; Dormitoriiim Momiritm.] Tliis Room, when diftlnguiniÕd from the Cubiculum, was a Place feC apart for no other life than that of a Bed-chamber, which was not always imply'J in the W'orJ Citbi- culum, as has been before taken notice of. iC Siifpenfus ia tcibulatust] Palkdiiis, lib. i. tit. 40. in (hewing the Method of making the hot Cells of the Baths, fays thus. Sujpetifurui vero ccllurum Jic fades, Jreum primo bipedis fternis, inclinata fit tamen Jlratura ad fornaccm, ut fi pilam miferis, intro pare non pojjit, fed ad forn.tccm recurrat. Sic eveniet, ut fiamma altiim petendo, ccllis faciat plus calcrc. And in the fame Chap, he fays, Camcre in balncit fi fiignina fiant, fortiores flint ; qu.c vero de tabiilis fiunt, lirgit fcrrcii tranjvcrfis, iu ferrets ar- citbiis fuflincnttir. To thefe two Paffages we are beholden for the full Explanation of thefe Words, and from thence we may conclude that thefe Words arc rightly written, which the Difficulty of un- derftanding them had given fome caufe to doubt. 17 Cainatio.^ This feems to have been a Icffier Room than the Triclinium or CEcos, though delignÕd for the fame ufe ; only the former were for greater Entertainments, and this for more private conlfanc Meals; and it was fo callÕd from that which was eat there, which (if they had two in a Day) was however in the Evening, and their chief Repaft. By the Delcription we meet with of thefe Rooms in fome Authors, it appears they were fometimes as large as the Triclinia, and probably' both Words were fometimes indifferently uled for the time Room. 18 Proexton.J This Room and the dnipbitbalamtis, mentionÕd by Titrtifiiis, 1. 6. c. ic. feem to have been almoft the fame, allowing that the Tkalamm iignifics only a Marriage-chamber, or where a ¥ married V} L A u ¥ E bornum; clK'nim fubdiiaum om- nibus Wntis. Hiiic Cubiculo a- liud, Procoeton communi Pari- ¥crc iunguntur. Inde Balinet Celia frigidaria, fpatiofa & efluGi, cuius in ccntrariis Parietibus duo Baptifteria, velut ejefta finuantur; abunde capacia, fi innare in prox- imo cogites. Adjacet Unfluarium, Hypccauftum, adjacet Propnigcon Balinei ; mox dute Cellx magis elegantes quam fumptuofar. Co- hsret callida Pifcina mirifice, ex qua natantes Mare afpiciunt : Nec procul Sphatrifterium, quod calli- dilllmo Soli, inclinato jam Die, oc- currit. N T I N U M. for Height ct Siii/iwcr, but for lU being fenced ngaiujl the Weather, a Winter Room ; for it is Jhclterd from all the Winds. Joining to this Cubiculuna is another, and a Pfocoeton, with one common Wall, w Thence yon enter the fpacions and c.xtenfrce Cclla frigidaria of the Baths, in whofe Walls oppofite to one another arc two Baptifteria, bending out into the Room ; capacious enough to fwim in,Jljould you fo incline, with- out going further. Joining to this is the Unftuarium, the Hypocaufton, and Propnigcon of the Baths, and two more Cells, rather elegant than fumptuous. Fix'd to thefe by a more than ordinary Skill is the callida Pifcina, from whence thofethat fwim may have a ProJpeEl of the Sea : At a fniall Diftance is the Spheerifteri- um, which lies e.xpos'd to an extreme 'warm Sun at the Decline of Day. Here of rh- Bed-chamber for fingle Perfons. The Account gives of this Room is as follows. Profile., amen, dextra isf fimflra. cubic, da funt cMocata, CTfiltfrof f " here if amphi be reftrained to the common Si two Ri^m he difficult to find out the Difpolition of £t Tb^TlvÕnlff he Amhhalamus, this Paffage will appear in a much clearer . tS aJi or WaÇof the Grecians, -.md the?,ª of fm^ bvÕa P Ò fhe Bed-chamber, and divided it was femrallSv I v a VV' if È 'he Bed-chamber, from which fiimcule, rno Bed-chambers forÕ Servaml' 'ÕÕe and Proccton were probably for the dehrÕd'te^mL^Sf^f B^planation of all thofc Terms that belong ÇÈr d to esamine the fallowing Remarks on this Tih. to the Bath', the Reader is Lauren T I N U M. ciirrit. Hinc ^ÒTnrris erigitur, fub qua Ò Dia:tx duce, totidem in ipfli ; prxterca Ca-natio, quse latifllmum Mare, longiffimum Littus, amo£- nilTimas Villas profpicit. Eft & alia Turris; in hac Cubiciilum, in quo Sol nafcitur conditurque ; lata poft Ò Apotheca &. =3 Horre- um, fub hoc Triclinium, quod turbati Maris non nifi Fragorcm & Sonum patitur, eumque jam lan- guidum ac definentem ; Hortum & Ceftationem videt qua Mortus in- 9 Here nrifesa ÕÒTurris, imJer which nre two Õ Ô Diacte, as well as tu o in f/aÇTurris it felf;as alfo aC(£mt\0Õ which has a very wide ProfpeB of the Sea, with its vwfl diflant Coaft, and feveralleautiftilV iWess. Bcfides this there is another Pwexh : containing a Cubiculum, in which both therifing and Jetting Sun arc heheld ; behind this is an Ó Apotheca and Õ3 Hor- reum, underneath is a Triclinium, where never hut in a Storm is heard the Roaring of the Sea, and thenhut C faints 50 Turn!.] This was a Term of Fortification among the Ar.tients, and fignifyÕd thofe Buildings tliat were commonly let at proper Dillanccs in the Walls of their Cities, and raifed higher than the Walls themfelves. Their Form Wnriraus tells us, /. i. c. 6. was commonly round or Polygonal, ^ for the fake of Strength ; but it is .not to be queftionÕd when they were Imitated in private Architec- ture, as in this T'ilk, they were made after a more convenient form. By this Palfage in Pliny it appears, that only that Part of the Building which was higher than the reft, was meant by the T urris. 51 Dieu.] Dicta, fignifies an entire Appartment , that containÕd^ Rooms proper for all the common and daily Atftions of Life ; but did not always conlift of any certain Number , or fame fort of Rooms, and this may be collefled from feveral PalTages in in the two following Epiftles. This Word, fo often ufd by Pliny, feems to be the fame that feme Authors call ^UnJ;o, Habitacuhm:, or Conclavium, which latter, as Fcjlus witnelfes, is fo callÕd from being under one common Key. 52 apothecat] Theca fignifies a Repofitory, of which there were feveral about theirTi/to, and placÕd ac- cording as what they containÕd requirÕd ; and were fometimes namÕd from their particular Life, as the Bibliothecafrom Books, Pinacotheca from Piflures, Oporothccafiom Apples or other Fruit ; but Jprtheca ferns, by the Ufe feveral Authors make of the Word, to have been a Repofitory that had no peculiar Office allignÕd to it, and fometimes we find it fignifying a Wine-Cellar ; which, however, could not be the Ufe which this of PUny\ was piit ro, lince it was one of the higheft Rooms in cheKoufc, and quite feparate frtm all the other Offices and Rooms, and feems indeed, moll probably, to have been a Clofet for particular Rarities. 53 Horrcutn.~] This fienifics that Place in the tllla FruCiuaria, in which they' laid up their Gram ; and this Palfage Ihews, that in thefe FilU Vrham were retainÕd the* Names of Rooms proper to Farni- Houics ; for Pliny had no Land near this Tilla, and confeqiicntly wanted no Granarvy; and by what he fiys, I. 8. cp. 1 2. we may fee that H.nrcum was fometimes ufed to lignify a Repofitory for Works of Arc, \Yhich was very probably the Office of this Room. lO L A u R E includitur. Geftiitio Buxo, ant Rore marino \ibi deficit Buxus , ambitiii" ; nani Buxus, C[ua parte derenditur Tedis, abnnde viret , apcrto Cotlo, apertoque V ento, & quanquam longinqua Afpergine Maris, inarefcit. Adjacet Gefta- tioni, interiore Circuitu, Vinea tenera & umbroGi, nudifque etiam Pedibus mollis & cedens. Hor- tum Morus & Ficus frequens veftit, quarum Arborum ilia vel maxime ferax eft Terra, malignior catteris. Hac non deteriore quam Maris Fa- cie Coenatio remota a Mari fru- itur ; cingitur Dijetis duabus a ter- go , quarum Feneftris fubjacct =5 Veftibulum Villa;, & Hortus a- lius N T I N U M. faintly : It looks on the Garden, and Geftatio that fnrroiinds the Garden. The Geftatio is encompafs'd uith Box, or Ro fcniary ii herc the Box is wanting ; for Box, where it is fljel- ier'd hy Buildings, flourifjes much, hut withers if expos'd to the Wind or ITcather, or he in the leaf fuhjecl to the fprinkUng of the Sea Water. To the inner Circle of this Geftatio is join da fiadyWalkof youngVines foft and yielding eten to the naked Feet. The Garden is cover'd with Fig and Mulberry Trees, of which this Soil is fruitful, tho' not kindly to others. This ProfpcB, not lefs pleafant than that of the Sea, is enjoy d from a Camatio dijlant from the Sea ; it is cncompafsd on the hack with two Dixtx, whofe Windows look on the =5 Veftibulum of the Villa, and ano- ther ,4 This feems to have been a principal Part in the Romm Gardens in Tlmy\ time : It at as uled either for Riding, or being carried in their KnWra/it. Its B'orm was commonly Cir- cular, or at leaft in a great meaftire rclembled a Circus, as may be collefted from ÔPUny, and from PulZT -mentionÕd by Grater, p. zou from which we may alfo obfen; that thefe fharThev ^L ªÒf'-'f=.^rhaps that they might know how many Miles they had gone ; for fill f M r'"" I " r that he every Day rode iult Sd ^ S t ,^- h '"7 Çken in the Oeflluo,\.A com- f ^ he had rode round it. That they did not confift only of one Path, may be con- cluded from what he fays a little further in this Epillle, Imcriore Ciremtu. ^ G.//Èr, tells us in thefe a jammm Domus per quem a prJdZfZZtri f m ^ ^ CnJuli ÔL-onos Antients is the Hal! f,, rh'ofe f^rrl*' P*Òi'Pcs which moil relcmblcs the Arium of the the tme with the f'effiiiL p f ,'hat are before the Doors of fome of ours, are of the Romans, and for the nuking of which perhaps there was fornrerly (no Lauren lius pinguior & rvifticus. Hinc Cryptoporticus prope public! Opcris inftar cxtenditur; utrinque Feneftrx, a Mad plures, ab Horto finguliE, & altius pauciores; hx, cum fcrenus Dies & immotus, om- nes ; cum hinc vel inde Ventus in- quietus, qua Venti quiefcunt, fine injuria patent : ante Cryptopor- ticum Õ7 Xyftus Violis odoratus, Teporem Solis infufi ReperculTu Cryptoporticus auget, quve ut te- net Solem, fic Aquilonem inhibet, fummovetque ; quantumque Ca- loris ante, tantum retro Frigoris ; fimiliter Africum fiftit, atque ita diveififfimos Ventos alium alio a latere T I N ¥ U M. II thcr more rough and fruitful Gar- den. Fro?u hence a Cryptoporti- cus extends it fclf for Largenefs comparalle to puhlick Buildings; on loth fides are Windows, on that next the Sea are the greater Nuniher, on the Gar den fide they are fingle, and in the higher Row they are not fo many. Thefe, when the Day is fcrenc and calm, are all opend ; hut when the Wind is trouhlefome on either fide, thofe on the oppofte are open dwith- out any Inconvcniency. Before the Cryptoporticus is a Õ7 Xyftus, fra- grant withViolcts, in which the Heat of the Sun isencreas'd hy the Reper- cuffion of the Cryptoporticus, which at the fame time keeps off the North- Eajl Wind ; fo that as there is great Heat on one fde, there is as much Coolnefs on the other : In like man- ner it flops the South-wefl ; fo that the (no more than there is now) any fixÕd Rule, but their Form was varyÕd according to the Fancy of the Defigncr. This VeflMum, mentionÕd in this Epillle, was probably that Part of the Oval Court which lay next to the Jtrium. and was the firft Part of the Houfe that was enterÕd ; It is by Pliny, in the Defeription of the Profpefl from tht'JricImum, callÕd alfo alPorticus. -e Cryptoporticus.'] This Room, as its Name fignifies, was an enclosÕd or private R'rticiis, fo callÕJ to didinguilh it from the 'Porticiis, whofe Roof was only fupported by Pillars. The Ufe of this Room was for the Exercife of Walking, when the Weather would not permit the Ufe of thofe WÕalks they had fub dio-, and the Method they took to make it at all Scafons comenient, may Lie feen by the Defeription ÔPlmy gives us of this. Õ7 Xyflus^ This Term of Art cannot be better explainÕd than by fitriniiisÕs own WÕords,/. 6. c. lo. Olyflos Cttim Grxea appellationc, eft porticus anipla latituJine, in qu.t AthUu per hybcrnti tempyr.! excr- cemur. Noftri aiitem hypethras aMationes, Xyftos t!ppe:Unt,qucisGr.tci Peridromidas dictmt. By thisAccount of it, and by what may be collecled from piiry, it feems to mean no more than an open Walk like our Terraces. 12 7 R E N T I N u M. litcre frangic & Hxc Jucun- ditas cius Hyeme, major /Eftate : nam ante Meridiem Xyftum, poll Meiidiem Geftationis , Hoitique proximam Partem Umbra fua tem- perat, qux, ut Dies crevit decie- vitque, modobrevior, modo lon- gior hac vel iliac cadit; ipfa vero Cryptoporticus tunc mixime caret Sole, cum ardentillimus culmini ejus infiftit : ad hoc patentibus Fe- neftris Favonios accipit, tranfmit- titque ; nec unquam Acre pigro & manentc ingravefeit. In capitc Xyfti deinceps Cryptoporticus, Horti Dixta eft, Amores mei ; re vera Amores ipfe pofui. In hac Heliocaminus quidem, alia Xyf- tum, alia Mare, utraque Solem; Cubiculum autem Valvis, Cryp- toporticum Feneftra profpicit; qua Mare contra Paiietem medium Zo- thc Violence of the fcvcral JJ'/nJs li h'okcn hy its different fiJcs. ibefe Delights it nf 'ords in TVintcr, but greater in Sii/nnier-, for before Mid- day the Xyflus, in the Afternoon the Geftatio and neareft Part of the .Garden is made temperate by its Shade, which, as the Day either en- creafes or dccreafes, wherever it falls is cither longer or floor ter : The Cryptoporticus is then indeed mojl free from Sun, uhen it Jloines onofl intenfly on its Roof: Add to this, by opening all the Windows it has a thorough Draught of the Weftern Breexes ; nor ever is clouded by a thick ftagnated Air. At the head of fhfXyftus jettingontfrom theCxyp- toporticus, IS the Di£ta of the Gar- den, which I call my Delight ; for truly there I have placed my Affec- tions: In this is an Heliocaminus, one fide of rrhich looks to the Xyf- tus, the other to the Sea, and both to the Sun-, from its Folding-doors is feen the Cubiculum, from the Windows the Cryptoporticus ; on the fide that is next the Sea, and oppofite to the middleWall, a very ele- gant s8 Helhciim'musC\ This Word, if renderÕd according to its Etymology, will fignify a Snn-Chimney ; tut here I chink it cannot mean more than a Room extraordinarily heated by the Sun, and is the tune that fome Authors call the Solarium. Lauren T I N U M. ^9 Zothcca pcrquam cleganter re- ccdit, qux Spccularibns & Vclis cbdudis rcduftifve modo adjicitnr Cubiculo, modo aufertur: Ledum & duas Cathedras capit, a pedibus Mare, a tergo Villx, a capitc Syl- vse, tot Facies Locorum, totidem Feneftris & diftinguet & mifcet. JunSum eft Cubiculum Nodis & Somni: non illud Voces Servulo- rum , non Maris Murmur , non Terapeftatum Motus, non Fulgu- rum Lumen, ac ne Diem quidem fentit, nifi Feneftris apertis: tarn alti abditique Secreti ilia Ratio, quod interjacens 3¡ Andron Parie- tem Cubiculi, Hortique diftinguit, atque ita omnem Sonum media Inanitate confumit. Applicitum eft Cu- 13 gntit-9 Xothcz'X docs as it were retire, to or from which, ly opening the Win- doves and Curtains, a Cubiculum is either added or feparated: This Zotheca contains no more than a Bed and two Chairs, from the BecT s Feet yon have a Pro/pccl of the Sea, from its hack that of ncighhonring Villas, and from thehead yon fee the W oods, fo many iVindows affording fo many Profpccls,fometimes all feen at once, at other times feparately. foming to this is a Cubiculum for Night and fleep ; for there I am not di fur- led hy the talking of my young Ser- vants, nor ly the Roaring of the Sea or Storms, neither is the Glare of Lightning, or even the Day per- ceiv'd, till the Windows are opeiid : This profound Silence is canfed ly an 3¡ Andron, which divides the Wall of the Cubiculum from that of the Garden, fo that all Noife is drown'd in the void Space that lies D letween. =? ZothccaA The Ufe of this Room, by the Defeription of thefe of feems to have been for co poftng themfelves in theDay-time, and by his Account there feems to have been two 'ÕÕ'"f ' " M them viK- that they were no otherwife parted from the neighbouring Room but by holdin^-doors and CuSand the^other three Sides not being contiguous to any Building, there was in each a Window: That thefe Rooms were but fmall appears by the little hurniture, which yet leem fill thofc of ÔPliny- rl,,. r.me Pl icc riir / 1?. f. ic. where T'ltruvius has told what the Romm Xyftus walÒ 1 has' explainÕd the Ani-ofn thefe Words; Imw Imc mnm Tnipylm Hofpitalh, itinaa Cubiculo Hypocauftum pcrexigu- um, quod angulbi Fcneftra iup- politum calorcm, ut Ratio exigit, auccfiundit, aut retinet. Procce- ton inde S: in Solem, exceptum, cpiuni quidem, fed tameu fcrvat. In hanc ego Dixtam cum me re- cipio, abefle mihi' etiam a Villa mea videor; magnamquc ejus Vo- luptatem, prxcipue Saturnalibus capio, cum reliqua Pars Te£ti Li- centia Dierum, Feftique Clamo- ribus perfonat ; nam nec ipfe me- orum Lufibus, nec illi Studiis meis obftrepunt. Place Utilitas, hxc Amoenitas, deficitur Aqua falienti, fed Puteos ac potius Fontes habet, flint enini in fummo ; & omnino Litoris illius mira Natura , quo- cunque Loco moveris Pfumum , obvius T I N U M, bctiiccn. Clofc to the Cubiculuiu is a fuLiU Hypocauftum, ett which, ly means of a -very fniall TVindow, the Heat that lies iimlcr the Floor, is either retain' J, or let out, at plea- Cubiculum extend into the Snn , from which latter the Snn is enjoy d, Cthd oUiquelyJfroni almoft its Rife, till after Mid-day. When I retire to this Diicta, I fancy my felf ah- fent from my Villa ; and take great Pleafnre in it, efpecially in the time of the Saturnalia, when the other Parts of the Villa by the freedom allow d at thofe times, rcfoiind with feftival Clamour : for here I neither hinder their Diverjions, nor they my Studies. Thefe Conveniencies, thefe Pleaftres , are attended with the want of falling Water, which yet find a Supply from natural W dls or rather Springs, for they lie near the Surface : thro' the whole Coaft there is this wonderful ^lality , that wherefoever you ftir the Earth, you readily Cubiculum porrigitur quern Orientem ftatim ultra Meridiem, obli- fure. From thence a Procoeton and qa* MipuU dicuntur, quod inter duns Auks media pint interpojita, noflri autem eas Jndronas appellant. The rÇ-o AuU that this Andron, or Pallage, lay between, as has been before obfervccl, were the fame with the Rsnuan Cavadia, and probably in time this Word Andron came to lignify a Pafl'age between other Places as well as Courts, as appears by this mentionÕd by Pliny to part the Building from the Garden. Lauren T I N u i\r. obvius & paratus Humor occurrir, ifquc fiucerus, ac nc leviter qui- clem tanta Maris Vicinitate falfus. Suggerunt aftatim Ligna jn-oximx Sylvx : cxteras Copias Oftienfis Colonia miniftrat. Frugi quidcm Homini fufficit etiam Viciis, quern una Villa difcernit ; in hoc Balinea meritoria tria, magna Commoditas, h forte Balineum domi, vel fubitus Adventus, vel brcvior Mora cale- facere diffuadeat- Litus ornant Va- rietate gratiffima, nunc continua, nunc interrailFi Tefta Villarum, qux prxftant multarum Urbium Faciem ; five ipfo Mari, five ipfo Litore utare : quod nonnunquam longa Tranquillitas mollit, fiepius frequens & contrarius Fludus in- durat. Mare non fiuie preciofis Pifcibus abundat ; Soleas tamen & Squillas optimas fuggerit. Villa vero noftra etiam mediterraneas Copias prxftat, Lac in primis; nam illuc e Pafcuis Pecora conveniunt, fi quando Aquam, fmbramve fedantur. Juftifne de Canfis eum tibi videor incolere, inhabitare, di- ligere 15 read/!)' and cafiJy find JJ'atcr, and that pcrficcdly s^ojd, and not in the Icafl. hrackifij i ho' fo near the Sea. 1 he neighhonring JFoods afford Fn-^ cl in ahnndance : And other Conte- nicncics may he had from Oftia. To a frugal Marnvhat aVillage affords, that is only fie par a ted from me hy another Villa ivould he fiufjicient ; in this Place are three pnhlick Baths, li hich is a great Coirccnicncy, ifi hy my at any time nncxpcclcd Arrival, the Bath of my Hoi fie is nnprepard, or my Jloort Stay does not give op- portunity for it. The Shore is a- dornd with a grateful Variety, hy ProfipcBs of Vilh's, fometimes ficem- ingly joind together, and at 0 - ther times farther afiunder ; which exceeds the ProfipcBs of many Cities-, whether you travel on the Sea or Shore : Tl hich fometimes is [often d hy a long Calm, hut is more often harden'd hy the contending IFavcs. The Sea indeed docs not ahoiind in choice Fiji } ; yet it produces Soles and the hejl Prawns. J\Iy Villa even exceeds in the Plenty of the inland Country, principally in JWilk ; for thither the Cattle come from their Pajlure, when they feck IF ater and Shade. Judge you whether I have not L A u R E ligere SeceiTum ? quern tu, nimis urb;inus eSj ni(i CDucupifeis ¥ £itque utinam concupifcas, ut tot tantif- que Dotibus \'illulx noftrx max- ima Commendatio ex tuo Contu- bernio accedat ! Vale, ?N T I N U M, not canfc to continue, and delight in this Retirement ; which were you not too fond a Lover of the City you would your felf covet: And I wiJJj you did, that ly your Participation in the Pleafures of it a greater than any its other Commendations might he added to my little Villa ! Farewel.